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Discussion of the paper of C. W. Goodale and J. H. Klepinger, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 50, August, 1913, pp. 1935 to 2010. PROF. JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem, Pa.:-Mr. Chairman, I would like to call attention to one valuable feature of the paper which may interest some: I have worked a good deal with the Pitot tube, and have always had difficulty with what is called the static end of that apparatus, so much so that I became almost hopeless of securing good results with it. I find here, however, what is stated to be a perfectly satisfactory static end for the Pitot tube, satis factory under probably all conditions. I congratulate Mr. Klepinger on the design of that tube and the consequent improvement he has made in the technical measurement of the volumes of gases. I would also like to ask if the total volume coming out of the chimney per day could not be computed by chemical analyses of the SO and SO2 in the gases, and calculation on the basis of the known weight of.. sulphur going out in a day; so that the Pitot tube measurements . could be checked by a method independent of measurements in the flues. J. H. KLEPINGER :-I think the volume of gases could be determined in that way. Those of a chemical turn of mind would go. about it so, but I am not enough of a chemist to follow that method, and consequently I always look at the mechanical way to obtain the results.

Jan 11, 1913

By Nathaniel Herz

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) THE use of zinc dust for precipitating the precious metals from cyanide solutions is well established now in many places, and has many advantages over the shavings method of precipitation. Although much work has been clone on methods of testing zinc dust, as yet no absolutely positive test has been devised to determine the value of the material. Certain facts are known, but often it happens that results on a working scale are not as expected from the laboratory tests. The purpose of this paper is to record some observations made while testing. a large variety of zinc-dust samples in the laboratory. W. J. Sharwood1 has described standard analytical methods, which have been followed, with the changes noted. The regular determinations include zinc oxide, by solution in ammonia and ammonium chloride, lead, and precipitating efficiency. In some cases cadmium was determined by a method similar to that described by J. E. Clennell.2 I will discuss the precipitating-efficiency test in detail. The procedure is as follows: "A solution of potassium silver cyanide is prepared by dissolving 10 grams of silver cyanide (AgCN) and 5 grams of `99 0' potassium cyanide in a little water and diluting up to 1000 cc. It is then adjusted by addition of a little more KCN or AgCN until the solution indicates from 0.12% to 0.15% free KCN by titration with standard silver nitrate. The titration is best made by using a 10-cc. or 20-cc. sample, adding 1 cc. of 2 % potassium iodide, and a slight excess of ammonia, as the end point is then sharper. Or 15 grains of pure crystallized KAg(CN)2 may he dissolved in a liter of water and 1.5 grams KCN added. "Weigh out 0.5 grain zinc dust into a 300-cc. beaker. Add a few cubic centimeters of water and stir until, zinc is well mixed, then pour in 250 cc. of the prepared solution, stirring vigorously. See that all lumps are broken up, and continue stirring for fully five minutes. Stir occasionally (at least every 10 minutes) until the end of two hours from the addition of the solution. Then filter upon an 11-cm. filter, wash precipitate thoroughly, sprinkle with test lead, wrap it carefully in the paper, plaice in a scorifier with about 20 grams test lead, burn paper cautiously in muffle, scorify five minutes, cupel at low temperature and weigh silver. Milligrams silver obtained from 0.5 gram zinc X 0.0606 = percentage precipitating efficiency."'

Jan 8, 1915

By E. J. Longyear

The rapid development of the Mesabi range has been a matter of much wonder to those familiar with ore-deposits elsewhere, and much skepticism was shown when " millions of tons of ore on the Mesabi" was first reported. Now, however, with over 8,000,000 tons to its credit at the close of 1896, a prospect of 3,000,000 more this year, and more ore " in sight" than ever before, it is evident that the first claims for the range were not so greatly exaggerated as perhaps even those who made them thought they were at that time. An explanation of the ease with which these deposits have been explored is found in their mode of occurrence. Lying in flat beds and near the surface, and only exceptionally occurring under a taconite " capping," the prospector had only to sink a few vertical test-pits on a fortyacre tract down to the rock to be reasonably sure whether his property contained ore or not. If he found ore in one or more of these preliminary pits, he would then fill in with more pits until the ore-area was entirely outlined by test-pits from 200 to 400 feet apart. In the early days of the range the testing was almost entirely done by digging pits with pick and shovel. When water was encountered, work had to be stopped, unless a steam pumping-plant was put in, resulting in greatly-increased expenses. Latterly, drills have been used with great success in continuing the exploration after water has been struck in the pit, rendering further progress with pick and shovel impracticable. There are several kinds of drills in use. The diamond-drill is largely used, and possesses the advantage of being in readiness to drill rock if thought advisable, the taconite being very hard and almost impossible to drill except by the use of diamonds. Some form of churn-drill has been much used. This may be either a steam- or a horse-power-drill. The principle is the same in each, the cutting being done by percussion instead of by rotation, as in the case of the diamond-drill. A churning motion is given by passing a rope from the top of the

Jan 1, 1898

The housing of labor and sanitation at mines in India are difficult problems to solve because-no more than two or three castes will accept the same conditions, and conditions suitable to one coal-field are not applicable to other fields. It is also necessary to consider the financial standing of the different companies. The European companies, which pay 30 per cent. and more dividends, can erect more suitable houses than the Indian companies, which are just able to keep their heads above water. The Santhal will not live in a bucca-roofed house as a permanent dwelling, and both the Santhal and Koras have an aversion to living in a line of attached huts. They have forsaken a whole, line of houses in one of which a case of sickness or death has occurred, and those houses were afterward considered unfit by all other classes of natives. The Santhals, Koras, and Douri castes will not take drinking water from a stand pipe; wells must be furnished. When well water is not available, these people will take water from the nearest pool or tank regardless of whether or not the water is stagnant. The well tops should not he completely enclosed, nor should there be a drain around the top. The ground should slope away from the well. In the Girieih coal fields, the miners have a great objection to pucca floors; they prefer earth which is lapped, easily cleaned, and renewed. As it is customary for the miner to build his own house, the company supplying the roofing material, he takes a special interest in it, keeps it in order, and hesitates to leave it. Each house is surrounded by its own bit of land, which the inmate cultivates.

Jan 12, 1918

By W. J. Kroll

W. J. Kroll (Belgium)—Those who are acquainted with the metallurgy of our forefathers may have occasionally a good time when glancing at recent publications in which aged discoveries are unconsciously reported as novelties. We know very well, that oxygen blowing of iron has been described by old Bessemer. The author of the present article is, however, not aware of the fact that the process he describes, the fused salts scrubbing, was already used in the middle of the last century by St. Claire Deville in his attempts at making higher-purity aluminum from raw AlCl3 by sodium reduction. The same fact escaped the three investigators to whom the author refers. The technical grade AlC13 produced by St. Claire Deville from impure oxide, chlorine, and carbon (Oersted process) was contaminated with Sic4 and FeC13, which he removed on an industrial scale by various methods.' He sublimed, for instance, his chloride in contact with iron nails, or aluminum chips, or in hydrogen, which reduced the FeC13 to the less volatile FeCl2. He used also alkali-alkaline earth chlorides as a solvent for A1C13 and FeC13 in presence of iron as a reducing agent, and sublimed his purified AlC13 from solvent salts. The successors of Deville used also zinc or lead as a reducing agent. These methods were later used currently for the purification of BeCl2 and for collecting this compound in a salt bath, suitable for fusion electrolysis. More recently, the same Deville process has been described as applied to the purification of ZrCL4, as part of a method of extraction of ZrCL4 from silico zirconium, which later was reacted with FeC12 in a separate part of the equipment. According to the patent referred to3 the ZrCL4 is dissolved as a gas in a carrier salt such as alkali-alkaline earth chloride, from which it can be reclaimed in a purified form by distillation. A bath of NaCl/KCl is recommended in the specifications. The FeC12-FeC13 go in the salt solution in which raw ZrCl4 is introduced by bubbling, while Sic4 and Tic4 pass through the bath and escape in the atmosphere. purification by this salt-solvent method is thus well described. It may be worth while insisting on some minor details about which the author did not bother too much. One of these concerns the material of construction for the container. If iron is used, and if no other reducing agent is added, then it is the iron of the pot that acts as a reagent in the breakdown of FeC13 to FeCl2, and corrosion can be expected. This shows the importance of using extraneous large surface-reducing agents, of which there is a choice. Zir-

Jan 1, 1963

Those familiar with the war in France at first hand know that in these last two years the weight of the suffering has fallen upon the families of the well-to-do classes; those who before the war lived in comparative ease and comfort, with every prospect of educating their children as their parents and grandparents had been. Thousands of the men in these families have been killed, "officiers d'élite," and the small pensions accorded the widows permit them only to house and feed their children HELÈNE JOURNÈS. and give them a common-school education. The pension for a lieutenant's widow is $245 a year; for 'a captain's, $345; for a colonel's $575; and so on. At present, it requires three francs a day to provide food for one person in cities, and conditions are not improving. The American Ouvroir Funds, 681 Fifth Ave., New York City, has tried for nearly two years to have individual Americans give individual children a "bourse," or purse, as it is called, of from $150 to $250 a year, so that they may enter such educational institutions as the Lycées, the Polytechnique, Beaux Arts, St. Cyr, etc. The war relief societies of these military schools furnish photographs and histories of children under their care and on their lists.

Jan 12, 1918

Another excellent Swedish underground crushing plant is that at Crusher Station 51 of LKAB in Kiruna, Sweden. Bottom-dump rail cars pass over a dump scroll to discharge magnetite ore into a 288 cu yd (220 m3) pocket equipped with a Hewitt Robins E-13 vibrating grizzly feeder. The grizzly section is 59 in. (1500 mm) long and has bar spacings 3 in. (76 mm) wide. Any oversize boulders which will not pass the chute opening to the feeder are blasted. The primary breaker is a Morgardshammar overhead eccentric 55 in. by 71 in. (1400 by 1800 mm) jaw crusher powered by a 200 hp (149 kw) motor. An open side setting of 10. 8 to 11. 8 in (275 to 300 mm) accounts for the high capacity of this crushing unit (2760 stph or 2500 mtph). This figure compares favorably with the capacity of many gyratory crushers but is typical of the Swedish jaw crushing installations, which are often followed by three more stages of crushing or by autogenous grinding. Crushed ore from the jaw crusher is combined with the grizzly under- size in the crushed ore pocket and is fed by a second vibrating grizzly feeder to the secondary cone crusher. Both crushers are serviced by 50/5 ton overhead bridge cranes. During maintenance operations air -operated gates shut off the flow of ore from the dump and primary crushed ore pockets.

Jan 1, 1978

By George H. Cook

At first sight this subject seems to belong to pure theoretical geology, but examination will soon show that it has important practical and economic interest to the mining engineer. The conclusion that all the northern portions of our country, as well as of the eastern continent, have, in the later periods of geological history, been covered with a thick bed of ice, is now accepted by geologists. This bed of ice, except in its greater magnitude, was like the modern glaciers of the Alps, and other mountains which extend above the line of perpetual snow. The marks it has left upon the surface show that it was comparatively thin on its southern edge, but that its thickness was much greater a little further north, and that it was several thousand feet thick at its kenviest parts. This variation of its surface would give it a descending slope towards the south, and cause the mass of ice, like a semifluid substance, to move in that direction,

Jan 1, 1879

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties. United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr. Carnegie made. his gift which made possible a home for the engineering societies, a separate corporation was organized to act as a holding company and to manage the common property. This was long known as the United Engineering Society, but the name has now been changed to one which more nearly reflects the real function of the corporation. It holds title to the Engineering Societies Building and to various funds placed in its charge and is managed by a Board of Trustees, of which three are chosen by each of the four societies, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers and American Society of Civil Engineers, which have equal and undivided interests in the property. The land and building cost two million dollars. During the year 1934, the Constitution and Bylaws of The United Engineering Trustees, Inc., were thoroughly revised and a better organization of its functions was effected: The Engineering Foundation and the Engineering Societies Library were made "departments" of the United Engineering Trustees. The Founders Societies share in the property which it holds, and estimated at the present time, as follows: Real estate,. $1,993,793; Depreciation and Renewal Fund, $401,000. The U.E.T. has endowment funds amounting to $1,086,893. The A.I.M.E. trustees are W. D. B. Matter, Jr., A. L. Queneau and Albert Roberts.

Jan 1, 1939

By Reinhard Fischer

The consumption of lead for batteries in some western countries and Japan amounts to 870,000 T. annually. Battery life is 2-3 years. Therefore after a short time a considerable quantity of lead flows back to smelters. The production of lead from scrap batteries is discussed from the following points of view: 1. Separation of the acid contained in the batteries. 2. Separation of the components which are free of lead from the components containing lead, e.g. cases, separators. 3. Separation of metallic lead from lead compounds. 4. Avoidance of manual-work. A process has been developed and perfected at a plant, which began operation in 1965. The procedure consists essentially of the following steps: 1. Breaking the cases and removing the acid. 2. Crushing the batteries in an impact mill. 3. Screening off separators. 4. Separation of slurry. 5. Gravity separation of metal and organic material. The plant has a one-shift capacity of -24,000 T. batteries/year.

Jan 1, 1970

ST. LOUIS SECTION H. A. BUEHLER, Chairman, CHARLES T. ORR, Vice-Chairman., THOMAS T. BREWSTER, Vice-Chairman, L. L. HUTCHISON, Vice-Chairman, W. E. McCOURT, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington University, St. Louis. CHARLES J. ADAMI, EUGENE MCAULIFFE, A. C. TERRILL, JAMES A. CASELTON, JAMES D. ROBERTSON. The annual meeting of the St. Louis Section was held at the St. Louis Club, Saturday evening, Mar. 10, 1917. Philip N. Moore, President, and Bradley Stoughton, Secretary of the Institute, were the guests of the Section. The meeting was preceded by a dinner, at which 70 were present, and was presided over by F. W. DeWolf. Addresses were made by Mr. Moore and Mr. Stoughton. The routine reports of the officers were- presented and the Executive Committee named above was elected for the current year. The special business of the meeting was a report of progress concerning the arrangements for the Institute meeting to be held in the St. Louis Section district, Oct. 8 to 13, 1917. The general program for the meeting met with the cordial approval and cooperation of the members of the Section. It was evident that the members are united in an endeavor to arrange a successful meeting. W. E. McCOURT, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1917

By I. Fatt

Laboratory relative permeability data on reservoir rock are obtained on samples which are not subjected to overburden pressure during the permeability measurements. These data are then used for calculating the performance characteristics of reservoirs in which the rock is under the pressure of the overburden. Recent observations have shown that the permeability and porosity of reservoir sandstones are decreased by application of overburden pressure. These observations led us to a study of the effect of overburden pressure on the relative permeability characteristics of sandstones. A previous note from this laboratory1 showed that overburden pressure, simulated by applying hydraulic pressure to the outside of a plastic mounted core. caused a reduction in permeability of the core by as much as 50 per cent at 10,000 psig. In a multiphase fluid flow system, the relative permeability at a given saturation will change if the permeability or the effective permeability changes but not if both permeability and effective permeability change by the same ratio. The tests described in this note were made to determine the effect of overburden pressure on permeability and effective gas permeability in the gas-oil system. The gas-oil system was chosen because the available equipment was best suited for studying this system. The resultant data can be applied to other systems of interest because the gas permeability in the gas-oil system is the permeability of the nonwetting phase and, as such, is equivalent to the gas permeability in the gas-oil-water system and to the oil permeability in the oil-water system. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Cylindrical test plugs, one in. in diameter and one in. long, were cut from sandstone core samples from three different reservoirs. After extraction in toluene, the plugs were mounted in Lucite by conventional core mounting methods.3 The core properties are given in the legend in Fig. 1. The mounted cores were machined to fit the apparatus shown in Fig 4. Air permeabilities as a function of overburden pressure were measured by connecting lines (1) and (2) to a conventional air permeameter. To measure porosity changes as a function of overburden pressure, the lines leading to (1) and (2) and the core were saturated with kerosene; line (1) was capped and a small bore precision calibrated pipet was connected to (2). Changes in pore volume of the core as overburden pressure was applied were noted by reading the amount of kerosene produced into the pipet. To correct for the change in volume of the lines inside the hydraulic cell as a function of pressure, a pressure-vs-volume run was made with a solid Lucite cylinder substituted for the core. The change in volume of the lines was about 10 per cent of the change in pore volume of the core. No correction was needed for the permeability measurements because there was no measurable pressure drop in the lines at the maximum overburden pressure. Relative gas permeabilities were measured by the stationary liquid method described by Osoba, et al.' Gas saturations were obtained by allowing the kerosene from a kerosene saturated core to evaporate out. This procedure was followed

Jan 1, 1953

By C. Feng, C. Elbaum

AN investigation of the fracture plane of titanium, containing 0.5 wt pct to 1 wt pct 0, was recently carried out by fracturing large-grain specimens in a tensile jig at room and liquid air temperature. The experiments were carried out on strip specimens 3 to 5 mm wide, 2 mm thick and about 100 mm long. The specimens consisted of several grains, each occupying the entire cross section of the strip and extending over a length varying from 5 to 20 mm. These specimens were prepared by a method described elsewhere.' The identification of the fracture plane was possible in twelve of approximately thirty crystals investigated. In some cases severe local distortion took place near the fracture and prevented identification of the fracture plane. On, at least, three occasions the fracture propagated in a helicoidal

Jan 1, 1959

By Dr. T

THE application of electricity in the extraction of metals has hithcrto been chiefly confined to the electrolysis of dissolved or fused compounds of these by varios methods. The power of electric currents to generate intense heat in their passage through a resisting medium has, however, long been known, and the late W. Siemens thereby succeeded in fusing considerable quantities of steel. But it was reserved to Messrs. Eugene 11. and Alfred H. CoWles, of Cleveland, Ohio, to take a new step in the metallurgic art by maKing the heat thus produced a means of reducing in the presence of carbon the oxides not only of the alkaline metals, but of calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminium, silicon, and boron, with an ease that permits the production of these elements and their alloys with copper and other metals 011 a commercial scale. In the apparatus devised and now employed by the Messrs. Cowles, a column of fragments of well-calcined charcoal, so prepared and arranged as to present the requisite electrical resistance, is imbedded horizontally in finely pulverized charcoal, and covered by a layer of the same material coarsely broken, the whole being arranged in a box of fire-brick, covered with perforated tiles and opened at the ends to admit two carbon electrodes an inch and a half in diameter.

Jan 1, 1886

A Progress Report of The Engineering Foundation, which is a history of the Foundation and a report of its activities, has been printed. A limited number may be obtained by members of the Institute by writing to the office of the Institute or to the Secretary of the Foundation.

Jan 11, 1919

By J. E. Warren

To clarify the specific questions raised by J. E. Warren's discussion, the following remarks are offered. 1. It is correct that stratification is assumed in the application of the statistical zonation technique, but this does not constitute a limitation. If, in fact, the reservoir is not stratified the zonation technique will show it. The reservoir is then considered as one zone with a particular distribution of permeabilities. 2. The statistical zonation technique was intended as wells may not be an adequate measure of the lateral permeability changes; e.g., if the data presented in Table A-4 of the subject paper are evaluated on the basis of two crossed classifications with interaction, the variation between zones is significant with a probability greater than .99; however, the variation betwen wells is also significant with a probability greater than .87. It is apparent that the technique suggested by the author can be generalized to provide a powerful method for describing petroleum reservoirs. This generalization can be achieved by treating the core data as a two-way classification to determine the between-zones and the between-wells variations; then, the build-up permeabilities can be analyzed, perhaps on at least-squares basis, to establish the probable distribution of the permeabilities within the zones associated with the individual wells. an additional tool for the reservoir engineer to use together with other techniques and all available information. If pressure build-up permeabilities are available, they should certainly be included. Pressure build-up tests were not available for the reservoir considered in the paper. 3. The proposed correlation of zones between adjacent wells was the best of the techniques that I examined. It is not so much a "measure" as an indication of lateral permeability changes, regardless of whether they are seemingly random or form an obvious trend.

By A. R. Troiano, W. J. Barnett

The existence of a grain size stabilization effect on martensitic type reactions as shown by Scheill in an iron-29 pct nickel alloy and by Troiano and Tokich2 in cobalt prompted a review of other martensitic reactions to determine if this stabilization effect is characteristic of all martensite type reactions. Preliminary work has shown this effect to be present both in the gamma —+ epsilon transformation in an iron-20 pct manganese alloy and the martensite transformation of SAE 4140 and 3 pct Cr-O.40 pct steels. No appreciable effect was found in an SAE 2340 steel. The M, temperature for the gamma —+ epsilon transformation was lowered from 380°F to about room temperature by varying the annealing treatment following cold work as shown in Table I. The effect of austenitic grain size on the M, of three steels is shown in Table 2. M, was deter- mined by the conventional quench-temper method of Greninger and Troiano. In a single crystal the change in external shape concomitant with the homogeneous shear mechanism of the martensite transformation can take place unhindered. In a polycrystalline specimen a restraint of these changes must occur at the grain boundaries. Therefore, the smaller the grain size the greater the shear strain energy necessary for the formation of a martensite crystal. The degree of lowering of M, due to the reduction of grain size is much greater when the change in crystal structure involves only a small energy change, such as face-centered cubic —+ close packed hexagonal (that is, CO and Fe-20 pct manganese alloy). The maximum lowering of M, observed in the steels investigated was 50°F with a change in the ASTM austenitic grain size of 1-2 to 8-9. In comparison, the crystal structure change face-centered cubic —+ body-centered tetragonal involves a considerable energy change. There is little doubt that with much finer grain sizes the increased grain boundary restraint would greatly enhance this stabilization effect. The implications of this phenomenon are multifold. Undoubtedly. under certain conditions it offers a method of stabilizing high temperature phases for room temperature

Jan 1, 1949

By W. I. Duvall, D. E. Stephenson

A theoretical solution is given for the energy that is radiated outward when either a cylindrical or spherical cavity located underground in a uniform stress field is suddenly created or enlarged. The method of derivation shows that the stress field in the solid rock surrounding the opening does work on the rock because of elastic displacements that result when the size of the cavity is increased. The amount of this work is sufficient to account for both the increase in the strain energy in the rock surrounding the opening and the seismic energy that radiates outward. Thus, the source of the radiant seismic energy is mainly the gravitational potential energy and not the strain energy stored in the rock. The amount of the radiant seismic energy is directly proportional to the volume of the rock removed from the opening or relieved of stress. Seismic energies from rockbursts are compared with earthquake energies. Also, the amount of gravitational potential energy released by underground explosions is calculated and found to be small compared to the seismic energy generated by the detonation of the explosive. A review of the early literature on rockbursts shows that a number of investigators calculated the amount of energy released by rockbursts. 1-5 However, none of these papers give the formula used to make these calculations or a reference to the derivation of any formulas. The general impression that one obtains from these early papers is that the main source of the seismic energy released by rock-burst is the strain energy stored in the rock before it is fractured. However, a few of the early papers appear to have considered the solid rock at a distance from the mine opening as a possible source of the seismic energy. Recently Black and starfield7 gave a theoretical solution for the strain energy in a stressed plate with and without a circular hole. Also, Press and Archambeau8 gave the theoretical solution for the seismic energy released when a spherical cavity is created in rock subjected to a three-dimensional stress field. Both of the above theoretical papers start with the condition of no opening and calculate the strain energy before and after the opening is suddenly formed. Neither of these papers appear to have calculated the work done by the applied stress field as the cavity is enlarged. The rockburst problem associated with deep mining is concerned with the failure of the solid rock surrounding an underground opening. Therefore, it seems appropriate to consider theoretically the problem of suddenly enlarging the size of an existing opening. The purpose of this paper is to present the theoretical solution for the energy that is available for release as seismic energy when an underground circular tunnel or spherical cavity is suddenly enlarged in diameter. To keep the mathematics as simple as possible, a uniform radial applied stress field is assumed and the rock is assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous and perfectly elastic.

Jan 1, 1965

By Coopers &. Lybrand

INTRODUCTION From a tax viewpoint, United States mining companies are at a substantial disadvantage in the international mining area compared with companies in other major capital-exporting countries, according to a 1975 study by Coopers & Lybrand for the American Mining Congress. The study compared the relative tax position of a United States investor with investors from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The comparison was based on average rates of return realizable by investor companies on four mine-model investments in twelve capital-importing countries. The countries in which these investments were assumed to be made are varied in their tax systems so that a wide range of possibilities was included in the analyses. Each mine model was standard so that the rates of return for each investment by each investor were affected solely by the respective tax systems of the capital-exporting and capital-importing countries. UNITED STATES POSITION The study found that the United States competitive position, in terms of the average rate of return on an overall basis, ranked next to last among the nine capital-exporting countries in the study. Further, the United States overall rate of return is more than 20% below that of the country (Japan) with the highest overall rate of return. On an average return-on-equity basis, the United States' position among the nine investor countries, for each of the mine investments studied, was: copper, eighth; iron ore, sixth; nickel, fifth; manganese, a tie for last place. Figure 1 shows the overall results realized by each capital-exporting country on the basis of average return on equity. [ ] The frequency with which a given capital-exporting country attains the highest or next highest rate of return in a capital-importing country provides further insight and another basis for comparing the tax laws of the capital-exporting countries. Of the situations compared in the study, the United States never attained the highest rate of return, and reached the second and third highest rate of return in only two instances. The tables showing the frequencies of rankings are given in Table 1 for each of the four mine models. In summary, the United States mining company does not have a competitive advantage under the tax rules when competing for mineral concessions in other countries. The United States company, in fact, appears to be at a clear disadvantage. The study also considered the effect of the following recent tax proposals on United States investors in international mining ventures:

Jan 1, 1985

By Walter Miller

Advancement in engineering in the refining industry during 1933 might be likened to the jagged flame of a poor wick-test kerosene—a few outstanding high spots, but not broadly spectacular. Economic conditions were unsatisfactory for the first six or eight months, but the improvement in the latter part of the year had some immediate effect in stimulating new designing and building. The national legislative program involving the industry drew the attention of executives away from petroleum technology to some extent. The National Recovery Act, and its offspring, the Petroleum Code, demanded deep and continued study to put the machinery into smooth motion. From a purely technical engineering stand, therefore, the emergency measures might be considered a temporary brake on progress. The ultimate effect, if the whole industry can get back "out of the red," may well be a more than expected advance. Of course, petroleum technologists and engineers, including both those engaged within and those busy in designing and building for the industry, continued their efforts, and much of the results of their work will undoubtedly see the light of day under the improved economic conditions, which bid fair to stay with us. There was little improvement during 1933 in atmospheric distillation, sweetening processes, or furnace design, but experimentation during the year on these subjects may materialize into distinct advances. The trend toward compact distilling and fractionating equipment, especially in the Appalachian district, deserves noting. A number of refineries in that district replaced obsolete shell still units with up-to-date tube stills and efficient fractionating towers, both for the better separation of lubricating fractions from the crude and for improving the boiling range of the gasoline. A number of small skimming and topping plants in flush fields, such as East Texas, which felt the pinch of production control, were forced to shut down, but the stronger among them are consolidating their positions by installing cracking equipment and in some cases more modern crude-distillation units. Motor Fuel For the first time in many years a reviewer is able to point to at least a temporary cessation in the competitive race in the manufacturing

Jan 1, 1934