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A national budget system, which engineers have long regarded as essential to the proper conduct of our fiscal affairs is at last being seriously considered by. Congress and seems likely to be adopted in some form. Several, bills and joint resolutions have already- been introduced but the measure that seems how to attract the 'most attention is H. R. 1201 introduced by. Representative Good, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations. This ,bill provides for the creation of a Bureau of the Budget in the office of the President, to which full information shall be furnished by all Departments and other Governmental agencies concerning powers, duties, financial transactions, business method's, etc. A change, is made in the fiscal regulations in that the Departments shall hereafter submit their fiscal estimates to the President instead of to the Secretary of the Treasury, while the latter official shall submit estimates of the public revenues and the condition of the Treasury. Two budgets are, provided for:, The first, or regular, budget shall contain a balanced statement of the resources and liabilities of the Government and the revenues and expenditures, actual or estimated as the case may be, for the preceding, current, and ensuing fiscal years. The President is further, authorized to submit his recommendations as' to how the heeds of the Government should be met, and such further data regarding the financial affairs of the, Government as he deems proper. The second or alternative budget shall make known the essential facts regarding the condition of the Treasury and what, in the opinion of the President. are the revenue, and expenditure needs for the ensuing fiscal year, to be prepared in such form as the President shall deem most appropriate. The bill' abolishes-the offices. of Comptroller of the Treasury and all -the Auditors for the several Departments, and substitutes therefore an Accounting Department, an establishment independent of the Executive Departments, under the direction of newly created officer to be known as the "Comptroller General of the United States" whose powers shall comprise all those now conferred on the Comptroller of the Treasury and the several Auditors and, in addition thereto, the investigation at the seat of Government or elsewhere of all matters relating to the receipt or disbursement of public funds, concerning which report shall be made to Congress at the beginning of each regular session, containing recommendations concerning the legislation deemed necessary to the accurate rendition and settlement of accounts.

Jan 8, 1919

The week of Sept. 22, will be a week of convocation of societies in Chicago with the exposition of Chemical industries. The American. Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will occupy the stage for most of the week, American Ceramic Society meets on Wednesday, the American Electrochemical Society on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, and the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry from Wednesday to Saturday. There will also be a symposium upon Safety in the Plant and Mine under the chairmanship of M. L. Leopold, Safety Engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and in the evening after this sleeting-which will occupy an entire afternoon-there will be shown a series of motion pictures of safety work in plant, field-and mine. The motion picture program will consist almost entirely of films now being made. Even in motion pictures, the Exposition is outstanding as the place of introduction to the public of the newest and most recent developments. Each improvement of the projectoscope in motion-picture projection has been reserved for first public demonstration at the Exposition. Mention cannot be made of the new exhibits that are engaged for the Exposition, other than to say that the electric furnace will be in operation. These will give, probably for the first time, men of science an opportunity to see and compare the various designs and judge them for the various work to which they are applicable.

Jan 8, 1919

The following letter was received from Prof. Kemp in reply to a telegram expressing the greetings of the members attending the Annual Meeting in New York. "Melbourne Beach, Fla. Feb. 17, 1916. Dear Mr. Stoughton: The welcome telgram from the members of the Institute, which you kindly trans-mitted to me, came safely yesterday and I catch the next available mail with a heart-felt acknowledgment. I cannot express to you how greatly the remembrance cheers and braces me during the days of patient waiting for the feeling of over-strain to fully pass, and for the time when I can again be back among the friends in the Institute who are very clear to me. While I cannot reach all the members who joined in the telegram I will ask you to say to such as are available that I am profoundly sensible of the thoughtfulness which prompted the message. I write from a little bungalow on the ocean. side of the half mile or more of sand dunes, thickly grown with palmetto, which separate the ocean from the Indian River. Two miles or more of Indian River still intervene between the little colony of Melbourne Beach and Melbourne on the mainland and on the Florida East Coast R. R. where the telegraph station is. I was thus unable to respond at once by wire. Sincerely yours, (Signed) J. F. Kemp."

Jan 4, 1916

By R. G. Carlson, F. E. Westermann

HOT pressing of powder particles has gained importance recently, since it affords a method in which high densities are rapidly attained. In a recent study on hot pressing of alumina powders, Mangsen, Lam-bertson, and Best1 have shown within the limits of their experiment, the validity the rate equation for densification in hot pressing, originally proposed by Murray, Livey, and Williams.2 i.e., where D = fraction of theoretical density, t = time, P = pressure and 77 is the viscosity, all in appropriate units. This equation was derived from earlier work of Shuttleworth and Mackenzie3 which is based on the closing of spherical pores under the action of surface tension. The integrated form of this equation yields a straight-line relation between log (1 - D) and t. Such conditions were found by Felten4 to be true only after extended periods of pressing. In an endeavor to quantitatively evaluate the exactitude of this equation in the initial sintering stage, i.e., prior to sealing of the pores, spherical anti-

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

CHARLES WASHINGTON MERRILL, the second to be honored by the award of the James Douglas gold medal, throughout his entire professional career has been identified with the cyanide method of extracting gold from ore. To his efforts this branch of the metallurgical industry owes a large measure of its success in continuing to treat some gold ores profitably, in spite of economic adversities. Mr. Merrill was born at Concord, N. H., Dec. 21, 1869, and received the degree of B. S. from the School of Mines at the University of California in 1891. Among his first professional connections was the Standard Mining Co., at Bodie, Cal., followed by a short engagement at Harqua Hala, Ariz. From 1895 to 1899 he was connected with the Montana Mining Co., at Marysvale, Mont., and then followed his nine years of fruitful association with the Homestake Mining Co. In 1909, the Merrill Co. was formed, to exploit more than a score of patents granted to Mr. Merrill, covering various phases of the cyanide process and numerous pieces of equipment for its operation; among the most noteworthy of these innovations were the Merrill filter-press, and the use of zinc dust as a precipitant. The Merrill Co. has a long record of successful accomplishments in its chosen field, to mention only the plants at the Dome mines of Ontario and at the Sta. Gertrudis mines of Mexico as among the more recent. Mr. Merrill is president also of the Western Ore Purchasing Co.; and a director in two gold dredging companies of California.

Jan 1, 1924

By A. R. Krause, C. Laird

In order to establish whether or not there is a real temperature effect in fatigue (independent of environment) , poly crystalline copper and Cu- 7.9 A1 alloy have been cycled at 298° and 7° K in vacuo and the fatigue lives compared with those in air and in liquid nitrogen. The lives of both copper and the alloy were found to be highly temperature-dependent in the absence of environment. This result casts serious doubt on the validity of the cell structure hypothesis for stage I crack propagation as presently formulated, because it predicts that there should be no such tempevnture dependence. On the other hand, the plastic blunling process is consistent with the result. Effects of environment aside, the homogenization of slip which accompanies testing at low temperature, and at low strains, seems to be the main cause for increased fatigue life. At high strain amplitudes, the fatigue lives of wavy slip materials, typically copper, are independent of temperature.' It is well-known, however, that low-strain lives greatly as as the temperature of testing is decreased. By contrast, the lives of planar slip materials, such as Cu-7.9 pct A1 alloy, increase to an even greater extent with decreasing temperature throughout both the high and low strain ranges.1'2'5 The mechanism of this temperature effect is associated with the earliest stages of fatigue failure,'" crack nucleation, and stage I growth,"' which is slow propagation along slip bands to the depth of a few grain diameters. Such life behavior has been interpreted on at least two different bases. On the one hand, those interested in the temperature effect at high strain amplitudes1 believe that stage I growth occurs by the plastic blunting process of crack propagation.7'9 They explain the effect in planar slip materials by the homogenization of slip* which accompanies fatigue testing at low temper- atures and serves both to delay crack nucleation and to decrease the rate of stage I propagation. On the other hand, Holt and Backofen,2 who have studied the effect in low strain fatigue, believe that stage I growth can be interpreted by a cell structure hypothesis.10-12 They have challenged2 the conclusion that there is a real temperature effect in this regime of fatigue testing and have interpreted the increased fatigue lives almost entirely in terms of the "environmental-protective'' effect of the liquid nitrogen and helium baths used to obtain low temperatures. This interpretation by Holt and Backofen2 may offer a means of discriminating between these two mechanisms as currently formulated and used to explain stage I growth. On the basis of the plastic blunting process applied to stage I crack propagation,7* the low strain fatigue lives of both wavy and planar slip materials should be increased with decreasing temperature. This follows because both materials show increased slip homogenization in this strain regime."13 Consequently, crack nucleation in intensified bands will be delayed and the linking of such small cracks into larger stage I cracks will be difficult. In addition, the blunting process required to lengthen a stage I crack from the order of 2 to 10 (where the strain concentration of the crack begins to overcome the slip homogenization property of the material) will also be retarded. These delays will give rise to longer lives in both kinds of material. In contrast to the blunting hypothesis, no temperature dependence has been predicted on the basis of the cell structure hypothesis, because it is well-known that materials cycled at low temperature show no differences in type of dislocation structure for a given strain amplitude.18"20 If the lives of wavy and planar slip materials do show a temperature dependence when the environment is eliminated as a variable, then it is questionable whether cell structures per se have a fundamental role in fatigue fracture. Accordingly, specimens of copper and Cu-7.9 wt pct A1 have been cycled at 298° and 77°K in vacuo and the fatigue lives compared with those in air and in liquid nitrogen, in order to establish whether or not there is a real temperature effect in low strain fatigue. Since it is difficult to measure the strains in specimens when cycled in vacuo, S-N curves have been used as the basis of comparison. In studying the influence of temperature on fatigue life in ordinary environment, Holt and Backofen2 used the superior basis of E-N curves. However, they also published S-N curves and thus established the relationship between E-N and S-N curves. This relationship is used to support the S-N comparison reported in the present investigation. EXPERIMENTAL Materials. The copper employed in this investigation was of 99.99 pct purity and the cu-7.9 pct A1 was prepared from metals of the same purity. The stock, of 3 in. initial diam, was reduced in size by rolling

Jan 1, 1969

By Kenneth L. Ancell

This paper traces the history and performance of a coal degasification project in the Black Warrior Basin of Central Alabama. The primary coal beds being degasified are the Mary Lee and Blue Creek. The area being developed for gas production is also scheduled for underground mining in two to seven years. The paper discusses the early data collection and evaluation. The coals are extremely gassy with some measurements in excess of 500 SCF/ton. Five experimental wells were drilled and produced. Geologic heterogeneities were encountered which affect the performance of the project. Drilling and completion practices together with well design considerations compatible with under- ground mining are discussed. Finally, the gas gathering and sales system together with the early production history is illustrated.

Jan 1, 1982

By Henry M. Howe

Preparing the Metals.—Ordinary silver wire was hard-drawn to No. 23 Brown and Sharp gauge; it was cut in two, and one piece was carefully annealed in the ordinary way. The wire was prepared by Messrs. Guild and Delano, jewelers, Boston. The Ansonia Brass and Copper Co., Ansonia, Conn., kindly furnished me with some hard-drawn copper wire No. 31, A. W. G., and some of the same wire after annealing in the ordinary way.

Jan 1, 1885

By C. W. Donnelly, Louise B. Freeman, Coleman D. Hunter

It is with pride that the authors of this paper report. that during 1944 the production of petroleum in Kentucky passed its all-time peak, 9,496,985 bbl. being contributed. The delivery of natural gas, especially from eastern Kentucky, was maintained and possibly exceeded the highest deliveries of the past. To raise the production of oil and gas was not easy with inferior and worn-out equipment and the shortage of skilled labor. Reminiscent of the early days of the industry in the state, particularly in the hills of Elliott County, where mud roads often have gradients of 45º, was the replacement of worn-out trucks and tractors by oxen. Of the total 9,496,985 bbl., 17 per cent was contributed by the part of Kentucky that is east of the Cincinnati arch, as compared with the total of 7,010,776 bbl. contributed in 1943, of which 25 per cent was contributed by eastern Kentucky. This discrepancy is due to the discovery of more new fields in western Kentucky rather than to a decrease in production in the eastern fields, where the average has been maintained by reconditioning and secondary recovery of old fields and further development of new pools reported for the first time in 1943. In all, 1103 wells were known to have been drilled in the state during 1944, of which 659 were drilled in western Kentucky and 444 in eastern Kentucky. The exact number of wells drilled for any year is never known, as drilling permits are not required except 'when it is planned to drill through a workable coal seam. Of the total number of wells drilled, 459 were oil wells, 229 gas wells and 415 dry holes. The monthly production was as follows: January........................... 659,496 February.......................... 658,606 March...................... ...... 711,619 April............................. 649,926 May............................... 754,892 June.............................. 730,369 July.............................. 761,762 August............................ 878,053 September...................... 863,150 October........................... 968,732 November........................ 961,999 December........................ . 898,636 Western Kentucky In western Kentucky 352 wells were completed as oil wells with a total initial production of 47,922 bbl. of oil, the average being 136 bbl. per well. Two wells produced gas, the total initial production being 1,594,000 cu, ft. One hundred and eighteon wildcat wells were drilled, of which 107 were dry holes and 11 were oil wells. Three of the latter proved to be the discovery wells of commercial pools. Twelve new pools were discovered during 1944, none of major importance, as indicated in Table 2. The Utley pool, due to a stratigraphic trap on the flank of a closed structure, found oil in the Mcclosky at 2565 ft. in the discovery well, with initial productioil of 1000 bbl. The average daily production is now 227 bbl. from seven wells. The East Poole field, with the discovery well in the Tar Springs sandstone at 1811

Jan 1, 1945

By L. G. Evans, W. W. Simpson, W. A. McKinney

In conventional dump leaching of strip wastes from open-pit porphyry mining operations, many years are required to extract a fraction of the copper from the contained sulfide minerals. Furthermore, none of the molybdenum, gold, or silver is recovered by current leaching practices. Because the copper sulfide minerals and molybdenite generally are distributed in the minute fractures throughout the host rock, the mineral values tend to concentrate in the finer fraction of the strip material. This suggests the possibility of segregating the enriched fines in as-produced or coarsely crushed strip wastes for blending with the ore grade flotation mill feed. In the past, extra handling or crushing of mine wastes to enable better leach extraction has been deemed uneconomical. However, recent articles on mobile crushing plants and conveyor haulage systems indicate possible cost improvements for these techniques over conventional truck haulage of ore and mine wastes. Another potential benefit from removal of the fines from copper-bearing mine waste derives from the increased permeability of the coarse dump material to leach solutions and air. Better permeability should result in faster oxidation of the sulfide minerals, less channeling of leach solutions, and fewer perched solution tables caused by compacted fines. Therefore, in addition to the metal values recovered by flotation, higher copper recoveries by leaching also might be achieved. The Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center of the U.S. Bureau of Mines undertook an investigation to determine the feasibility of removing enriched fines from strip waste material for separate treatment by froth flotation for early recovery of part of the copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver. Percolation leaching tests were made on mine-run and sized fractions of the dump material to determine the effect of fines removal on copper extraction. Samples Tested Three 10-ton samples of copper sulfide-bearing mine waste were obtained for the investigation. Partial chemical analyses of the samples are given in [Table 1] and the consolidated results of detailed screen analyses made on the samples are given in [Table 2]. The -1/4-in, fine fractions contain from 16 to 32% of the copper and 19 to 40% of the molybdenum in 11 to 18% of the total waste. The samples also were crushed to -3 in. to determine the feasibility of crushing to obtain a higher distribution of the metal values in an enriched fine fraction while providing a more leachable coarse fraction that could be transported by a conveyor system to a dump. The -%-in. fine fractions screened from the crushed mine waste were almost identical in grade to the natural fines. From 2 to 4% more1/4-in. fines were produced by crushing to -3 in. Copper distribution was increased by about 3% over that in the natural fines, while molybdenum distribution was increased by about 10%. The -1/4-in. fines screened from the mine-run and crushed strip waste were almost as high in grade as the ore being treated at the mills. In addition, the fines

Jan 1, 1974

The School of Mineral Industries is dedicated to education in mineral conservation and research by which the means may be found to make conservation effective. This includes diligent search for mineral truths and the energetic discovery, complete recovery, and maximum utilization of irreplaceable mineral resources. Standards of living depend upon two factors: human resources-intelligence, imagination, initiative, know-how, work; and natural resources-plants, animals, and minerals, including water, air, soil, heat and light from the sun, and all other such resources that are useful to man. Human relationships have not kept pace with scientific achievement; as a result man, in desperation, wittingly, premeditatively sacrifices freedom for security. Many natural resources, through overproduction, mismanagement, and greed, have definitely moved over into the exhausted or exhaustible category. The United States cannot maintain present standards of living on an agricultural economy alone, and serious harm can ensue if there are marked disproportions in numbers and relationships between city and rural populations. The most materialistic New Yorker must see virtue in bucolic loveliness. The United States is rated wasteful and inconsistent most of the time. It does not make sense to dole out through the keyhole what a wage earner can bring through the open door; to raise wages to lower the cost

Jan 1, 1950

By Milton Glicken

THE airborne geophysicist is a busy man these days. In his plane he may have the airborne magnetometer, the airborne scintillation counter, and the airborne electromagnetic surveying system. Each of these is an independent tool, but all require additional auxiliary equipment for locating the aircraft in space: recording altimeters and Shoran or aerial cameras. Now there is still another piece of equipment, the airborne magnetic gradiometer, an accessory to the magnetometer. To understand its uses, consider the function of the magnetometer itself. Aside from detecting magnetic ore, the airborne magnetometer finds greatest use in spotting intrusions of igneous material. Where there is enough contrast in magnetic susceptibility of igneous rock and adjacent formations, it outlines the intrusion. Certain minerals also influence the magnetometer directly, but with the exception of magnetite and possibly one or two others, their effect is weak and can be detected only when there is sufficient ore and the magnetometer flight passes very close to it. An igneous intrusion of infinite depth with vertical sides is represented on a magnetometer record by an anomaly, as in Fig. 1. Amplitude of the high depends on susceptibility contrast of the igneous rock. Generally speaking, the edge of the intrusion lies below the point of inflection of the curve, and this point, where the curvature changes from positive to negative on the magnetometer profile, would be near A in Fig. 1, with a counterpart, of course, on the other side. Location of the contact is one of the principal objects of the survey, but finding the precise point is not always easy, as inspection of the curve near A will show. Mineralization is often found at the contact zones, as at B. Magnetic effects, if detected, may be small, as in B', and when superimposed on the anomaly due to the instrusion they are very difficult to discern and analyze. Furthermore, if these small fluctuations are to be perceived by the magnetometer the vertical scale should be large. This increases the slopes of the anomaly and makes detection of small deviations and inflection points even more difficult. The airborne magnetic gradiometer was designed to help overcome these difficulties. What it presents is the first derivative of the magnetometer record with respect to time, that is to say, the slope at any point. Fig. 2 represents an actual magnetometer record (solid line) with the corresponding gradiometer record (dashed line) superimposed. Both records read from right to left. Vertical lines on the original magnetometer record are automatic steps designed to keep the pen from going off scale. The slope of any curve is greatest at the point of inflection or point where the curvature changes sign, and this point is a maximum (or minimum) on the gradi- ometer. The chief advantage of the gradiometer is that maxima or minima are much easier to see and to locate precisely; hence an accurate location for the point of inflection can easily be found. Note that points C and D are more sharply defined than C and D'. Similarly the small fluctuations of the original record, so important to the interpreter, are far more clearly shown at E, F, and G, than on the original record at E', F', and G'. Though not necessarily highs and lows on the gradiometer, they do show up clearly what would take a painstaking analysis to detect on the original magnetometer record. Will the gradiometer have a particular configuration which indicates an orebody? Not necessarily. The total intensity curve, or original magnetometer record, can display an orebody in various ways, depending on dimensions, orientation, latitude, and composition, as well as on direction, flight height, and instrumental sensitivity of the traverse. Where the total intensity can take on so many different shapes the gradiometer must vary too. It is generally recognized that interpretation of total intensity magnetometer records requires an expert analysis; the gradiometer can be of considerable assistance to the expert but it does not replace him. Mechanism of the gradiometer is simple. A Leeds & Northrup recorder in the aircraft records the magnetic gradient simultaneously with the total intensity, which is on another recorder. Fiducial marks are put on both records simultaneously and the speed of the paper through the recorders is kept the same on both. This makes it possible to place one record over the other for direct comparison. In the laboratory the flights are positioned on a map. Maximum and minimum points on the gradiometer, which can then be posted on the map at their proper locations, may be expected to fall along a trend crossing the direction of flight. Trends should indicate the edge of an intrusion, or some other important features, and when superimposed on the total intensity contour map help greatly to locate the points of inflection, or line of zero curvature.

Jan 1, 1956

By H. R. Shidel

This paper summarizes the results obtained from the preliminary cementing of wells in an effort to cut off the bottom water. The object of this work was two-fold: (1) To prevent the oil sand from becoming flooded. (2) To plug off bottom water, thereby preserving the individual well and reclaiming production. Valuable suggestions and help have been given by the following named: Messrs. Kyle and La Velle, of the U. 8. Bureau of Mines; Magnolia Petroleum -Co.; Freed Oil and Gas Co. The cementing work was carried out under the personal supervision of L. J. Snyder. In an unpublished paper on the "Water Problem in the Augusta Field," 5. K. Clark reaches the following conclusions: (1) That the great amount of water present is bottom water, occurring in the Varner sand, the main producing or the 2500-ft. horizon, (2) That the only striking connection between structure and water is in .the area of the marked fault on the Ralston, E. C. Varner, and F. Varner leases in sections 8, 9, 16 and 17. (3) That the oil occurs in porous streaks, generally separated by finegrained, well cemented sand, which is barren. Possibly two or three such pay streaks may be found. That under a pay, fine-grained sand occurs, which is presumably barren at the time of drilling, but soon reveals water. The writer takes partial exception to the last point, because well defined shale, slate, lime, or hard sand breaks have been encountered in a great many cases, separating the pay streaks under which water is often found. This is not an invariable occurrence, as cases have been noted when the oil has been followed immediately by water in the same stratum. In an effort to overcome the water menace, the following methods of plugging were tried: (1) Plugging with wood, lead, and limit plugs. (2) Plugging with sand pumpings.

Jan 1, 1920

By E. A. Stevens

In a low and gently sloping ridge extending some 1500 ft. southward from Squaw Mt., and now.covered by the buildings, or crossed by the railroads and streets, of a portion of the city of Victor, there is an ancient volcanic vent or crater, which exhibits one of the most interesting phenomena of the great upheaval and volcanic disturbance that built up the hills of the famous Cripple Creek gold-field—of the period when mass was piled on mass to form the mountains and foothills; when fissures and craters opened, and lavas, welling up, overflowed the surface, until, finally cooling, they effectually choked their vents, thus forming many of the ridges that stand out in bold relief, and the dikes that seam the Continent. This particular occurrence, though limited in dimensions, shows in miniature certain stages of the eruptions of Etna and Vesuvius,* Kilauea and Loa; and illustrates what was (with the exception of the penetrating dikes) the closing chapter of the early volcanoes whose emanations have contributed to the

Jan 1, 1901

By V. Annamalai, J. B. Hiskey, L. E. Murr

The kinetics of copper cementation on rotating disks of body and tear-top beverage can aluminum alloys were studied as a function of temperature and copper ion concentration. Both alloys followed the two-step kinetic regions, an initially slow rate followed by an enhanced rate. Experimental activation energy determinations (9.04 to 19.62 kJ/mol) indicated that ionic diffusion controlled the reaction mechanism between 20° and 60°C. At low temperatures (< 20°C), the system appeared to be controlled by the presence of an aluminum oxide surface film. The results of this study showed that cementation kinetics for the beverage can aluminum alloys are similar to those for pure aluminum. It was also found that the chemical removal of the oxide layer is less important for the alloys than /or the pure aluminum system. The characteristics of the resultant copper deposits were studied under a scanning electron microscope, and the reaction kinetics seemed to depend strongly on the nature and morphology of the deposits. In addition, maximum rates occurred when the deposit structures were fine feathery dendrites.

Jan 1, 1980

Jan 1, 1936

During the year Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1916, 962 applications for member-ship in the Institute were received, as compared to 558 during the corresponding period in 1915. The lines along which the Committee has, worked during the year, group themselves under seven principal heads. Large Companies.-Early in the year a letter was addressed to each member of the Institute who is the executive head of an organization, pointing out to him the advantages that would accrue to that organization through having as many of its subordinate members as were qualified participating in the activities of the Institute. This was followed by a second letter to those who made no reply to the first. The response to these letters was very gratifying, 12 new members having been secured at a single plant, and smaller numbers at others. This was effectively supplemented by our President, who wrote the executive heads of some of the largest mining and smelting companies, pointing out to them the advantage to be derived from sending some of the junior members of their staff to attend the Arizona Meeting. One organization sent 24 of its younger men, many of whom were not members of the Institute, but who, subsequently sent in applications for membership. It is to be hoped that the precedent thus set&apos; will be acted &apos;on in -fuller measure in succeeding years.

Jan 2, 1917

To the American Institute of Mining Engineers: The committee appointed at the February meeting upon Railway Resistances would respectfully report: That one person has been constantly employed in calculating the results of the data taken prior to March 1st, 1876. Also to complete the data taken upon the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, a diagram was taken upon a through freight train from Cleveland to Chicago, and one from Chicago to Cleveland. So that now we have diagrams from Buffalo to Chicago and return, which, when fully worked up, will give results of the utmost importance in determining the cost of transportation of freight. These data will be of much importance in determining the proper methods of equating grades and curves, which is so essential in the location of new lines. The calculations show that instead of our attempting to formulate results from data obtained on one road, it will be best for the interests of transportation to enlarge the scope of our inquiries, and to extend the experiments so as to include all of the more probable causes which affect the cost of transportation. Were the details of railway equipment constructed alike, much work, which is now necessary, would be saved. It is not uncommon to find upon the same road 10 to 30 different patterns of something in construction to subserve the same purpose, which more or less modifies the friction of the cars. Take the majority of our trunk lines, with this diversity of construction, together with the varying conditions of track and manner of operating, and it will be at once seen that the labor and time to do the work and arrive at correct conclusions will occupy from two to three years. The results already attained in the short time in which they have been carried on, wholly by private enterprise, simply show what may be expected when the aid necessary is given to render them of the highest value to the great industries of the country. That the information may be general and of the greatest importance to our railway interests, the committee deem it advisable to secure, so

Jan 1, 1936