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By A. B. Parsons

Perhaps this Index is the most useful volume the Institute has ever published. At least, it is likely to be referred to more frequently and by more people than any other single volume. It covers the contents of 27,058 pages of TRANSACTIONS in addition to special volumes, MINING AND METALLURGY and sundry pamphlets (T.P.'s) that were not subsequently included in the TRANSACTIONS. In the 54 years from 1871 to 1925 the Institute published 72 volumes; in the following ten-year period covered by this index it published 57 volumes, including TRANSACTIONS and special publications sponsored by the Rocky Mountain and Seeley Mudd Memorial Funds. These include the complete series for the Institute of Metals, Iron and Steel, and Coal Divisions, and all of the volumes on Petroleum Development and Technology. Indexing is an exacting task at best; it is something of an art. And a composite index like this, covering a wide range of subjects contained in volumes appearing over a period of ten years, presents added problems. Miss Katharine Lovell developed the system of indexing as the years went along, and did most of the original work. Mrs. Harriet K. Broughton, under Miss Lovell's direction, sorted and organized the accumulation of 33,000 cards on which the entries were made. For five years the Institute has needed a cumulative index badly; but until this year the Directors have not felt justified in authorizing publication. The delay has caused much inconvenience in the past; but to some extent this will be compensated by the great advantage of being able to find items covering the entire ten-year period in a single volume.

Jan 1, 1936

By Eugene Rabinowitch

The Chemistry of Uranium. By Joseph J, Katz and Eugene Rabinowitch. Published by McGraw-Hill, Book Co. of New York, 1951. 609 P. $7.15.--This volume is the first half of a comprehensive treatise on uranium chemistry. It contains a detailed summary of the properties of the element uranium, including its occurrence in nature, extraction from ores, and the physical and chemical properties of uranium metal. Binary compounds of uranium with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens, among others, receive extensive discussion, including methods of preparation and physical properties such as crystal structure, thermochemistry and volatility. A very large proportion of the material in this volume is based on the results obtained in the laboratories of the Atomic Energy Project, much of it not published before. In addition, all of the open literature has been critically surveyed and integrated with the results of the Atomic Energy Project studies. Principles of Geology. By James Gilluly, Aaron C. Waters and A. O. Woodford. Published by W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif., 1951.640 P. $5.75.-This book attempts to summarize some of the knowledge that geologists have won from the study of the earth. It covers such subjects as movements of the earth's crust, records of earth movement, stream erosion and deposition, deserts, the ocean and mineral resources of the earth. The authors have concentrated on the analysis of processes that are at work upon and within the earth. rather than to present a catalog of descriptive facts and terms. The development of stratigraphy is also outlined. Pictures, maps, and tables are used to illustrate the major points of each chapter.

Jan 9, 1951

THE gold medal of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America was presented, on Jan. 10, 1922, to Charles Warren Goodale, "for signal services in furthering the welfare and safety of workers in the mining and metallurigical industries of America." The presentation was made by Dr. J. E. Spurr, presi-dent of the Society for the year 1921, at the annual meeting held in New York City. Dr. Van H. Manning, formerly director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, made the first address. Toward the close of his brief speech, he said, "It has happily been suggested, ?Let us balance our praise of war heroes by pausing to honor a hero of peace.' We have with us tonight a man who has been a leader and inspirer of thousands of his contemporaries. . . . His zeal in the great work of increasing the safety of men engaged in mining and metallurgical operations has become an obsession with him. . . . That lie has been success-ful is evidenced by the great work, of which I have personal and intimate knowledge, done by him in con-nection with the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. and its subsidiaries." Dr. J. F. Kemp gave a brief sketch of Mr. Goodale's career, in the course of which he said, in speaking of .the consolidation of the Boston and Montana, the Anaconda, and smaller companies, "at the same time electric current was introduced for haulage in the mines and on the surface for the running of air compressors and the hoisting of the cage. . . . We can see that there was great danger to the miner and that safety first became a very important feature of the work. . . .

Jan 2, 1922

By John W. Bell

In the introduction to an excellent pamphlet, John Gross' makes the following statements: Although marked progress has been made along mechanical lines, the theory and conception of underlying principles have not advanced so rapidly. This lack of advance in theory may be attributed to the unfortunate situation resulting from the controversy as to whether the Rittinger or Kick law is applicable to crushing. Many pages of the technical literature are burdened with theoretical discussions in favor of one or the other of these laws, which have tended to cloud rather than to clear the atmosphere. Realizing the situation, the Milling Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, through its secretary, E. A. Hersam, studied the milling industry and, because of the apparently hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute (5, 13, 14, 0, i8, 19, 21, 22, 23. 24, 30. 34), concluded that a foundation for the theory of crushing was of primary importance. The numbers in the paragraph quoted refer to papers listed by Mr. Gross in his Bibliography on Crushing and Grinding.1 One is obliged to infer that these papers show "hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute." No. 22 is a paper by Arthur O. Gates2 and No. 23 is one by the writer.3 Employing the subject matter contained in papers Nos. 22 and 23 2,3 the writer will show that their authors formulated identical conclusions, based solely on experimental evidence. Exactly the same defect in the Stadler hypothesis was described in each of the two papers, although entirely different experimental methods were employed in uncovering it. Both of the authors, independently, formulated the conclusion that Rittinger's was a true hypothesis and Stadler's false. The evidence in a third paper4 will be employed to prove that Stadler's hypothesis, when examined experimentally, is worthless. STADLER'S HYPOTHESIS WORTHLESS It is the writer's opinion that the evidence available in 1915 and the corroborating evidence in 1916 was amply sufficient to eliminate the need for any further consideration of Stadler's hypothesis. Certainly the evidence produced in 1918 dealt this hypothesis its coup de grace. It follows, therefore, that in the year 1918 there was only one credible hypothesis left-the Rittinger hypothesis. Gates' Opinion What information is available in Mr. Gates' paper?2 His conclusions are not consecutively summarized, none the less they are perfectly clear. On page 876, Gates says, and it is a very significant utterance: But my results show, among other things, that many more of Stadler's energy units are obtained per foot-pound-applied in coarse than in fine crushing. This suggests a doubt as to the correctness of his unit, since one would expect a foot-pound-applied to produce the same number of "energy units," whether the feed and resulting product were coarse or fine. When Rittinger's theory is applied, the number of mesh-tons (my unit of surface produced) is

Jan 1, 1942

By L. A. Shipman

The combustion of coal in fuel beds has been practiced as an art for many years; during the last 2 7 years a scientific approach to this subject has contributed a small amount of fundamental data. The subject is a very controversial one. Opinions regarding the performance of the same coal used in the same equipment in different plants may vary from "the best coal ever used in the plant" to "the worst coal ever tired." These opinions can all be true, owing to the various conditions under which the coal was used. Because of these differences, an attempt will be made in this paper to discuss coal facts and coal characteristics as related to the use phenomena observed during the art of firing coal in fuel beds for many years. The work of Kreisinger1 and his associates in the 1,'. S. Bureau of Mines, reported in 1916, was the first scientific attempt I know of to obtain factual data explaining the mechanism of combustion of fuel beds. They gave a chart showing an ignited fuel bed. The air passing up through the fuel bed first combined with the fuel by a reaction resulting in the complete combustion of carbon to CO2, which combined with the carbon in higher levels of the fuel bed to form CO with the absorption of heat. The fundamental facts produced in those experiments proved of much value and checked with practical experiences with hand-fired fuel beds. Hand firing was the prevailing method of stoking coal at that time. The order in which these reactions occur, as shown by Kreisinger and his associates, has been amply confirmed by repetition of this work with different fuels both her? and abroad. These experiments also showed that under their conditions the rate of burning was proportional to the air flow. These data were of practical value to a fireman and were accepted as generally true in all fuel beds. In later years many observations by myself in fuel beds of underfeed stokers and other thick fuel beds such as gas producers, where channeling. increase of particle size, or both, occur. indicated that, instead of the horizontal layers we had thought were present, perhaps the layers were vertical or irregular. Later investigations in fuel beds made by Mayers2 and Barnes3 indicated that the burning takes place in some instances along the surfaces of vertical or irregular channels or cracks in the fuel bed and that under these conditions a reaction occurs that differs from that in the old horizontal-layered handfired fuel beds. Examining the data in Kreisinger'sl experiments, and the information in different charts with different fuels, different retort positions and air admissions of Barnes3 and the gas analysis arid isotherms of Mayers,2 one can check experience observation and come to a conclusion that as particle size of the fuel increases with other conditions the same, the maximum CO2 and temperature

Jan 1, 1947

By L. A. Shipman

The combustion of coal in fuel beds has been practiced as an art for many years; during the last 2 7 years a scientific approach to this subject has contributed a small amount of fundamental data. The subject is a very controversial one. Opinions regarding the performance of the same coal used in the same equipment in different plants may vary from "the best coal ever used in the plant" to "the worst coal ever tired." These opinions can all be true, owing to the various conditions under which the coal was used. Because of these differences, an attempt will be made in this paper to discuss coal facts and coal characteristics as related to the use phenomena observed during the art of firing coal in fuel beds for many years. The work of Kreisinger1 and his associates in the 1,'. S. Bureau of Mines, reported in 1916, was the first scientific attempt I know of to obtain factual data explaining the mechanism of combustion of fuel beds. They gave a chart showing an ignited fuel bed. The air passing up through the fuel bed first combined with the fuel by a reaction resulting in the complete combustion of carbon to CO2, which combined with the carbon in higher levels of the fuel bed to form CO with the absorption of heat. The fundamental facts produced in those experiments proved of much value and checked with practical experiences with hand-fired fuel beds. Hand firing was the prevailing method of stoking coal at that time. The order in which these reactions occur, as shown by Kreisinger and his associates, has been amply confirmed by repetition of this work with different fuels both her? and abroad. These experiments also showed that under their conditions the rate of burning was proportional to the air flow. These data were of practical value to a fireman and were accepted as generally true in all fuel beds. In later years many observations by myself in fuel beds of underfeed stokers and other thick fuel beds such as gas producers, where channeling. increase of particle size, or both, occur. indicated that, instead of the horizontal layers we had thought were present, perhaps the layers were vertical or irregular. Later investigations in fuel beds made by Mayers2 and Barnes3 indicated that the burning takes place in some instances along the surfaces of vertical or irregular channels or cracks in the fuel bed and that under these conditions a reaction occurs that differs from that in the old horizontal-layered handfired fuel beds. Examining the data in Kreisinger'sl experiments, and the information in different charts with different fuels, different retort positions and air admissions of Barnes3 and the gas analysis arid isotherms of Mayers,2 one can check experience observation and come to a conclusion that as particle size of the fuel increases with other conditions the same, the maximum CO2 and temperature

Jan 1, 1947

By O. P. Chisholm

The most noticeable change in lead smelting over the past few years has been the increase in the smelting rate of lead blast furnaces. For several years a great deal of attention has been paid to the preparation of the blast-furnace sinter charge but more recently the plan has been to incorporate- almost the entire makeup of the blast-furnace charge, excepting coke and scrap iron, at the sintering machines. Formerly, sintering machines were used primarily for removing, sulphur and for agglomerating finely divided material both sulphide and oxide in character. Limestone flux usually was so proportioned that a relatively large amount was added to the furnace charge direct. This procedure was also followed with oxidized ores, which were purposely crushed coarse' so that they would be adaptable for direct smelting on the furnace charge. In later years it has been the tendency in western smelters to include practically all of the limestone and oxidized ores in the sinter charge. This has been somewhat more costly because fine crushing is required for sintering purposes and because these oxidized materials were given additional processing through the sinter plant. The addition of such oxidized materials to the usual charge to be sintered, brought about, in certain instances, a deficiency in heat ordinarily supplied by the sulphide constituents of the charge. This heat deficiency has been remedied by the addition of carbonaceous fuel, in the form of finely crushed coke breeze, or in a few instances by the addition of zinc retort-plant residues. The enhanced gold price has stimulated the mining of crude siliceous ores throughout the Western States and in the smelting of such ores more limestone is required for fluxing. Shipments of gold-bearing pyritic concentrates to Western smelters have increased, and the combination of increased silica, limestone and pyrite has increased the percentage of slag, which, in itself, is an aid in .securing smoother and more rapid smelting in the blast furnace. By the addition of these substances, the percentage of zinc in the slag has been appreciably lowered. at many plants, with resultant benefit to smelting speed at the blast furnace. This increase in slag formation with lowered zinc content has caused also perceptible lessening of the amount of lead on the charge and this has benefited the blast-furnace smelting. Although a satisfactory sinter is fundamental in increased rate of bullion production per furnace, there has been a trend over the list four or five years to decrease the percentage of coke and increase the percentage of scrap iron and limestone on the blast-furnace charge. As a result of these changes in practice certain blast furnaces, without any mechanical change, have doubled or tripled their tonnages. For furnaces whore the volume of air is recorded, records show decidedly larger air volumes with a comparatively small increase in air, pressure, or, none at all.

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

BBENJAMIN LEROY MILLER, of geology at Lehigh since 1907, is known the world around, for his former students are on every continent. He knows the earth is round for he has encircled it twice, once in 1927, and the other way around in 1937 to regain the day he lost on the first trip. An early trip was to Great Britain and Ireland, another to central Europe, a third to Spain for the International Geological Congress, a fourth to Scandinavia. His trip to the Southern Hemisphere is recorded in "Mineral Deposits of South America." In 1940 he was booked for Australia but because of the war went instead to Alaska. He spent the summer of 1941 in Central America. Thus he has gained a broad. world knowledge of mineral deposits, both metallic and nonmetallic.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

MANY years ago when the writer chaperoned a group of student officers from Wright Field on their re- quired inspection trip through the Mid- dletown plant of American Rolling Mil1 Co., Leo Reinartz was our guide. After the party had watched continuous strip being rolled and was ready to move on we ventured a remark-to emphasize the difference between Armco iron and automobile fender stock-that this strip was ordinary steel. The remark was overheard by our guide and the effect was instantaneous; in a rather re- proachful tone Leo said: "Gentlemen, your teacher has been in this plant many times, and he should know by now that we, in this company, never make ordinary steel-all of our prod- ucts are the highest possible quality."

Jan 1, 1943

According to published reports, controlled production from the Masjid-i-Sulaiman and Haft Kel fields for the year 1934 was as follows: No new development of major importance in either of these areas is reported. Owing to the increasing- demand in North Iran, particularly for gasoline and kerosene, it has been arranged that this market shall in future draw its supplies from a newly constructed refinery at Kennan-shah. This refinery is connected by a 3-in. pipe line, 145 miles long, with the Naft-i-Shah field, on the borders of Iraq and Iran. The crude oil will pass through a topping plant at the field and the products will be stored and pumped to the Kermanshah refinery in such proportions and quantities as are demanded by actual market requirements.

Jan 1, 1935

The Institute maintains a dual relationship with students: (1) an individual relationship with a Student Associate; and (2) a relationship with local organizations of students, known as Affiliated Student Societies or Student Chapters. 1. The conditions of Student Associateship are set forth in Section 9, Article I, of the Bylaws of the Institute (see page 62 and following pages). During 1934, sundry amendments were made for the purpose of improving the student relationship. Postgraduate students are now eligible; and associateship can be maintained, with the payment of the regular dues of $2 per year, for 18 months following graduation in June. With his regular dues, each Student Associate is entitled to receive during the year his choice of MINING AND METALLURGY, METALS TECHNOLOGY, MINING TECHNOLOGY, PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, or two "classes" of Technical

Jan 1, 1944

The Engineering Council met on October 11 in the rooms of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Engineering Societies Building, New York. The Rules Committee submitted a draft of rules for the admission of other societies to the Council and progress was made in their consideration. The Committee on Public Affairs reported on a number of requests that the Council support pending or proposed legislation. Remedial laws intended to promote hydro-electric development were favored and Council voted to offer its cooperation to the United States Chamber of Commerce which is interesting itself in this matter. A movement to coordinate, unify and strengthen the work of various engineering committees cooperating with the federal authorities at Washington was favorably considered. Messrs. H. W. Buck and Charles. Whiting Baker were appointed Council conferees. CALVERT TOWNLEY, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1917

The Institute maintains a dual relationship with students: (1) an individual relationship with a Student Associate; and (2) a relationship with local organizations of students, known as Affiliated Student Societies or Student Chapters. 1. The conditions of Student Associateship are set forth in Section 9, Article I, of the Bylaws of the Institute (see page 62 and following pages). During 1934, sundry amendments were made for the purpose of improving the student relationship. Postgraduate students are now eligible; and associateship can be maintained, with the payment of the regular dues of $2 per year, for 18 months following graduation in June. With his regular dues, each Student Associate is entitled to receive during the year his choice of MINING AND METALLURGY, METALS TECHNOLOGY, MINING TECHNOLOGY, PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, or two "classes" of Technical

Jan 1, 1942

Production of crude oil in Bahrein Island during 1938 reached the new high of 8,297,998 bbl., an increase of 535,734 bbl, over the 1937 production of 7,762,264 bbl. The monthly average during 1938 was 691,500 bbl. and the daily average 22,734 barrels. To the close of December 1938, a total of 52 producing wells have been drilled. During the year 13 producing wells were completed and 11 wells were drilling or partly completed as of Dec. 31, 1938. The total footage drilled as of Dec. 31, 1938, amounted to 165,339 ft., of which 60,739 ft. was drilled during 1938. The production from the main pay comes from a depth of approximately 2200 ft. and the gravity of the oil is 33" A.P.I.

Jan 1, 1939

Production of crude oil in Bahrein Island during 1938 reached the new high of 8,297,998 bbl., an increase of 535,734 bbl, over the 1937 production of 7,762,264 bbl. The monthly average during 1938 was 691,500 bbl. and the daily average 22,734 barrels. To the close of December 1938, a total of 52 producing wells have been drilled. During the year 13 producing wells were completed and 11 wells were drilling or partly completed as of Dec. 31, 1938. The total footage drilled as of Dec. 31, 1938, amounted to 165,339 ft., of which 60,739 ft. was drilled during 1938. The production from the main pay comes from a depth of approximately 2200 ft. and the gravity of the oil is 33" A.P.I.

Jan 1, 1939

Seismological Society of America, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. Perry Byerly, Secretary. The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America is issued quarterly. The four numbers each year are collected in a volume; in 1932 the 22nd annual volume was published. The articles contained in the copies of the Bulletin are not, perhaps, of direct interest to a mining engineer but many of them will interest geologists. To indicate the type of articles contained in the Bulletin, the following titles, taken from the current issue, for June, 1932, are given: The Japanese earthquake of march 28, 1925, and the Problem of depth of focus; the earthquake in Santa Monica Bay, California, on August 30, 1930; a new vertical seismography. For copies of the bulletin or information concerning them, address the above.

Jan 1, 1933

Conservationists have launched an attack on the mining law of 1872, accusing it of permitting the min- ing industry to rob the public and despoil the environment while doing it. Michael McCloskey, executive director of the Sierra Club, and one who has made known his opposition to the law said, "environmentalists are unified in their agreement that repeal . . . is one of conservation's most urgent tasks . . . ." Charles H. Callahan, executive vice president of the National Audubon Society, paralleled McCloskey's sentiments, calling the law a "disgrace" and a "give-away." In his opening statement before the Senate Interior Committee, Chairman Henry M. Jackson (D-Wash.) said that legislation pending before the committee would put the hard rock minerals under a leasing system as is the case with oil and gas.

Jan 1, 1971

1. Healthy and active Local Section organizations are vital factors in promoting the vigor and growth of the Institute. 2. Activity on the part of Local Sec¬tions should be recognized and stimu¬lated by appropriation of funds from the Institute's treasury;. and these appropriations should be as large as is consistent with the relative needs for other activities. 3. As between different Sections, the amount of such appropriations should be based primarily on the extent of activities as reflected in the number and character of meetings held and the attendance of the members at such meetings. 4. In making a request for funds for any year, the officers of a Local Section should submit a report on the printed form approved by the Directors at their meeting on November 19, 1937.

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

THE joint symposium on gases in metals on Tuesday: Feb. 16, between the Iron and Steel and the Institute of Metals divisions opened the technical sessions for both of these bodies. After a few words of introduction by P. D. Merica, R. S. Dean presented a paper by V. H: Gottshalk and himself on the solubility of gases in metals.

Jan 1, 1932

By L. M. Litz

Study results are presented in which gaseous oxygen was dissolved in the leach liquor at concentrations of the order of 300 ppm. This oxygen-containing solution was injected into portions of a field being operated on a commercial basis with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Comparative results indicate that uranium concentrations and production rates were essentially equivalent with these two oxidants.

Jan 1, 1983