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By Paul G. Swanson

This manual of practice is to be used in combination with the final reports for the study of spoil stability in the Eastern Coal Province. The manual applies the predictive matrices developed in the parent study for use in evaluating the stability of typical mine spoil slopes. The values of internal friction and pore pressure coefficient are derived for many varied slope conditions. The results can be used in conventional stability analysis equations to assist the mine operator or regulatory personnel in evaluating spoil stability from very limited information.

Jan 1, 1983

By Albert L. Toenges

The State Division of Geology Arkansas Resources and Development Commission, and the Arkansas-Oklahoma Coal, Operators Association requested assistance from the Bureau of Mines in a study of coal-mining methods and practices in .Arkansas coal mines with the objective of reducing production costs. On October 7, 1946, a joint meeting was held by representatives of the Arkansas Resources and Development Commission, approximately 30 coal-mine Operators of the Arkansas -Oklahoma Coal Operaters Association, and representatives of the Bureau of Mines. The many problems confronting the coal industry in Arkansas, including mechanical mining in thin beds, costs, labor, and working time were discussed. Following this Meeting, a joint letter from Harold B. Foxhall, State geologist, and -P. R. Stewart, commissioner, Arkansas-Oklahoma Coal Operators Association, was addressed to Dr. R. R. Sayers; former ,Director of the Bureau of Mines, requesting that mining conditions in Arkansas be studied.

Jan 1, 1949

By Denise de La Corte Bacci

The Brazilian Regulation NBR 9653 is a guide intended to evaluate mine and quarry blasting effects in urban areas. The first version, written in 1986 by the Committee of the Brazilian Associate of Technical Norms, is currently being revised. Current regulations specify a maximum PPV limit of 15 mm/s (0.59 in/s) without consideration of frequency or type of structures being protected. The present regulation is still a draft and it is not validated. Several different agencies and institutions have participated in the Committee such as the Environmental Agency from the State of São Paulo (CETESB), University of São Paulo (POLI-USP), University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), National Department of Mineral Resources (DNPM), Aggregate Industry (ANEPAC and SINDIPEDRAS), besides a number of industry representatives, explosives manufactures and independent consultants. The present regulation proposes to modify the limits of particle velocity and introduces new definitions and criteria for evaluation of vibrations, as well recommendations to address blast vibration complaints.

Jan 1, 2005

By Avis W. Effinger

In conjunction with pilot steamflood tests in the Venango sands of Warren and Venango Counties, Pa., the Marx and Langenheim (4)3 calculations were adapted and programed for digital computer solution to predict test performance. The Monte Carlo technique was incorporated in the calculations to provide values of several variables which could not be adequately defined from available information. The computation methods are explained and the FORTRAN IV program listing is presented. Data and results of the prediction calculations for Venango oil sands are also shown.

Jan 1, 1969

By F. S. Crawford

During the course of a study of the safety organizations of the various iron mining companies in the Lake Superior district considerable in¬ formation regarding the methods of safety inspection in use was obtained which may be of value to other companies beginning safety work or contemplat¬ ing changes in their methods. A short description of the safety-inspection methods of eleven of these companies is given in this paper, and in the appendix are illustrated a number of forms used for safety inspections by several of the companies. Most of the companies whose methods are described use few forms for formal inspection. The one long form (10) attached which is used for a general in¬ spection by the safety inspector appears to present a good method for enabling the inspector to check all branches of his inspection and to assure himself that everything has been covered. All names of companies have been deleted from this paper and from the forms because the object is to disseminate information of constructive value rather than to point out the methods of particular companies by name.

Aug 1, 1931

By Donald J. Keefe

The Remote Working Level Monitor (RWLM) is an instrument used to remotely monitor the Rn-daughter concentrations and the Working Level (WL). It is an ac powered, microprocessor based instrument which multiplexes two independent detector units to a single central processor unit (CPU). The CPU controls the actuation of the detector units and processes and outputs the data received from these remote detector units. The remote detector units are fully automated and require no manual operation once they are set up. They detect and separate the alpha emitters of RaA and RaC' as well as detecting the beta emitters of RaB and RaC. The resultant pulses from these detected radioisotope; are transmitted to the CPU for processing. The programmed microprocessor performs the mathematical manipulations necessary to output accurate Rn-daughter concentrations and the WL. A special subroutine within the program enables the RWLM to run and output a calibration procedure on command. The data resulting from this request can then be processed in a separate program on most computers capable of BASIC programming. The calibration program results in the derivation of coefficients and beta efficiencies which provides calibrated coefficients and beta efficiencies.

Jan 1, 1977

By Galen H. Clevenger

Although there are exceptions, oxidized silver ores containing the higher oxides of manganese are generally refractory to hydrometallurgical methods of treatment. When these ores are of high enough grade they can be smelted; indeed, some rather low-grade ores of this type have been smelted at a profit because of their fluxing value. In the past, when these ores could not be smelted, they either were not treated or were treated at low efficiency, generally by cyanidation. The need for thorough investigation of the problem was therefore evident for some time before the writers began their research. The problem of treating manganese-silver ores seems to have been recognized first about 35 years ago by C. W. Goodale in applying pan amalgamation at Tombstone, Ariz. He attributed the low extraction of silver to the fouling of the mercury by manganese rather than to the presence of a refractory compound of manganese and silver. Although definite knowledge as to the cause of the poor extraction of silver was lacking, a more or less effective preliminary treatment, that is, a chloridizing roast, was applied.

Jan 1, 1925

By L. A. Stinnett

An investigation of hazardous surface openings of abandoned and inactive underground mines in the Black Hills area of South Dakota has revealed: (1) tracing legal ownership of mineral claims via county courthouses is confusing, complex, and oftentimes misleading, (2) in general, the selected mine openings in this investigation are to be considered relatively high in risks and hazard potential which poses a threat to the general public, (3) mine closure procedures and designs can generally be categorically implemented depending on the overall situation of the particular mine opening with subsequent unit costs estimates, (4) few preventive state or federal legal measures exist to date concerning mine closures, and (5) liability damages relating to mine opening accidents usually involve expensive and complex common law cases.

Jan 1, 1979

By E. P. Buxton, W. P. Yant, G. W. Jones

"Introduction. The data obtained in recent research work by the Bureau of Mines show that the analysis of the gases dissolved in underground waters may be used by the prospector or geologist as an additional aid in discovering new oil or gas fields. The hydrocarbons present in the water serve to indicate whether oil or gas sands exist in the region through which the waters have passed. A portable field apparatus has been developed by the bureau which can be used for removing and analyzing the gases dissolved in the waters. This apparatus and the method of u are described in this paper. Results are given of analyses made on waters from various localities, and the significance of these waters with reference to the detection of oil and gas.Any liquid, with the exception of mercury, if permitted to come in contact with eases or vapors will absorb a definite amount thereof. This action depends on the following factors: (1) The kind of gas; (2) the percentage composition of the eases in contact with the liquid; (3) the pressure of the gas; and (4) the composition and temperature of the liquid. For our present purpose it is only necessary is consider two of these factors - namely, the gas or vapor (natural gas and light petroleum vapor), and the liquid (water).If water of underground origin traverses a gas or oil sand it will absorb a definite quantity of hydrocarbon vapors, and will carry these vapors to the surface when tapped by a well. When the water is exposed to the air at the sur¬face, the eases and vapors will be given off and their place taken by oxygen and nitrogen from the air. Therefore, an analysis of the gases in waters reaching the surface from an underground source should be of value in determining whether these waters have traversed or came in contact with hydrocarbon-bearing strata. With the apparatus herein described it is possible to determine whether the vapors are mainly of natural gas on sition (methane CH1) and ethane (C2H6 ), or are come posed mostly of heavier petroleum vapors (ethane, propane (C3E8) and buttane (C4H10)."

Nov 1, 1923

By R. C. Fernandes, F. L. Santos

Aluminum alloys in particular, have certain limitations when subjected to welding process. This is mainly present because aluminum alloys have high thermal conductivity, high contraction in solidification and high hydrogen solubility. Taking this into account, the FSW process has great potential for this application, since it is autogenous, held without metal melting and without the use of slags or shielding gases. From this concept, the aim of this study is to evaluate the joining of thin sheets of aluminum alloy 3105 H26 with 0.7 mm of thickness. To performing of the tests, some parameters were analyzed, such as: tool penetration in the sheets, attack angle, the type of welding tool and penetration control mode (position or force). The results indicated that the force control mode is most suitable for thin sheets, and the transient state at the beginning of welding was the most critical part to control the welding quality.

Jan 1, 2015

By Zay Jeffries

IT HAS been known for centuries that iron and steel could be hardened by cold hammering and that the metal could be restored to the normal condition by heating to a red heat and cooling either rapidly or slowly with nearly pure iron and slowly with steels containing considerable carbon. The art of tempering steels is also very old. When a medium- or high-carbon steel is quenched from a cherry-red heat, the hardness is increased; this hardness can be reduced by heating to various temperatures below the lower thermal critical point, which is near 700° C. The present paper will not consider these old and well-known changes in iron and steel below the thermal critical range but will confine itself to the more unusual changes, some of which have been studied recently. Stromeyer,1 for example, in 1886, reports that both working steel and heat treatment of steel in the blue-heat range are highly injurious. Recently, however, some metallurgists believe that the straightening of warped steel forgings at a blue heat produces a beneficial effect on the metal.2 The Engineering Division of the National Research Council has constituted a committee on Physical Changes -in Iron and Steel Below the Thermal Critical Range, which has the following personnel: R. R. Abbott, H. C. Boynton, William Campbell, J. V. Emmons, F. B. Foley, H. J. French, H. M. Howe, Zay Jeffries (chairman), F.C. Langenberg, J. A. Mathews, P. D. Merica, A. H. Miller, J. H. Nelson, G. A. Reinhardt, W. E. Ruder, H. F. Wood: This committee is studying several aspects of the physical changes in iron and steel. The results, reported in the literature and obtained by recent experimentation, will be given; this will be followed by a general theoretical discussion of the more important

Jan 2, 1920

By V. J. Southey

"This paper reviews the history of Wabana Mines from 1892 to 1966, inclusive, in order to clarify the essential factors involved in the achievement of maximum mining efficiency and in the search for an acceptable product to satisfy changing market requirements. It outlines the progressive steps taken to mechanize both surface and underground operations, and forecasts anticipated performance, assuming certain major plans could have been implemented. Results of extensive research in the treatment of the complex ore are discussed. Selected processing alternatives are compared as to feasibility in a summary incorporating estimated capital and operating costs."

Jan 1, 1969

By J. H. Kempton, D. Atkins

Predictions of delayed environmental impacts from mining—degradation that won’t begin for hundreds of years, but will then continue for thousands—present new permitting challenges. Examples include evaporative concentration in pit lakes, which can eventually cause metals concentrations to exceed human and wildlife toxicity standards, and delayed degradation of groundwater by slow moisture percolation through acid-generating tailings and waste rock. Given the time-value of money, the present worth of such delayed impacts is insignificant, yet they are unacceptable undercurrent laws and cultural values. Long-term financial set-asides offer a possible solution, first funding infrequent, long-term monitoring, followed by more expensive mitigation when the set-aside has matured.

Jan 1, 2000

By William A. Beck

The K.T. Dome Mine in Owen and Henry Counties, Ky., has been operated intermittently under several different owners since the early nineteen hundreds. No record of total production is available, but it is said that during 1943 and 1944, while being operated by the Twin Valley Mining Co., 30 cars of zinc concentrates and 10 cars of lead concentrates were shipped. The vein can be traced for about 10 miles along the strike from Lockport, Henry County, to Big Twin Creek in Owen County. It pinches and swells both vertically and horizontally and is reported to average 20 inches in width. In order to develop additional reserves on the property, the Bureau of Mines drilled four holes on the south extension of the vein. Drilling disclosed that the vein dips to the west on the south side of the Kentucky River and is continuous along the strike and in depth. However, the extent of mineralization in the vein varies widely.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. Hupka

Some aspects of kerosene penetration into tar sand have been investigated. The natural tar sand porosity was measured and used to analyze the performance of the hot water process. Subsequently, pretreatment experiments, using 20 kg tar sand samples (Asphalt Ridge and Whiterocks, Utah), and kerosene as a diluent were carried out at the expected summer temperature (26°C) and the expected winter temperature (-14°C). The natural tar sand porosity accessible by diluent has a crucial impact on the reduction of bitumen viscosity, and influences the penetration time required for successful bitumen separation from tar sand by hot water processing. Thus the tar sand porosity is an important variable which determines appropriate operating conditions. Experimental results indicate that diluent penetration into the Asphalt Ridge tar sand (high porosity) is almost complete after 30 min, whereas for the Whiterocks tar sand (low porosity) the penetration process is much slower, and still not complete after 15 hours regardless of the ambient temperature.

Jan 1, 1992

By Daniel E. Sullivan

This Bureau of Mines publication examines the potential impact on minerals of the tariff and nontariff agreements that resulted from the Tokyo Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations, which were conducted under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. These agreements will affect minerals by reducing tariff levels and by changing rules by which they are traded internationally.

Jan 1, 1981

By The Staff

Introduction For many years the necessity of mechanization of all the underground services in the collieries of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation in the Sydney, Pictou, and Cumberland coalfields has been foremost in the minds of those concerned with the engineering and operating policies of the Corporation, and a gradual policy of the mechanization of these services has been undertaken over the years, until nearly all the underground services, except the actual loading of the coal at the face, have been mechanized. Early in 1928, experiments in mechanical loading were conducted which finally culminated in the installation of mechanical loading units in our No. 20 colliery in 1938. This attempt at mechanization of the final underground services proved unsuccessful because the workmen were not ready to accept complete mechanization, and the fruition of many years of study was delayed until the year 1947. During the ensuing years, the engineers and operators of the Corporation had studied the possibility of adapting to conditions prevailing in Nova Scotia mines the many types of loading equipment in use in the United States and Europe. The varied physical conditions which exist in the fields operated by the Corporation rendered it extremely difficult to apply the equipment and technique successfully employed in the United States, and more recently in Europe, and special techniques have had to be devised to meet the need of each individual colliery. Prevailing physical conditions in the Nova Scotia fields find no parallel for mechanization with those of any other part of the American continent.

Jan 1, 1949

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. Normal Class (25) Barite Type 2. Hemimorphic Class (26) Calamine Type 3. Sphenoidal Class (27) Epsomite Type Mathematical Relations of the Orthorhombic System Crystallographic Axes. - The orthmhombic system includes all the forms which are referred to three axes at right angles to each other, all of different lengths. 296 Any one of the three axes may be taken as the vertical axis, c. Of the two horizontal axes the longer is always taken as the b or macro-axis * and when orientated is parallel to the observer. The a or brachy-axis is the shorter of the two horizontal axes and is perpendicular to the observer. The length of the b axis is taken as unity and the lengths of the other axes are expressed in terms of it. The axial ratio for barite, for instance, is a : b : c = 0'815 : 10 : 131. Fig. 296 shows the crystallographic axes for barite.

Jan 1, 1922

By M D. Sussman

A large number of countries in the world now have some regulation for labelling the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food. For the last ten years, ISO/TC 34/SC 16 has been providing methods, guidelines and requirements concerning the evaluation of molecular biomarkers including GMOs. This activity makes sure that stakeholders on all sides of commercial transactions are satisfied and their marketing or regulatory needs are met. Developing and maintaining a transparent, science-based environment for users of horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis is a high priority. Sampling and analysis of molecular biomarkers has become critically important for food and agricultural organisations developing, producing, distributing and selling genetically engineered, non-genetically engineered, identity preserved and/or organic crops and their derived products and preventing their respective destructive diseases. To aid in international harmonisation, a new work item proposal to develop an ISO type A management system standard (MSS) for organisations including laboratories using molecular biomarker analysis and sampling has been submitted to ISO/TC 34/SC 16. The purpose of this MSS is ensuring that determination of the presence, absence or quantification of a particular biomarker with a relationship to a product quality determinant, a marketing claim, a regulation or a plant pathogen is carried out under a suitable quality assurance / quality control system. This MSS will provide an overarching system to apply and manage molecular biomarker analysis and sampling for any organisation large, medium or small in a private, government or academic setting.CITATION:Sussman, M D, 2017. ISO/TC 34/SC 16 horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis – molecular biomarker analysis and sampling management system, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 295–302 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By W. W. Adams, T. D. Lawrence

"A. larger enrollment and a greater number of man-hours of employment by the enrolled companies were the outstanding features of the National Safety Competition of 1942, an annual safety contest conducted by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, for the promotion of safety among workers in the mines and quarries of the United States. The accident-frequency and accident-severity rates were somewhat higher than in 1941, but the frequency of accidents in relation to the number of man-hours worked was strikingly lower than in the earlier years of the 18-year period during which the contests have been conducted.Companies that enroll in the National Safety Competition compete for a bronze trophy known as the ""Sentinels of Safety."" Six of these trophies are provided by THE EXPLOSIVES ENGINEER annually for award by the Bureau of Mines. The trophies for 1942 wore won by an anthracite mine in Pennsylvania, a lignite mine in North Dakota, an underground metal mine in Tennessee, a limestone mine in Ohio, an open-cut metal mine in Minnesota, and a lime-:tone quarry in Pennsylvania. The trophies are presented to the companies for 1 year and are then transferred to the winners of the succeeding year's contest.The contest rules state that a mine or quarry must have at least 25 men employed underground or in the pit for at least 100 days, and the plant must be in operation 30,000 or more man-hours to be eligible for a trophy. The rank of mines and quarries is determined by accident-severity rates, or, in the case of accident-free records, by the number of man-hours worked."

Oct 1, 1943