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By Timothy E. LaTour, Robert Kerrich

Microstructures and mineral chemistry of amphiboles and plagioclases from two spatially related mylonite zones at the Grenville front are significantly different, suggesting different physical conditions (including temperature) for the formation of the two zones. Oxygen isotopes indicate multiple episodes of fluid-rock interaction, consistent with previously determined mylonitization temperatures and postulated tectonic evolution of the area.

Jan 1, 1982

The data about production in this county are exceedingly meager, and there are few reliable data about shipments. It is probable that consid¬erable amounts of coal from here moved north to Erie by both the Beaver and Erie. Canal and the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad, and if so, they are included with Mercer County. The data in the early state reports are very inaccurate and are always much too low. Much of this coal was used in local furnaces and iron plants and not handled by railroads. There was some production in this county on the line of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, of which no record can be found. The estimated production is based on the number of mines reported as operating in the county at various dates and their probable output, as suggested occasionally in county histories. It is believed that these figures are below, rather than above, the actual figures, which can now never be obtained.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. G. Ward, John Henderson

It has been shown1 that the observed density1-' of liquid iron silicates in contact with solid iron depends upon whether nitrogen or argon is used to protect the experimental system from oxidation. These densities have been measured by the maximum bubble-pressure method, in five different labora-

Jan 1, 1965

ALFRED C. LANE, Tufts College, Mass. (written discussion*).-The attention of members may well be called by Allen to his discoveries, which affect not only correlations in Michigan but, as I have pointed out,1 the use of names like "Animikie" which are widely applied. It shows that one disadvantage of the wide use of locality names is that local discoveries may show that they are inappropriate. The Wewe hills were found not to contain the Wewe slate! So we note that Allen, in his correlation, drops the term Animikie, which his researches indicate covers both middle and upper Huronian: It would seem well, then, in dividing the Huronian or Proterozoic, to use, as Allen does, terms like upper, middle, and lower Huronian, or newer, middle, and early, which may be shortened into eo-, mio-, and neo-Huronian rather than to carry local terms far away; or we shall soon be

Jan 12, 1919

[Appalachian Petroleum Section: Walter H. Chapman, chairman; Jean Freeland, first vice-chairman; John Galpin, second vice-chairman; Jack L. Trittipo, secretary-treasurer. Meets 4th Tues., Humphreys Restaurant, Charleston. Balcones Section: William E. Richards, chairman; William C. Miller, Jr., first vice-chairman; Brantley G. Myers, second vice-chairman; Harold Vagtborg, Jr., secretary-treasurer. Meets 4th Wed., Petroleum Center Club, San Antonio. Big Horn Basin Subsection: Donald G. Davis, chairman; B. E. Yester, vice-chairman; J. F. Keleher, vice-chairman; Samuel N. Conley, third vice-chairman; William O. Snyder, secretary; M. J. England, treasurer. Billings Petroleum Section: N. J. Matthews, chairman; Guy J. Lookabaugh, first vice-chairman; George O. Ellis, second vice-chairman; Robert L. Spottswood, secretary-treasurer. Meets 3rd Tues., Turf Penthouse.]

Jan 1, 1961

Terminology Relating to Nonmetallic Elements in Metals. See IRON AND STEEL Ferromagnetism in Metallic Crystals. BY L W MCKEEHAN (Tech. Pub 554, Metals Tech , August; also Trans, vol 111. 20,500 words ) The directions for easiest magnetization of ferromagnetic single crystals are those of simple crystal- lographic forms and the extra energy needed for magnetization in other than these preferred directions depends upon the material selected for test The history of magnetic tests upon metallic single crystals, reviewed in detail, shows that crystals of one metal agree rather well as to the magnitude of such energy differences. This makes ~t probable that these differences are really charactenstic of the ferromagnetic

Jan 1, 1935

EDWIN M. CHANCE (communication to the Secretary?).-The subject of miners' lamps. has long interested me and it would seem that the thought that has been given to it by the Bureau of Mines, and the users

Jan 6, 1917

By Minoru Yamada, Eikichi Mohri

INTRODUCTION Most of the copper concentrates treated by the flash smelting furnace at Kosaka smelter come from "black ore" that is produced in the local mines nearby. The copper concentrates contain various impurities such as lead and zinc as shown below. [ ] These impurities are mainly concentrated into the flue dusts in the copper smelting system. The dust production rates of flash smelting furnace and converter at Kosaka smelter are, therefore, fairly high compared with other copper smelters. However, by recovering these valuable metals in the dusts systematically, profit-increase of the by-products must be expected. This also leads to the solution of environmental pollution problems and enables us to establish the technical completion of complex sulfide ore treatment by flash smelting process. HISTORY OF DUST TWATMENT AT KOSAKA SMELTER 1) December in 1967 to January in' 1969 Since the flash smelting furnace started its operation in December 1967, all the dusts from the furnace had been recycled. Only conver-

Jan 1, 1976

By Paul H. Lu

This report by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, presents several practical and inexpensive types of rock mechanics instrumentation for ground control around longwall panels. Application of these critical parameters, determined by this instrumentation, to the design and modification of rational longwall-mining systems is also discussed. In order to design or select an optimum mine structure or system, realistic and precise values of the design parameters must be determined in operating mines by measuring (1) existing ground stresses, (2) mining induced load transfer, and (3) strata movements as well as deformation moduli and rock strengths. Based on these parameters, rational and realistic criteria for mine design can be established by conducting case studies. It was found that several basic design parameters can be easily measured or determined in situ with simple, inexpensive, and practical instruments such as hydraulic borehole pressure cells, automatic recording convergence meters, automatic recording multiple-anchor-point extensometers, and hydraulic pressure recorders.

Jan 1, 1982

By Paul Queneau

Some years from now, perusal of the unfolding saga of the nickel family will show that the year 1968 was the herald of change-both in the geography of its endeavors and in its technology. No one should doubt any longer that oxide ores of nickel have come of lusty age-their heavyweight stature in the Caribbean area and in the Western Pacific can be shrunk only by immersion in the politics of unhappiness. The sulfide branch of the family has been augmented afar off by substantial ore deposits in western Australia-right across the globe from Sudbury-and in southern Africa, 9000 miles from the nickel hub. The Foreword of the 1961 AIME volume, dealing with the extractive metallurgy of copper and nickel, noted that "the dead hands of nitrogen" had been lifted from oxidation reactions utilizing air and that the industry was on the threshold of under- standing this fact. Here, at least, nonferrous industry had led its ferrous counterpart in the commercial use of tonnage oxygen in liquid phase pyrometallurgy-the reference is to oxygen flash smelting. Today large oxygen-producing plants are blossoming everywhere and the fruits which will follow are many and varied. Among them is Inco's forthcoming use of the top-blown oxygen converter for sulfide melts. The bell tolls for those "pyro- metallurgical dinosaurs" which still stalk smelter aisles the world around. Silicate oxide nickel ores will rejoice in the glow of modern elevated temperature chemical metallurgy in its various manifestations, vindicating the bulldog spirit of that ancient of clans, the hot metal men-including the renovator of Le Nickel's Doniambo Works.

Jan 10, 1968

By T. A. Rickard

Technology has no recognized rank in what is called polite literature; the subject-matter of engineering is not supposed to lend itself to artistic treatment; we are the hewers of wood and drawers of water to the high-priests of learning that live on the cold summit above our humbler dwellings. Therefore the hierophants smile at the notion of 'style1-" that curiously personal thingy-in technical writing. The "great art" of Pater, the "inevitable phrase" of Raleigh, the "note of distinction" that Arnold demanded are said to be beyond the scope, as they are supposed to be beside the need, of a writer on geology or engineering. This is a narrow view. Science, no less than belles lettres, calls for the best exercise of the human intelligence; the art of writing should be employed as skilfully and as earnestly in a description of the structure of the Sierra Nevada, or of the construction of a tunnel through the range, as in a rhapsody welcoming the rosy fingers of the dawn. The idea still lingers that fine writing does not befit technology, even though the masters of the Victorian period-Huxley, Tyndall, Ruskin-proved that science is worthy to be arrayed in the best robes that the looms of thought can weave. At the beginning of these lectures I quoted Barrie's remark touching the inability of the scientific man to express himself. That imputation has been passed to the technologist, whose utilitarian pursuits are supposed to make him too clumsy for the refinements of human speech. We may not have acquired the self-consciousness of those writers on Art whose "power of expression is so cultivated that their sensual caterwauling may be almost mistaken for the music of the spheres"; nor can we imitate the politicians, who have the ability to speak far beyond anything that they may have to say; but we too have a litera-

Jan 1, 1931

By Michael J. Messel

OF the various minerals that occur in fibrous form known as asbestos, chryso-tile is the variety most in demand for commercial uses, and, last year, over 683,000 tons of the various grades were produced in Canada and United States, exclusive of African and Russian production, which figures are uncertain. Production has not been able to keep up with the increased demand, and an acute shortage exists. Canada, Russia, and Africa are still the most important producers. However, Russia consumes most of its production at home and exports very little. The United States consumes over 60 pct of the total production and produces only about 4 pct of the total from deposits in Vermont and small quantities from Arizona. This paper will review mainly, some of the more recent developments concerned with the extraction and processing of this fibrous mineral for various industrial uses, such as textiles, insulation, building materials and brake linings. Four of the more important factors that have influenced recent developments are: 1. The lack of discovering and developing new deposits of any important size to supply the increased demand. 2. Rapid postwar expansion of industrial uses, especially in asbestos cement products, together with in-rreased manufacturing facilities. Euro-peal) countries are again back on the market with their demand. 3. The ability of manufacturers to develop their technique of blending fibers and obtaining more utility value out of each ton of fiber, together with the utilization of shorter grades of fiber to obtain equally as good products. In the past, many manufacturers were wasteful in their use of fibers. 4. The struggle for reduced operating costs, in face of increased wages and prices of supplies, together with the necessity, at some mines, to change the method of mining from open quarry to underground. Most of the recent capital invested in the asbestos mining industry has gone into more efficient extraction of the fibers from the existing ore, especially in the recovery of the shorter grades. There has been very little new plant expansion. Progress in the utilization of shorter fibers has been so far reaching that some of the mining companies are retreating present tailings as they leave the mill, and others are considering retreating of the old tailing dumps for recovery of fibers that, until recently, were not saleable and were discarded as part of the tailing. Many of these dumps contain much valuable fiber from days when milling was very inefficient. It might be appropriate to mention here that the present known asbestos reserves of proved commercial value (excluding Russia) are being depleted at an alarmingly rapid rate, about 10,000,000 tons of ore is being mined annually. No new deposits have come into production during the last 15 years, with the exception of certain deposits in Africa, which are the most promising, and minor developments in Canada, Venezuela, Cyprus, Australia, and Brazil. The African deposits are the only ones that hold promise of developing large reserves. Unless new deposits are developed, in twenty years or maybe sooner, the supply picture will not be a very bright one. Stimulated by the acute shortage, increasing fiber prices and technical developments, many new areas are being prospected in Canada, United States, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South America, Europe, Africa, and China. From information now available, it appears that no real progress has been made in duplicating this rare development of nature by producing synthetic asbestos. The most promising experiments were carried out at the University of Leipzig, but they seem far from practical. There has been marked progress in fiber glass manufacture, but so far, it has replaced asbestos only in very few instances for minor uses. Asbestos ore and the fiber it yields are different in some respect at each mine and vary usually in the following: 1. Percentage of fiber content by weight to the gangue. 2. Variations in proportions of long and short fibers, some deposits being predominantly long fiber and others short fiber. 3. The hardness of the rock in which the fiber occurs. 4. The nature of the fiber, as to

Jan 1, 1950

LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Herbert F Beardmore, Chairman Richard C Cole Elmer A Jones STUDENT AFFAIRS John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman John P Nielsen J R Van Pelt, Jr

Jan 1, 1960

R. Dawson Hall, who has long been a member of the editorial staff of Coal Age, has been appointed managing editor. Increase the Promise of the future. Buy W. S. S.

Jan 7, 1919

The Canadian Mining Institute has accepted the proffered arrangement as to price of the Bulletin to members and will furnish its Bulletin to members of the A. I. M. E. at $1 per year.

Jan 5, 1919

State Geological Survey of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Raymond C Moore, State Geologist. A list of publications will be sent upon request Most of the earlier volumes and bulletins of the Survey are now out of print, and available only at libraries Many of the bulletins

Jan 1, 1933

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 RIVHARD W HUNT 1883

Jan 1, 1910

By W. Rostoker

LAVES and Wallbaum1 and more recently Duwez and Taylor' have reported on the occurrence of a family of intermediate phases having the composition Ti2X, where X may be Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, or Mn.

Jan 1, 1953

By Robert Glass Cleland

[Wylie Brown Responsible to a large extent for the incorporation of: British American Metals Company, Inc. 1918 American Copper Products Corporation 1920 British American Tube Company, Inc. 1922 National Electric Products Corporation 1927 Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation 1932 President 1932-1947 Chairman of Board1948-1950]

Jan 1, 1952

University of Alaska College, Alaska Mining Society RAYMOND SMITH, President KEN \PIER. Secretary HOWARD, G. WILCOX Faculty Sponsor BERT OGBURN Counselor University of California Berkeley, California Mining Association D. J. MCNEIL, President S. A. YOUNG. Secretary LESTER C. UREN Faculty Sponsor GRANVILLE C. BORDEN, Counselor

Jan 1, 1943