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By P. H. Dudley

IN giving a brief account of the experiments in progress to inquire into some of the facts in regard to "railway resistances," recently commenced upon the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, with the dynagraph (which is essentially an instrument recording upon paper the force required to draw a train, at all speeds, marking the time in short intervals, so that the force absorbed due to any

Jan 1, 1876

Jan 1, 1909

Jan 1, 1966

By Hans Neuberger

In our everyday life, visual perception plays perhaps a more important role than any of the other senses with which we are equipped by nature. It is, therefore, quite understandable that the average person associates with the term ''atmospheric pollution," clouds of dust, palls of smoke or deposits of soot, phenomena which are so familiar to the residents of industrial cities. On the other hand, "air" is usually considered the prototype of the invisible, of the intangible, and any suspensions in the air which do not conform to this concept, are regarded as foreign to the atmosphere and thus as "pollution." According to Webster, the term "pollution" implies uncleanness, impurity, in short, something undesirable. Although the scientist often accepts popular concepts, he is generally inclined to suspect that apparently "obvious" phenomena imply, literally, "more than meets the eye." To show that this suspicion is also justified with regard to atmospheric pollution, is the objective of this discussion. It will be shown that what seems foreign to the air at first sight, is by nature an integral part of it, and that the more important aspects of pollution generally escape attention. The Atmospheric Constituents We can distinguish two classes of atmos-pheric constituents: the Permanent gases, chiefly nitrogen, oxygen, traces of argon, neon, and others, and the variable constituents which include water in its different states, carbon dioxide, ozone, and various suspensions, either in gaseous, liquid or solid form. These suspensions, known by the collective term "Aerosol,"20 will be considered in detail. Dust There are two general types of aerosols: the first type is represented by the socalled "neutral" particles,3 commonly known as dust and experienced by everyone, as it is the more conspicuous type of suspensions. It often represents a special problem to the mining engineer, the mechanical engineer, the industrial engineer, and many other professional men. Dust consists of finely divided solids derived from weathering, drilling, handling and preparation of rocks and coal. Dust may also consist of organic or inorganic particles resulting from manufacture of a variety of products such as flour, rubber, lime and steel, from traffic on land be it on the highways, on rails or in city streets, from decomposed vegetation or from volcanic eruptions. Perhaps the most reviled member of this class of suspensions is the soot and fly ashes from coal fires and other combustion processes. The cosmic source of dust, namely the injection of meteoric matter into the atmos-,,here, is of minor significance because the concentration of particles is exceedingly small despite the relatively large mass of material which invades the earth's atmos-phere from space.

Jan 1, 1949

By Charles A. Ashburner

THE appliances which have been proposed, and the modifications in the construction of boiler-furnaces which have been made for the prevention of smoke, and the utilization of what are ordinarily called the waste products of combustion, have been innumerable.

Jan 1, 1882

Jan 1, 1904

No. 243. Superintendent for operating Virginia, manganese mine. One experienced with wet concentration, labor and general management. Opportunity for advancement for right man. Write fully concerning experience, references and salary expected to start.

Jan 11, 1917

By Chas. A. Ashburnea

THE appliances which have been proposed, and the modifications in the construction of boiler-furnaces which have been made for the prevention of smoke, and the utilization of what are ordinarily called the waste products of combustion, have been innumerable.† †There is now open in London an exhibition "of apparatus of all kinds devised to prevent smoke."

Jan 1, 1882

Jan 1, 1959

By R. A. Meussner, R. J. Goode

Six intermediate phases occur in the Nb-Zn sysThese phases form by peritectic reactions at 1120°, spectively. The Nb Zn 15 phase appears as the minor phase in the eutectic structure, and the terminal phases remain nearly pure niobium and zinc even at high temperature. Vapor -pressure measurements on the four high-temperature phases (Nb Zn to Nb Zn 3) permitted estimates of the composition limits of these phases and the calculation of approximate values of AFO, AH°, and AS°. 1 HE present study of the constitution of the binary Nb-Zn system was a part of an analysis of the mechanism by which coatings of the Nb-Zn intermediate phases protect niobium against oxidation at high temperature.' Since the primary interest in these phases was in coating service, attention in this study was given principally to the four phases stable at high temperature with only cursory attention to the two low-temperature phases. The solubility studies of niobium in zinc by Martin, Knighton, and Feder2 and the reports from the present study of the Nb-Zn coating represent the only published data pertaining to this system. Previously Hodge, Evans, and Hoskins, in an experimental survey, had noted that niobium was not resistant to attack by molten zinc, but no further observations were reported. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES a) General. The nature of the binary Nb-Zn system precluded the use of more conventional methods of determining the phase equilibria such as thermal analyses of a series of cast alloys. An extrapolation of the liquidus data of Martin, Knighton, and Feder2 to higher temperatures suggested that the solubility of niobium in zinc would remain low in the entire temperature range of interest. The preliminary results of the present studies showed that all of the high-temperature intermediate phases form by peritectic reactions. Thus the sluggish nature of this type of reaction and the steepness of the liquidus indicated that thermal analyses would not yield reliable data. The peritectic reactions, of course, precluded the direct formation of samples of the individual phases from the melt. b) Materials. The niobium and zinc used in the present studies were of high purity. The niobium, in the form of 0.1-in.-diameter rods, contained 30 ppm 0, 30 ppm N, and 15 ppm C. Aside from 0.05 pct Ta, the metallic impurities (iron, titanium,

Jan 1, 1965

By David B. Reger

Sharp declines of initial production of both oil and gas occurred in West Virginia during 1943. There was only a small decrease in the number of ncw wells, but these wells did not show the quantities of oil and gas that might have been expected. The same situation prevailed both as to routine drilling in old pools and as to exploratory wildcat wells. Out of 42 wildcats drilled, 19 resulted in small commercial gas wells, and 2 in small commercial oil. No new oil pools were discovered, but the proved limits of several old pools were considerably extended, giving 4200 acres of newly proved oil territory. Three new gas pools, resulting from discoveries made in 1942 and former years, came into definite activity. The newly proved gas territory in these and in various extensions of old pools is 39,000 acres or more. It is doubtful whether the newly proved reserves of either oil or gas will balance current withdrawals. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 696 new wells were drilled, resulting in 82 oil wells with 919 bbl. of daily new production; 475 gas wells with 454,735,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow, and 137 dry holes. Also, 57 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 3 bbl. and 11,484,000 cu. it. of added production. On the new wells, the oil average was 11.2 bbl. per well per day, and the gas average was 957,337 cu. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 19.68 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 14.03 per cent. The greatly decreased average initial gas-well production in 1943, as compared with 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well in 1942, is directly attributable to the abrupt decline of completions in the Charleston gas field, which reached its peak in 1942. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the U. S. Rureau of Mines as 3,349,000 bbl., as compared with 3,574,000 bbl. in 1942. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 210,000, 000,000 cu. ft., compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 215,193,-000,000 cu. ft.* in 1942.

Jan 1, 1944

By David B. Reger

Sharp declines of initial production of both oil and gas occurred in West Virginia during 1943. There was only a small decrease in the number of ncw wells, but these wells did not show the quantities of oil and gas that might have been expected. The same situation prevailed both as to routine drilling in old pools and as to exploratory wildcat wells. Out of 42 wildcats drilled, 19 resulted in small commercial gas wells, and 2 in small commercial oil. No new oil pools were discovered, but the proved limits of several old pools were considerably extended, giving 4200 acres of newly proved oil territory. Three new gas pools, resulting from discoveries made in 1942 and former years, came into definite activity. The newly proved gas territory in these and in various extensions of old pools is 39,000 acres or more. It is doubtful whether the newly proved reserves of either oil or gas will balance current withdrawals. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 696 new wells were drilled, resulting in 82 oil wells with 919 bbl. of daily new production; 475 gas wells with 454,735,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow, and 137 dry holes. Also, 57 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 3 bbl. and 11,484,000 cu. it. of added production. On the new wells, the oil average was 11.2 bbl. per well per day, and the gas average was 957,337 cu. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 19.68 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 14.03 per cent. The greatly decreased average initial gas-well production in 1943, as compared with 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well in 1942, is directly attributable to the abrupt decline of completions in the Charleston gas field, which reached its peak in 1942. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the U. S. Rureau of Mines as 3,349,000 bbl., as compared with 3,574,000 bbl. in 1942. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 210,000, 000,000 cu. ft., compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 215,193,-000,000 cu. ft.* in 1942.

Jan 1, 1944

By Wayne A. McCurdy

For the third consecutive year, predicted increases in coal production and consumption failed to materialize. Production of bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coal for 1961 was estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines at 400 million tons, a drop of 15,- 512,000 tons from the 1960 figure. Anthracite production for the year was 17.8 million tons compared to 18.8 million tons produced in 1960. Consumption figures are expected to show a proportionate decline. Of coal's major markets, only electric utilities showed an increase-and even here the increase of approximately 2% was smaller than had been expected. Major cause of relatively low consumption was a decrease of more than 20% in the use of metallurgical coal for making coke. Reductions of lesser importance were registered in general industrial, retail, and export markets.

Jan 2, 1962

By R. I. Williams

Kennecott Copper's mining activities in Arizona are conducted by the Ray Mines Div., located in Ray, Ariz., in the Mineral Creek mining district about 60 miles southeast of Phoenix. The Ray orebody lies in a mineralized zone belted on the east, west, and north by well defined faults. The orebody consists principally of schist with intrusions of quartz porphyry and diabase. The dominant ore mineral in the schist and quartz porphyry is chalcocite, with some native copper, and in most areas the orebody has been heavily oxidized. In the diabase the dominant ore mineral is chalcopyrite. Ore deposition in the schist portion is very erratic, with no apparent structural explanation. In 1873 silver prospectors opened the mining district, but it was not until 1899 that an English company made the first major attempt to exploit the copper deposits. This venture failed because of improper sampling and limited development work. In 1904 D. C. Jackling, Seeley Mudd, and Philip Weiseman became interested in the Ray Copper Co. and the Gila Copper Co., which later merged as Ray Consolidated Copper Co. In 1926 the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. took over Ray Consolidated and in turn was taken over by Kennecott Copper Corp. in 1933. The extensive program of surface and underground development and exploration begun in 1907 continued through successive changes of management and ownership to the present time.

Dec 1, 1956

By S. A. Ford

A SHORT and accurate method for the estimation of manganese in iron and steel is of great advantage to Bessemer works, and I think it may be of interest to some of the members of the Institute to give in detail the process in use in the laboratory of the Edgar Thomson steel works. The process is based on the reaction first described by Beilstein and Jawein.* The steel, spiegel, or iron is dissolved in strong nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.½. Evaporation to dryness is not necessary, unless the amount of silicon is large, as in the case of certain pig irons. Then, as a clogging of the filter in the subsequent filtration is apt to follow, dissolve first in a dish in hydochloric acid, quickly evaporate to dryness, redissolve in the strong nitric acid, boil, and while boiling throw in crystals of chlorate of potash from time to time. Violent action ensues, yellow fumes are given off, and binoxide of manganese is precipitated, since it is insoluble in strong

Jan 1, 1881

By Edwin T. Wood

THE term blending as used herein refers to the mixing of ores assaying more than 0.20 pct U3O8 with low grade material assaying less than 0.20 pct U3O8. Such blending when properly understood and controlled will produce more total dollars of profit from many mining ventures. The question whether or not to blend is particularly vexing when an orebody is surrounded by an envelope of low grade material or separate tonnages of low grade exist which could be extracted coincident with the higher grade ores. Should any, all or part of this low grade be mined? If so, in what proportion and what is the limiting assay of the low grade material?

Jan 7, 1958

By B. C. Johnson, K. L. Sublette, F. L. Prestridge

A problem common to the petroleum and mining industries is the resolution into its component phases of mixtures composed of a polar liquid dispersed in an immiscible, continuous nonpolar liquid. In the petroleum industry the polar liquid is water or brine and the nonpolar liquid is crude oil. The source of the entrained aqueous phase is connate water and/or condensed steam used in secondary and tertiary recovery methods. In the mining industry dispersions of polar liquids in immiscible, nonpolar liquids are created in solvent extraction (SX) systems. In these systems the polar, dispersed liquid is leachate or stripping solution while the nonpolar, continuous liquid is the extraction solvent.

Jan 1, 1984

By Harrison A. Schmitt

One of the great copper-producing areas of the world is comprised of five U. S. western states and northern Sonora, Mexico. The Southwest province of this area, covering southern Arizona, south- western New Mexico, and northern Sonora, produces some 55 pct of U. S. copper output and the equivalent of 15 pct of world production. In 1956 the area produced about 550,000 tons. Tucson is approximately the center of the oval- shaped province, which measures only 300 miles on its east-west axis and about 200 miles on its short axis. Northwest of the oval, and forming a tenuous connection with the Utah and Nevada copper fields, is an important operating mine, Bagdad, and also the now inactive United Verde. Along its north- south axis, running from Globe, through Tucson, to Nogales, ten moderate to major copper properties have been discovered or revived during the past 15 years, and five of these in only the past seven years. The latter five properties lie in an area 25 miles in diameter, centering 20 miles south of Tucson. In order of discovery, or revival, they are: Banner's Mineral Hill and Daisy; Cyprus et al's Pima; Duval's Esperanza; Asarco's East Pima (now called Mission mine) ; and Lewisohn's Peach. Total tonnage is estimated at about 250 million tons averaging some 0.90 pct Cu, but ultimate production may exceed this amount since some of the reserve is open ended.

Jan 6, 1959

By W. M. Mobley

The coal industry in Alabama, centered in Birmingham, has pioneered coal-bene-ficiation practice in the United States. The nature of the coal seams and mining methods employed have necessitated use of equipment and methods best adapted to the local conditions. Although all of the 30 or more coal seams now being mined in the state receive beneficiation, only the three most important producers of coking coals, the Pratt, Mary Lee and Black Creek, are discussed in detail. Nature of the seams, washability characteristics and equipment used are given as examples of the extent of work and progress in this field. The coal seams in Alabama are relatively thin and pitching, making mining difficult and expensive. Most of them are characterized by thin partings of rock or shale in the seam itself, as well as laminations of bone and rash. Mechanical mining methods have increased the occlusions from roof and floor to such an extent that nearly all the coal mined in the state must receive some treatment before it can be put on the market. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1943,1 18,129,792 tons of coal were mined in the state and 14,364,177 tons, or 79.2 per cent, received treatment. Excluding from the total the 1,223,014 tons produced by small wagon mines and the hand-picked lump coal, the amount re- ceiving beneficiation would be more than 90.00 per cent. This is, by far, greater than in any other coal-producing state. The earliest record of coal beneficiation in Alabama was the installation in 1890 of an experimental rig washer by Alexander Cunningham, for the Sloss Iron and Steel Co. at its blast furnace in Birmingham.* In 1894 the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. introduced the English Robinson washer, a combination of a hydraulic classifier and centrifugal machine. Erskine Ramsay, who has contributed so much to the coal industry, saw its possibilities as well as its mechanical defects and soon had his inventive mind at work. He added a sludge tank of his own design, and many Robinson-Ramsay washers were installed in Alabama and other states. The Stewart jig appeared in 1900, followed by the Montgomery jig in 1910 and both have found extensive use. Increased interest in this field led to new designs, such as the American, Elmore, Burke and Faust. The first Baum-type Norton jig was operated in 1930 and within the last five years six large installations of this type have been made by the McNally-Pitts-burg, Jeffrey and Link-Belt Companies. Wet-washing tables were introduced in 1922 but not extensively used until recently. The two most popular types are the Deister-Overstrom and Deister Plat-O. The coal-cleaning equipment used in Alabama has been relatively simple, yet efficient, but as the amount of impurities in the raw coal has been increased by mechanical mining and labor costs have become higher, much interest has been shown in sand cones, froth flotation and

Jan 1, 1947

By W. M. Mobley

The coal industry in Alabama, centered in Birmingham, has pioneered coal-bene-ficiation practice in the United States. The nature of the coal seams and mining methods employed have necessitated use of equipment and methods best adapted to the local conditions. Although all of the 30 or more coal seams now being mined in the state receive beneficiation, only the three most important producers of coking coals, the Pratt, Mary Lee and Black Creek, are discussed in detail. Nature of the seams, washability characteristics and equipment used are given as examples of the extent of work and progress in this field. The coal seams in Alabama are relatively thin and pitching, making mining difficult and expensive. Most of them are characterized by thin partings of rock or shale in the seam itself, as well as laminations of bone and rash. Mechanical mining methods have increased the occlusions from roof and floor to such an extent that nearly all the coal mined in the state must receive some treatment before it can be put on the market. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1943,1 18,129,792 tons of coal were mined in the state and 14,364,177 tons, or 79.2 per cent, received treatment. Excluding from the total the 1,223,014 tons produced by small wagon mines and the hand-picked lump coal, the amount re- ceiving beneficiation would be more than 90.00 per cent. This is, by far, greater than in any other coal-producing state. The earliest record of coal beneficiation in Alabama was the installation in 1890 of an experimental rig washer by Alexander Cunningham, for the Sloss Iron and Steel Co. at its blast furnace in Birmingham.* In 1894 the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. introduced the English Robinson washer, a combination of a hydraulic classifier and centrifugal machine. Erskine Ramsay, who has contributed so much to the coal industry, saw its possibilities as well as its mechanical defects and soon had his inventive mind at work. He added a sludge tank of his own design, and many Robinson-Ramsay washers were installed in Alabama and other states. The Stewart jig appeared in 1900, followed by the Montgomery jig in 1910 and both have found extensive use. Increased interest in this field led to new designs, such as the American, Elmore, Burke and Faust. The first Baum-type Norton jig was operated in 1930 and within the last five years six large installations of this type have been made by the McNally-Pitts-burg, Jeffrey and Link-Belt Companies. Wet-washing tables were introduced in 1922 but not extensively used until recently. The two most popular types are the Deister-Overstrom and Deister Plat-O. The coal-cleaning equipment used in Alabama has been relatively simple, yet efficient, but as the amount of impurities in the raw coal has been increased by mechanical mining and labor costs have become higher, much interest has been shown in sand cones, froth flotation and

Jan 1, 1947