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OFFICERS OF THE WOMAN'S AUXILIARY AIME President-Mrs Robert D Coombs, 375 Paramus Road, Paramus, N J First Vice-President-Mrs W McG Peirce, Troy Court 73 F, New England Avenue, Sum¬mit, N J Second Vice-President-Mrs Andrew E Beer, Richardson Avenue, Sea Cliff, Long Island, N Y Third Vice-President-Mrs Ira T Hook, 494 Norton Parkway, New Haven, Conn Fourth Vice-President-Mrs John R Kenney, 427 W Wrightwood Avenue, Chicago 14, Ill Fifth Vice-President-Mrs Alfonso Ballon, Montero Rosas 115, Barranco, Lima, Peru Recording Secretary-Mrs Arnold H Miller, 601 West 115th St, New York 25, N Y Assistant Recording Secretary-Mrs R J Mechin, 66 East 79th Street, New York 21, N Y Corresponding Secretary-Mrs Theodore Nagel, 76 Remsen St, Brooklyn 1, N Y Treasurer-Mrs Robert W Rowen, 116 East 68th St, New York 21, N Y Assistant Treasurer-Mrs Samuel H Dolbear, 11 Broadway, New York 4, N Y Assistant Treasurer-Mrs H A Kursell, 12 Murray Hill Road, Scarsdale, N Y

Jan 1, 1956

By Walter V. Knopp, Laurence Delisle

The aim of this work was the preparation of nickel-steels from elemental metal powders by powder metallurgy techniques. It was known that plain carbon steels could be made from a mixtufe of iron powder and graphite and that the effect of carbon on iron in powder form was of the same nature as that produced in fusion metallurgy. The problem in making nickel steels from elemental powders consisted therefore in finding out whether sufficient diffusion of the nickel and other incidental metals . normally present in such steels could be induced in the solid state to modify the properties of plain carbon steels made from powders and produce the beneficial effect of alloying. The composition selected originally was that of an S.A.E. 2330 steel. Metal powders, in the proportion correspending to that composition, were mixed with graphite, pressed, and heated at different temperatures for different periods of time, to produce bonding of the metal particles and mutual diffusion of the various elements without melting. Temperatures up to 1325°C and sintering periods as long as 6 hr were first investigated because it was expected.that such conditions would produce maximum diffusion with an accompanying improvement in the properties of the alloy. It was found that, although diffusion proceeded to a large extent under the conditions investigated, it would not be complete unless sintering were carried out at a high temperature for much longer than 6 hr. Relatively high temperatures and long sintering times are objectionable from a practical point of view, particularly when a low COSt material is to be produced, because they necessitate the use of special, costly equipment. Work could be done to improve the diffusion of iron and nickel by changing conditions other than the sintering temperature and time, that is, finer primary or alloy powders could be used. However, a marked change in the properties of the steel had been observed even with only partial diffusion. It was thought, therefore, that instead of trying to improve the diffusion, advantage might be taken of its incompleteness to produce a special structure consisting, in the unquenched condition, of a hard constituent, rich in nickel, dispersed in a tough pearlitic matrix. Steels with such a structure, not readily obtainable by fusion, should have desirable mechanical properties. Besides, it should be possible to prepare them from elemelltal powders under economical conditions. This latter alternative was therefore adopted for the second phase of this work. This report is divided into four parts: I. General Procedure. 2. Effect of Sintering Temperature. 3. Effect of Varying the Nickel Content. 4. Effect of Alloying Elements. General Procedure The general technique of cold pressing as used in powder metallurgy was applied.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. B. Muter, W. C. Grady, T. D. Wheelock, D. G. Chedgy

INTRODUCTION Topics of special interest, such as preparation plant flowsheets and noise pollution, are described in this chapter along with a discussion of non- state-of-the-art processes such as chemical cleaning, high intensity magnetic separation, and bacterial oxidation. PREPARATION PLANT FLOWSHEETS by RICHARD B. Muter In determining the layout or combination of unit operations to be utilized in a modern preparation plant several factors must be taken into account.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. A. Snyder, W. L. Finlay

SEVERAL notable studies of the effects of sub- stitutional solutes have been reported. Outstanding among these for its elucidation of general principles, is the summarized work of Hume-Rothery and coworkers.1 For a systematic study of the effects of substitutional solutes on the mechanical properties of the solvent lattice, the work of Brick, Martin, and Angier² on copper; of Frye and coworkers³,4,5 on copper and silver; and of Lacy and Gensamer6 and of Austin7 on iron may be mentioned. Titanium is one of the few elements offering the possibility of a similar study of interstitial solutes since, unlike most metallic elements, it exhibits extended solid solubility for most of the interstitial solutes—hydrogen, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. This paper reports a survey of the effects of dilute solutions of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon on the mechanical properties of high-purity alpha titanium. Previous Work: Van Arkel and De Boer showed" that high purity titanium was quite ductile and De Boer, Burgers and Fast established".' that not only were oxygen and nitrogen very soluble in solid titanium but that, long before the limit of solid solubility of either had been reached, these interstitial solutes rendered the metal brittle. Their electrical resistance data as a function of

Jan 1, 1951

By M. Sheffield

This paper presents a technique lor predicting the flow of oil, gas and water through a petroleum reservoir. Gravitational, viscous arid capillary lorces are considered, and all fluids are considered to be slightly compressible. Some theoretical work concerning the fluid flow in one-, two- and three-space dimensions is given along with example performance predictions in one- and two-space dimensions. INTRODUCTION Since the introduction of high speed computing equipment, one of the goals of reservoir engineering research has been to develop more accurate methods of describing fluid movement through underground reservoirs. Various mathematical methods have been developed or used by reservoir engineers to predict reservoir performance, 193-5,7,8 The work reported in this paper extends previously published work on three-phase fluid flow (1) by including a rigorous treatment of capillary forces and (2) by showing certain theoretical mathematical results proving that these equations can be approximated by certain numerical techniques and that a unique solution exists. DISCUSSION The method of predicting three-phase compressible fluid flow. in a reservoir can be summarized briefly by the following steps. 1. The reservoir, or a section of a reservoir, is characterized by a series of mesh points with varying rock and fluid properties simulated at each mesh point. 2. Three partial differential equations are written to describe the movement at any point in the reservoir of each of the three compressible fluids. All forces influencing movement are considered in the equations. 3. At each mesh point, the partial differential equations are replaced by a system of analogous difference equations. 4. A numerical technique is used to solve the resulting system of difference equations. Capillary forces have been included in two-phase flow calculations.1,4,8 The literature, however, does not contain examples of prediction techniques for three-phase flow that include capillary forces. Where capillary forces are considered, each of the three partial differential equations previously discussed has a different dependent variable, namely pressure in one of the three fluid phases. Therefore, three difference equations must be solved at each point in the reservoir. Where large systems of equations must be solved simultaneously, an engineer might question whether a unique solution to this system of equations actually exists and, if so, what numerical techniques may be used to obtain a good approximation to the solution. It is shown in the Appendix that a unique solution to the three-phase flow problem, as formulated, always exists. It is also shown that several methods may be used to obtain a good approximation to the solution. The partial differential equations and differenceequations used are shown in the Appendix. Matrix notation has been used in developing the mathematical results. Two sample problems were solved on a CDC 1604. They illustrate the type of problems that can be solved using a three-phase prediction technique. SAMPLE ONE-DIMENSIONAL RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE PREDICTION A hypothetical reservoir was studied to provide an example of a one-dimensional problem that can be solved. Of the several techniques available, the direct method of solution as shown in the Appendix was used. The reservoir section studied was a truncated, wedge-shaped section, 2,400 ft long, with a 6' dip. (A schematic is shown in Fig. 1.) This section was represented by 49 mesh points, uniformly spaced at 50-ft intervals. The upper end of the wedge was 2 ft wide, and the lower end was 6 ft wide. The section

Jan 1, 1970

By Zay Jeffries

IT has been known for a number of years that certain aluminum alloys could be hardened by quenching from a temperature of about 500° C. Immediately after quenching the total increase in hardness is not marked, but the hardness increases gradually so that after about 4 days, it has reached a maximum. The actual increase in hardness probably continues for weeks or even months, but in order to detect the differences after 4 days, it is necessary to make tests at rather long intervals. So far as is known to the authors, Alfred Wilm was the first to discover these properties in aluminum alloys.1 The aluminum-copper alloys are amenable to this treatment and the addition of magnesium makes the heat-treatment effect more pronounced. Until recently heat treatment of aluminum alloys has been confined to the worked alloys in the form of sheet or extruded products. The alloy that has been most used in this connection is known commercially as duralumin and has about the following composition: copper not exceeding, 6 per cent.; magnesium not exceeding, 2 per cent.; manganese not exceeding, 1 per cent.; commercial aluminum,2 balance. A typically good alloy in this range consists of: copper, 4 per cent.; magnesium, 0.5 per cent.; manganese, 1 per cent.; commercial aluminum, balance. This alloy can be rolled into sheets or extruded; and in this condition it can be heated in the ordinary furnace atmosphere to a temperature near 500° C. and quenched in water. After about 4 days it will have the following physical properties: tensile strength 55,000 to 60,000 lb. per sq. in. (3866 to 4218 kg. per sq. cm.); elongation in 2 in., 15 to 20 per cent. No harmful effects of the furnace gases or even the air, if the heating is affected in an electric furnace in an air atmosphere,

Jan 9, 1919

By AIME AIME

Acid Open-Hearth Manipulation.. By ANDREW MCWILLIAM and WILLIAM H. HATFIELD, ii, 279. Discussion by J. J. MORGAN, iii, 647; E. H. SANITER, iii, 648; MCWILLIAM and HATFIELD, 111, 648. ADDICKS, LAWRENCE. The Effect of Impurities on the Electrical Conductivity of Copper, iii, 559. Address of Welcome to the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. By RICHARD RATHBUN, .iv, 923. ALLDERDICE, TAYLOR. Discussion of MR. ROE'S paper, The Mann¬ facture and Characteristics of Wrought Iron, v, 1091. American Mining Engineer. Discussion by ARTHUR JARMAN, iii, 641. An Automatic Stock-Line Recorder for Iron Blast-Furnaces. By J. E. JOHNSON, JR., iii, 509. Anthracite-Washeries. By GEORGE W. HARRIS, vi, 1263.

Jan 1, 1907

By G. F. Bolling

Single crystals of each metal were deformed at 77°K and heated at constant rates, variously in the range 0.125" to 4o°Kper min from 77" to -390oK, while being monitored in an X-ray diffractometer. Changes in diffraction-peak heights and line breadths were used to ascertain the temperature ranges of recrystalliza-tion. The results were subjected to the analysis of nicholas' in order to obtain the rate-controlling activation energies,Q. In this analysis no recourse to a separate and distinct nucleation stage is required and the results of studying recrystallization proved consistent with the hypothesis of a constant number of nuclei or equivalent hypotheses. The values Pb = 5.5 ± 0.5 keal per mole Zn ~ 7.5 Sn - 5 Bi - 9. 5 correspond for lead, zinc, and tin to activation energies obtained elsewhere for grain boundary migration, and for bismuth and lead to previous studies of re-crystallization by Barrett.6 This correlation allows the conclusions that interference from recovery was minimal and that the observed recrystallization rates in these pure metals are effectively governed by grain boundary migration. Good agreement was not found between the results of this kind of study in zone-refined aluminum and previous work; and supplementary isothermral experiments involving hardness tests and metallography did not resolve the discrepancy. Nevertheless, at least a range,Q = 11.5 ± 2 keal per mole, can be assigned to the activation energy for boundary migration in aluminum. An experimental study of one aspect of the recrystallization process is presented here for four metals of different crystal structure. The metals chosen for study were all zone-refined to reduce impurity effects, but the attendant high purity presented a difficulty. For any reasonably high driving force a "re-crystallization temperature", TR, is in the range of 0.25 T,, where T, is the absolute melting point, and study was therefore restricted to lower temperatures. An X-ray technique under constant heating-rate conditions adequate above 90°K was devised for the study; in consequence, a newer type of analysis following Nicholas1 had to be used to obtain quantitative information about activation energies. The standard methods of studying recrystallization have involved the comparable analyses of Johnson and Mehl2 and Avrami3 which are reviewed by Burke and Turnbull.* The general analysis4 which is applied only to isothermal studies using any of various investigative techniques states:

Jan 1, 1968

By W. E. Ruder

IT has been pointed out by Stead 1 that grains of considerable coarseness may be developed in steels containing from 3 to 5 per cent. of silicon, and in a previous paper 2 the present author has shown that under the proper conditions of annealing single grains having an area of 50 sq. cm. may be obtained. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss in more detail the conditions, promoting the growth of these grains, in the hope that the experiments described may throw some additional light upon the general problem of grain growth in metals. These silicon steels lend themselves particularly well to such experiments because of the ease with which the change in structure may be followed and because of the fact that the effect of the carbon present is largely obliterated by the high percentage of silicon. This forms a solid solution with the iron, which acts very much like a pure metal. This alloy has been found to have but one critical point, viz., Are. This point, determined by Roberts-Austen for Hadfield's 4 per cent. Si alloy, was found to lie at 703° C. Vigouroux3, in working with pure Fe-Si alloys, finds this point to rise from 750° C. for 0.5 per cent. Si to 860° for 6 per cent alloy, with a flat region in the curve from 3 to 4 per cent. Si. No accurate determination of this point has been undertaken by the present author, but it has been roughly determined to lie between 730° and 750°.

Jan 12, 1913

Schedule of Events

Jan 1, 1977

By H. I. Aaronson, H. A. Domian, G. M. Pound

The thernodyna,nics of I the Proeutectoid ferrite re-action ha1.e been investigated on the bases of three diifevent descviptions of the statistical thernzodynamics of interstitzal solid solutions. Especially at low ternperatures, substantial dijeretzces are found in the valltes of the extrapolated y/y + a and cr/a + y equilibriurn curls, and in the To- co7nposilion metastable eqliilibriunz curl-es thus co,npited. Although neither actiztity nor phase-diagram date are able to distingrish udeqiutely among the various descviptions, the statustics of Lacher, Fouller, and Guggenheinz provide the ?nost conplete epresentation az3ailable of the single carbon-ctrbon interaction energy (w) nzodel of an intevstitiril solid solution, and the relationships deduced frojrl then2 are accordingly pre.ferred. The findings tlzut w in austenite 'aries significu?ztly uith tenpevntrue and that phase-diagawr data arc not accurately con?palible usith eqcrctions deduced on the basis of actility infoation indicate, hou'e13er, that a wzore cornplex nlodel of the uustenite , und pvobably of the .feyrite, solirl solutions will have to forn the basis of f4tuve statistical t1.eat1nents. Some suggestions for such a ruodel arc advanced. Althoug11 w represents a vepltlsio energy in austozite, it was found to corvcsporzd in ferrite to a binding energy, in qualitatit.e accord zc,itlz the internal-friclion results of Keefer and wert. ThE transformation of austenite to proeutectoid fer-rite is becoming recognized as an exceptionally useful vehicle for quantitative studies of the kinetics of phase transformations.'" Reasons for this popularity include well-characterized microstructures which develop on a convenient scale with acceptable kinetics within a considerable temperature-composition region, the absence of great sensitivity to common impurities, and, especially. the availability of a unique wealth of the ancillary information indispensable for the quantitative interpretation of kinetic measurements, including phase diagram,3 crystallographies diffusivity,5 inter-facial energy,=17 elastiit," specific vlume, ''' and ativity'-' data. Development of considerable amounts of additional thermodynamic information from activity data is of particular importance with respect to kinetic studies, since much of this information is needed in temperature-composition regions not directly accessible to presently available techniques for the measurement of equilibrium properties. A generally useful approach to the thermodynamics of solid solutions, which is of especial value in this situation, is based upon the formulation of the free energy of such solutions as a function of temperature and composition. The free energy of solid solutions has been resolved into many components. Particularly in the case of interstitial solutions, with which we shall be concerned in the present study, however, only the positional entropy component has been intensively studied. The other components are conventionally taken into account by fitting equations for the activity of the interstitial species or the temperature-composition path of phase boundaries, derived principally from positional entropy considerations, to experimental information on these quantities through adjustment of one or more constants in the equations. A number of studies of the thermodynamics of interstitial solid solutions have been made primarily on this basis,'"25 but only Kaufman, Radcliffe, and cohenZ2 (hereafter KRC) and ener''% ave applied the results of such studies to develop relationships for the thermodynamic quantities of interest in the austenite —- proeutectoid ferrite transformation. KRC made use of a model developed by cheil'' (on the basis of a previous study by ohansson'), and subsequently rede-rived correctly by Speiser and retnak,' in which a carbon atom is considered to inhibit occupancy of a certain number of its nearest-neighboring interstitial sites. schei120 determined the number of sites in austenite thus excluded by matching calculated and experimentally measured curves for the variation of carbon activity with the mole fraction of carbon. zener17 used a different approach. He assumed that the positional entropy of carbon is ideal both in austenite and in ferrite (i.e., no excluded interstitial sites), and included all other contributions of carbon in a temperature-independent "free-energy change" accompanying the transfer of 1 mole of carbon between the two phases. This quantity was determined by "pinning" an equation derived for the boundaries of the a + y region to experimental data on the compositions of these boundaries at a single temperature. In the present investigation, three different approaches to the thermodynamics of the proeutectoid ferrite reaction are examined comparatively: I) the method of Zener; 2) the model employed by KRC and predecessors; and 3) the more detailed statistical thermodynamic treatment of the same model developed by acher and Fowler and uenheim, ' in which the problem of overlapping regions of influence of individual interstitial atoms is resolved. In order to make these comparisons, it is necessary to undertake an extension of one aspect of Zener's method; since the Lacher- Fowler -Guggenheim (LFG) treatment has not been previously used in the present context, the necessary thermodynamic "superstructure" for this treatment will be developed in parallel

Jan 1, 1967

By Sidney Powers

CONTENTS PAGE Distribution of fields 4 History of development 6 Origin of oil 7 Structure, accumulation and migration 8 Reservoir rocks 9 Methods of drilling and exploration 10 Oil-field statistics : 12 Description by regions: United States: Appalachian region ; 12 East-central states 17 Kansas 18 Oklahoma : 19 Texas : 24 Arkansas : 32 Louisiana 33 Mississippi ....... 34 Rocky Mountain region : 34 California 37 Canada 41 Mexico 43 Cuba 46 Bibliography 46 THE purpose of this brief account- of the occurrence of petroleum in North America is to make available to those who have a knowledge of geology, but who are not engaged in the petroleum industry, a few salient facts about the location of oil and gas fields, their productivity, the important structural types of accumulation and the age of the rocks containing petroleum. A few useful data and statistics are furnished, yet not complete statistics that are available elsewhere. Geology has been treated in simple terms because the reader is presumed to have little interest in the names of formations and of oil sands. Mineral deposits are more or less analogous. Whether oil or metals, minerals are found in rocks, largely in sedimentary rocks which carry water or have at one time carried it. A genetic or accumula-

Jan 1, 1931

By W. R. Hibbard

The increased strength of a polycrystal-line metallic aggregate compared with that of its individual crystals generally has been associated with complex stress distributions at the grain boundaries resulting from atomic irregularity between grains. This disregistry, together with the necessity for adjacent crystals to deform compatibly regardless of the single crystal crystallo-graphic strain mechanism, complicates this mechanism so as to increase the metal's resistance to deformation. Although Taylor1 has shown from purely mechanical considerations the requirement for at least five active slip systems to absorb the complexities during the homogeneous deformation of polycrystalline face-centered cubic metals, experimental studies by Barrett and Levenson2 indicate that this is feasible only in a qualitative sense because of deviations from homogeneous deformation. Seitz and Read in their review3 state: " Unfortunately . . . present knowledge of the grain boundary influence is not sufficient to complement the work in single crystals and provide us with a good foundation for treating polycrystals." The purpose of this investigation was to attempt to clarify the gap between single crystals and crystalline aggregates by an analysis of the effects of dcformational stresses. Some of the results were described by C. H. Mathewson in his 1943 Campbell Memorial Lecture.zl Previous Investigations Since the performance of single crystals deformed under pure stresses has been relatively thoroughly investigated, the most significant researches are concerned primarily with deviations from single crystal behavior of large grained specimens. Qualitative grain boundary effects involving the observed amount of slip werc reported by Carpenter and Elam5 in 1921. Individual crystals in a two or three grained aluminum specimen deformed by tension acted in the normal manner described by Taylor and Elarn4 except for marked modifications at the grain boundaries. There the power to withstand deformation was considerably increased, leaving a ridge on the specimen where decreased slip occurred, often noticeable yi in. from the boundary. Adcock,6 Yamaguchi,' Seumel, Hirstg and others have also reported this phenomenon as a qualitative trend. Yet attempts by O'Neill'o and Ljunggrenll to measure a difference in hardness at grain boundaries in undeformed specimens were unsuccessful. Miller12 measured quantitatively the reduction in slip near the boundary between the single crystal and polycrystalline areas of zinc specimens. These effects consisted of two parts: I. Next to the polycrystalline interface thc distribution of stresses was so altered

Jan 1, 1949

By W. Wanjokow, H. O. Hofman

In the metallurgical treatment of most metallic sulphides it is usually necessary to carry on a roasting-operation. In some cases the raw ore will have to be roasted; in others the intermediary product, matte, produced in smelting the ore; again, both ore and matte may have to be subjected to oxidation at elevated temperatures. Most metallic sulphides, when given an oxidizing-roast, pass through the state of sulphate before they are converted into oxides. All metallic sulphates are completely decomposed by heat, with the exception of those of lead and bismuth, but the temperatures at which decompositions take place vary with the metals. Some metallic sulphates are converted directly into oxides, others first form basic salts. Alkali-earth sulphates show a behavior similar to that of metallic sulphates, while alkali sulphates do not part with their sulphur trioxide even at elevated roasting-temperatures. The older data on the decomposition of metallic sulphates by heat are only approximations. Thus Kerl' gives the order in which metallic sulphates are decomposed with increasing temperatures as (Ag2, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Pb) SO,. More recent statenlents give definite temperatures and modify the formerly accepted order of decomposition. But the temperatures given by various observers do not agree. The reasons for this are to be found mainly in the method and manner of carrying out experiments. Four methods have been used: 1. Heating in an evacuated tube; 2, heating in a tube closed at one end, without air-cur-

Jan 1, 1913

By PHILIP N. MOORE

THE development of the power of the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals has become a matter of political interest as well as engineering possibility. The controversy over it has been so active that the facts have been obscured, the possibilities exaggerated. Although the members of the American Institute of Mining & Metallurgical Engineers are not generally specialists in hydroelectric development, those who visited Muscle Shoals in October, following the Birmingham meeting of the Institute, were interested, and many of them surprised to learn the actual conditions. These have long been familiar to those who have studied the matter through the reports of the U. S. Engineers on the subject. The approved plan contemplates three dams-No. 1, a low dam close to the City of Florence, planned in the interests of navigation, since the construction of the other dams has rendered impossible the use of the river without it. No. 2-named the Wilson Dam is now under construction. Concerning it political argumentation has waged. No. 3 Dam-much smaller, is planned to be erected several miles above No. 2.

Jan 1, 1925

By John V. Beall

BROMO Seltzer blue has gone to war. The blue of the Bromo Seltzer bottle is a product of cobalt, the Nation's No. 1 strategic metal. When the National Production Authority, on Nov. 21, 1950, ordered a 70 pct cutback in domestic use of cobalt, a stab of pain was felt in the hearts of the glass, porcelain enamel, steel, paint, pottery, and electrical and electronic equipment industries. The reason: A full-scale wartime economy with astronomical requirements for jet engines, high velocity projectiles, armor plate, electronic equipment, and the many products needed to win a war. There is little potential comfort for cobalt users in nonessential manufacturing, and the military will be pinched for optimum supplies of the metal. However, if proper measures are taken immediately and current plans are completed, in two years there will be far more cobalt available than ever before. When normal times return, cobalt supplies should be sufficient to meet peacetime military requirements, and greatly expanded domestic requirements that will result from new technological development for wartime but adaptable to peacetime products. The pres-

Jan 1, 1951

By R. M. Bird

FEW persons outside of the foundry trade have any conception of the great variety of sands now regularly specified and furnished, nor of the differences in foundry practice frequently resulting from apparently minor changes in sands. Conditions in each locality where the sands are mined and prepared necessitate special equipment designed to perform the work efficiently. The description that follows of the foundry sand producing operations is typical of the areas in New York and New Jersey, and particularly refers to the operations of the George F. Pettinos Co.

Jan 1, 1926

Jan 6, 1976

By Paul T. Allsman, E. W. Newman

Trenching, sampling, and core drilling in Stillwater and Sweetgrass Counties, Mont., by the Bureau of Mines have delimited over 5,000,000 tons of chromite ore containing more than 20 per cent chromic oxide. The Benbow and Mouat-Sampson mines have been developed and are fully equipped for mining and milling 500 tons and 2000 tons a day, respectively. Introduction The Montana chromite deposits were the first to be explored under the Strategic Minerals Act of 1939. In June of that year, the Bureau of Mines started exploration by trenching, test pitting, sampling and diamond drilling, and completed the project in March 1943. The U. S. Geological Survey cooperated by mapping the geology and logging the cores. The project was to determine the extent and grade of the chromite ore and to indicate sufficient reserves to justify development and exploitation of the deposits for the national emergency. Exploration has indicated that the district contains the largest and most important reserve of chromite ore in the United States. The Benbow and Mouat-Sampson mines have been developed and a 500-ton concentrating mill has been constructed on the Benhow property and a 2000-ton mill on the Mouat-Sampson property. Concentrates were produced from the Benbow mill three months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when the nation's major chromite supplies from foreign sources were cut off. History It has been known for 50 to 60 years that some chromite deposits existed in an east-west belt along the north escarpment of the Beartooth Mountains about 25 miles north of Yellowstone Park, but nothing was known of their size and extent until the war demand of 1917 and 1918 stimulated the search. In those years two properties in the Stillwater region were actively developed, but no shipments were made. The Benbow property was located in 1918 by a local group. The property comprised seven claims along the strike at the east end of the belt. An adit was driven several hundred feet on the Eclipse claim. The seven claims were sold to the Chromium Products Corporation of Livingston, Mont., and were subsequently patented. In 1929, an eastern group obtained an option, installed some equipment, and erected several log cabins. The "crash" in the market in 1929 caused the operators to drop their lease, and the property remained inactive until 1939, when the Bureau of Mines began its exploration. Fourteen claims were located on the Boulder River in 1918 and subsequently patented by the U. S. Chrome Corporation.

Jan 1, 1949

By Paul T. Allsman, E. W. Newman

Trenching, sampling, and core drilling in Stillwater and Sweetgrass Counties, Mont., by the Bureau of Mines have delimited over 5,000,000 tons of chromite ore containing more than 20 per cent chromic oxide. The Benbow and Mouat-Sampson mines have been developed and are fully equipped for mining and milling 500 tons and 2000 tons a day, respectively. Introduction The Montana chromite deposits were the first to be explored under the Strategic Minerals Act of 1939. In June of that year, the Bureau of Mines started exploration by trenching, test pitting, sampling and diamond drilling, and completed the project in March 1943. The U. S. Geological Survey cooperated by mapping the geology and logging the cores. The project was to determine the extent and grade of the chromite ore and to indicate sufficient reserves to justify development and exploitation of the deposits for the national emergency. Exploration has indicated that the district contains the largest and most important reserve of chromite ore in the United States. The Benbow and Mouat-Sampson mines have been developed and a 500-ton concentrating mill has been constructed on the Benhow property and a 2000-ton mill on the Mouat-Sampson property. Concentrates were produced from the Benbow mill three months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when the nation's major chromite supplies from foreign sources were cut off. History It has been known for 50 to 60 years that some chromite deposits existed in an east-west belt along the north escarpment of the Beartooth Mountains about 25 miles north of Yellowstone Park, but nothing was known of their size and extent until the war demand of 1917 and 1918 stimulated the search. In those years two properties in the Stillwater region were actively developed, but no shipments were made. The Benbow property was located in 1918 by a local group. The property comprised seven claims along the strike at the east end of the belt. An adit was driven several hundred feet on the Eclipse claim. The seven claims were sold to the Chromium Products Corporation of Livingston, Mont., and were subsequently patented. In 1929, an eastern group obtained an option, installed some equipment, and erected several log cabins. The "crash" in the market in 1929 caused the operators to drop their lease, and the property remained inactive until 1939, when the Bureau of Mines began its exploration. Fourteen claims were located on the Boulder River in 1918 and subsequently patented by the U. S. Chrome Corporation.

Jan 1, 1949