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Agenda 1.Energy consumption and energy costs ?focus and failings 2.Energy efficiency methodologies, people and supporting tools 3.Energy cost saving case studies from three minerals processing plants 4.The operations team and the supporting role of Operations IT 5.Conclusion: Reducing energy consumption and energy costs There are many good Energy Efficiency Methodologies ?Energy and GHG Emissions, Management Guidance Document, The Mining Association of Canada ?Energy Savings Toolbox ?An Energy Audit Manual and Tool, Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation (CIPEC) ?Lean and Energy Toolkit, Achieving Process Excellence Using Less Energy, www.epa.gov/lean ?Energy Efficiency Opportunities Assessment Handbook, www.energyefficiencyopportunities.gov.au

May 1, 2010

By Sadough vanini Ali

Hot deformation behavior of functionally graded steel (FGS) was investigated via conducting hot compression tests at different temperatures and strain rates. Functionally graded steels consist of ferrite, austenite, bainite and martensite layers that are made by diffusion of alloy elements during the melting process. The zenerhollomon parameter has been used to describe the flow stress variations as a function of temperatures and strain rates. The parameter values for all the layers via using the boundary conditions was determined based on composite graded behaviors. Furthermore by applying the rule of phase mixtures, the whole strain rate applied on composite would be the sum of layers strain rates considering the layers volume fraction, while the layers have the same stress. Consequently the composite flow stress for each strain rate and temperature was determined.

Oct 1, 2011

By B. Farabi Khoshmehr

In the present study the effect of Silicate Sodium oxidation agent concentration and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) treatment time were investigated on properties of oxide layer on Aluminum alloy. The phase composition and surface morphology of PEO films were evaluated through x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pin on Plate abrasive machine were used to investigate of were resistance of coating. The results showed that oxide layer which formed on Aluminum surface consist of high temperature a- Al?O? and ?- Al?O? phases. The diffraction peak intensity and percentage of these phases were increased by increasing silicate sodium concentration. Microscopic studies revealed a porous surface for PEO coating. This was affected by silicate sodium concentration and oxidation time. The wear test results showed that the weight loss of PEO coating was reduced due to improvement of their wear resistance.

Oct 1, 2011

By Lucas G. Thompson

My topic, "The Administration of Mineral Rights'.' is possibly an unusual one, as it deals with a subject upon which many of us have a more than passing interest, I thought ?it might prove consistent with the objects of this meeting, more especially as I propose to deal, not with those broad subjects of nation-wide importance which are often the subject'? of learned (and sometimes futile) academic discussion, but rather with problems in their practical light. To the scientist, the important question is What is it? to the technician, Can it be utilized? to the business-man, Will it pay? All three questions are important, and so quick has been the march of business on the heels of science? that the one question follows the other with astonishing rapidity and all three must be considered in the modern management of a mineral estate. A .good illustration of the force of this can be found in the recent advance of our knowledge of the element helium in which we have advanced from a solution of the first question to the last question in the short period of 55 years. It is to be borne in mind, however, that in the administration of mineral rights, the question "Will it pay?:' is of primary importance. What forms a mineral estate ? A former practice in western Canada in selling lands was to sell the hair with the hide. All transactions sold the lands in fee simple, which included all mines, minerals and rights and privileges whatsoever, excluding only the royal metals, gold and silver, which by imputation, though not by specific reference, in deeds. of title are reserved to the Crown. At that time the country was in the first ?stages of settlement and the value of our mineral resources was hardly appreciated and little understood.

Jan 1, 1923

By G. M. Humphrey

It is a great honour and privilege to be here in this distinguished company of the outstanding men in the mining industry and the political life of Canada. I fully recognize that I am so honoured as a symbol of the combination of American and Canadian leaders in industry who are partners in the sponsor-ship of the Quebec-Labrador iron-ore mining development which we are undertaking, and as such I want to express our great appreciation of the co-operation and assistance we have met on every hand in Canada, and the genuine friendliness and never-failing courtesy which we are always accorded. We are quite aware that it springs primarily from the very high regard in which our partner and sponsor, Jules Timmins, and our other Canadian associates are held. Their high standing among you is well known and we quite naturally fall heir to the benefits of the great esteem in which you hold them. Jules Timmins and his long-time associate, John Knox, were the original inspiration for our participation in this venture. It was their enthusiasm and vision which caught our interest and led to our joining with them in the years of exploration and search which have brought us to the threshold of this great development where we stand today. So much has been written of the details of our exploration and plans for future development that it would bore you for me to review them further here, but there is a phase of this development, and an extremely important phase of it, which I think has passed almost unnoticed and which it may be well worth while for me to bring to your attention this evening.

Jan 1, 1951

By Stuart J. Schofield

Introduction The study of the ore deposits of British Columbia is one of fascinating interest not only from a scientific but also from a commercial standpoint and certain wide problems in connection therewith have interested me for some years. Several of these problems have been set forth in papers presented before this Institute on previous occasions. In 1918 it was pointed out that the commercial ore deposits of British Columbia, with one exception, were associated with the granodiorite batholiths of upper Jurassic age. This was followed, in 1922, by a discussion of the ore deposits of British Columbia in which the mineral belts of the province were defined and named, showing a zonal arrangement of ores in which the Pacific coast deposits are characterized by the presence of copper, while the interior belt is marked by the presence of silver, lead, and gold. Methods Of Investigation In reading various reports on the economic geology of British Columbia one is struck with the fact that the mineral veins may be arranged as a system and further examination will show that such a system follows two main directions, one northeasterly and the other northwesterly, both related in origin to the same force.

Jan 1, 1925

"THE OTTAWA BRANCH, CIM, each year holds a symposium on a subject of topical interest. The symposium this year was on Canada's Offshore Mineral Resources, at which papers were presented by: Dr. Donald G. Crosby, chief, Resource Administration Di-vision, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa; John A. Beesley, head, Legal Division, Department of External Affairs, Ottawa; and David W. Smith, man-ager, offshore exploration and production, Shell Canada Limited, Calgary. Because of the interest which this topic holds for our members, and because of the wealth and significance of information presented, the three papers -representing the first comprehensive review of our offshore resources -are reproduced herewith. The opening remarks of the Chairman, Dr. F. K. North, Professor of Geology, Carleton University, are also recorded, together with a few of the questions asked by the large attending audience. The symposium was held February 13th, and was organized by Dr. W. M. Tupper, chairman of the Branch Program Commit-tee. Differences in the extent of the continental shelf will be noted in the papers. These differences are related to slightly different definitions of the continental shelf by the authors."

Jan 1, 1969

By J. P. Messervey

THE story of the efforts made by the Department of Mines of Nova Scotia in the search for and investigation of mineral resources for the Canadian war effort began in the spring of 1937. During the past five years, however, heavy enlistments in the Active Service Forces by employees of the mining industry of the Province caused a recession in the production of coal, salt, and other essential minerals required to keep industry rolling on a wartime basis. A marked increase was shown during the period in prospecting for 'strategic' minerals, not only by individuals but also by some of the foremost mining companies. The Provincial Government offered encouragement in this field of endeavour by the enactment of legislation whereby the prospector was enabled to secure the maximum area of ground in a prospecting license at a minimum of cost. The labour requirements on the ground staked, however, remained unchanged. The Nova Scotia Department of Mines continued active investigation of minerals vital to the war effort. These included fluorspar, barytes, diatomite, limestone, and coal. Fundamental knowledge concerning the geology and mode of occurrence of these minerals was accumulated and extensive diamond drilling was carried out on the promising occurrences. Work in these fields is being continued.

Jan 1, 1945

"In 2008, the Committee for Mineral Reserves and International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) and the Russian State Commission on Mineral Reserves (GKZ) entered into an agreement leading towards harmonization of Russian and international minerals reporting systems. The purpose of the protocol is to define an agreed method by which mineral resources and reserves, reported by companies in Russia according to the current Russian classification system, can be expressed in terms that are comparable to the CRIRSCO reporting codes in Russia and elsewhere."

Jan 1, 2003

The teaching of geophysics in Canada at the present time presents a variety of approaches to the subject, and the different paths adopted imply, in turn, an uncertainty in the minds of some educators as to the role this science is to play in the future progress of geology, and a hesitancy to commit themselves to foster its development. The pedagogical attitudes vary from a whole-hearted acknowledgment that the science of geophysics is fundamental to the understanding of terrestrial phenomena (including, of course, geological processes) to a hesitant immersion of the toe to test the water's temperature (which is, of course, essentially a geophysical experiment) before deciding whether or not the time is ripe for total immersion. The present discussion has been organized in the hope that it will help to clarify the roads to geophysics and assist educators in making a more understanding choice of the best paths for them to follow, according to their particular requirements and objectives. Before proceeding further, however, it is necessary to define the term geophysics and circumscribe the field it covers. In the first place, it should be emphasized that geophysics is NOT confined to the art of geophysical prospecting. The popularization of geophysics has unfortunately engendered a general misconception of the word, and consequently a tendency to ignore the wider meaning of the term. Etymologically, geophysics means the physics of the earth. It is so understood by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and the various geophysical societies which adhere thereto. To them, geophysical prospecting is but a very small field indeed, which they consider had best be left to engineering and prospecting organizations.

Jan 1, 1951

By M A. Notte

Sand casting of steel is a process that offers the greatest design flexibility and highest metallurgical versatility. However, competition from other methods of fabrication is quite keen, constantly forcing the steel casting industry to the production of better quality castings at lower costs. New methods and materials have been put to use in the last ten years by foundries everywhere. This paper, in the form of a progress report, deals with new methods, processes and materials used by Canadian steel foundries for regular production, as well as with developments still in the initial but promising stages. T HE casting of steel to shape is the most direct method of producing steel parts in their final form. It is a basically economical process both as to cost and production time; it is also a process that offers design engineers the greatest flexibility and highest metallurgical versatility. In North America, the steel casting market has a normal yearly sales volume of 1,500,000 tons. In decreasing order, the largest customers are the railroads, construction machinery and earth-moving

Jan 1, 1965

By M. Maeda, H. Sasaki

"Precious metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium are commonly used for automotive catalyst converters. To recover these metals with lower environmental load and cost, exposure to zinc vapor was proposed as a pretreatment prior to acid leaching. Alloying with zinc is expected to enhance dissolution of precious metals and reduce the amount of toxic chemical agents required for the leaching. This study examined the effect of the alloying pretreatment using model catalysts. Catalysts were immersed in leaching solutions for a predefined time with or without zinc vapor pretreatment, and the amount of dissolved metals was then evaluated. INTRODUCTIONAutomotive catalysts account for large portions of the world consumption of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) (Butler, J., 2011). Because of their limited production and high prices, recovery of the precious metals from spent catalysts is obviously an important issue. A representative structure of an automotive catalytic converter can be described as a monolithic ceramic support with a honeycomb structure which is coated with porous oxides such as those of aluminum (Al2O3), cerium (CeO2), and zirconium (ZrO2) (Heck & Farrauto, 2001; Matsumoto & Shinjoh, 2007). Small particles of precious metals, originally several nanometers or less, adhere to the oxides.Typical recovery processes for precious metals from scraps are shown in Figure 1 (a)-(c) (Habashi, 1997; Yoo, 1998; Shibata & Okuda, 2002). Precious metals can be recovered by using non-ferrous smelters as Figure 1 (a) shows. Smelted along with metals such as copper (Cu), precious metals and ceramics in the scraps are absorbed into the metal phase and slag phase, respectively. Because the metals separate from Cu as anode slime in successive electro-refining, such a process can recover precious metals as co-products of Cu. However, in order to prevent negative effects on the principal process, a specialized procedure is needed. Figure 1 (b) is a specialized approach in which scraps are melted at elevated temperature with Cu called the Rose process. Here Cu works as a collector metal, and the absorbed precious metals are then concentrated by oxidation of Cu. Such a process can separate precious metals from ceramics constituting catalyst converters. Smelting at high temperature, however, requires extensive equipment as well as a high amount of energy. On the other hand, hydrometallurgical processes may be effective to separate precious metals from ceramics into an aqueous solution, because chemical agents can act on these metals selectively (Figure 1 (c)). Leaching of precious metals, however, requires strong acid and oxidizing agents because of their corrosion resistance; this makes liquid waste disposal and the large environmental load controversial. To solve the problem, a metal vapor pretreatment was proposed (Okabe, Yamamoto, Kayanuma, & Maeda, 2003a, 2003b; Kayanuma, Okabe, Mitsuda, & Maeda., 2004; Kayanuma, Okabe, & Maeda, 2004; Itoh, Kayanuma, Miyake, Kimura, & Maeda, 2005). A flow diagram of the process using zinc (Zn) vapor is shown by Fig. 1(d). Exposed to Zn vapor, precious metals are expected to form alloys which dissolve more easily than pure precious metals, thus reducing the use of chemical agents and environmental load involved with successive leaching. In previous research (Sasaki, Miyaki, & Maeda, 2010; Sasaki & Maeda, 2010, 2012), dissolutions of precious metal alloys formed by Zn vapor treatment were examined in hydrochloric acid (HCl) using an electrochemical method, and it was confirmed that these metals dissolved at higher rates from the alloys than from their pure states (Figure 2). In this study, the availability of the alloying pretreatment was demonstrated by testing on model catalysts in leaching solutions."

Jan 1, 2012

By D. R. BUDINSKI

Clinton Creek Mine in west-central Yukon produced 0.94 million tonnes of fibre from 15 million tonnes of asbestos ore between 1968 and 1978. The mine closed in 1978. The deposit lies along the margin of a medium sized ultramafic pluton that intrudes schistose and gneissic rocks of the Yukon Metamorphic Complex. Country rocks are metamorphic equivalents of a mixed sedimentary and volcanic assemblage deposited during Precambrian or early Paleozaic time. Movement along the north west-trending Tintina Fault System probably caused the fairly high meromorphic grade that altered the original rocks to schists and gneisses. The ultramafic pluton hosting Clinton Creek Mine is one of several bodies that were emplaced along a deep seated imbricate fault system parallel to the Tintina Trench. Most of rhe intrusions were hydrothermally altered to serpentinite, bur apparently only the one at Clinton Creek contains commercial quantities of asbestos. The Clinton Creek pluton was probably injecred slowly at relatively low temperatures into the crustal rocks as a "mush" that cooled gradually, allowing sufficient time for serpentinization and chrysotile fibre crystallizarion.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. D. Brown

For the first time in years, the spring budgets of federal and provincial governments have not brought down major new proposals affecting the tax burdens of the mining industry in Canada. It seems appropriate to use this unaccustomed period of tranquility to set out an extremely abbreviated summary of the principal features of the federal and provincial income and mining tax rules affecting the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1977

"One of the corporate values mentioned by many companies deals with respect for people. This paper discusses one aspect of this value, namely, the need for clarity of accountabilities and authorities. The job of the manager in achieving this goal is analyzed and the benefits of enhancing the manager-employee conversation outlined. IntroductionCorporate values usually refer to the standards of behaviour that the leaders of the organization expect of all employees, including themselves, in carrying out their duties. Terms such as integrity, respect for the individual, continuous improvement, continuous learning, teamwork, speed, and innovation are quite common. The company-specific values are typically developed by the top executives of the company, and then tested with a broader group of employees. Where the process works, employees have a good understanding of what behaviour is expected of them in doing their work, in making difficult decisions, and in interacting with others.Having spent considerable time in his career investigating and studying the management systems at over 50 of the most successful companies in Canada, the United States, Europe and Japan, the author has had the opportunity to visit organizations such as Hewlett-Packard, 3M, Xerox, Intel, Toyota, NEC, Komatsu, British Airways, and Eastman Chemical. These experiences, together with the work of many other researchers, including the work of Dr. Elliott Jacques, have helped significantly to form the thoughts expressed below.Rather than reviewing the creation of corporate values and their deployment through the organization, these remarks focus on issues over which managers and employees have some control. The value in which managers can have significant impact deals with people and the respect shown them in the workplace. The component of respect to be emphasized is to be clear about expectations or accountabilities for oneself and the people who report to you, and to ensure that personal authority matches those expectations."

Jan 1, 1999

By John Battista

Uranium mining in Australia has a chequered history. This paper reviews the development of the Australian uranium mining industry from the 1930?s to the present day. It outlines the geology of the various deposits and the mining and metallurgical techniques used to extract the uranium. The industry is profoundly affected by government policies and the paper considers the roles of the Federal, State and local governments. The influence of public opinion on nuclear issues and the effects current and historical policies of various governments have had on uranium mining are outlined. Despite heavy restrictions placed on it, Australia?s uranium mining industry has maintained its place as one of the world?s largest producers. This paper also provides an outline of where the industry in Australia may be headed in future.

Aug 1, 2010

By Sergio Bustos

A significant expansion project is under way at KATCO?s Torkuduk In Situ Leaching (ISL) operation to increase uranium production up to about 4000 tU/year. Higher flows and lower uranium concentration are expected in the rich solutions coming from the well fields. Therefore, extra adsorption and elution columns and modified operating conditions are required to deal with the increased demand for uranium transfer from the ISL solutions to the eluate solution, which goes to the uranium precipitation section. Resin adsorption and elution performance have been interpreted and projected by using Mac Cabe-Thiele equilibrium diagrams. The resin load, the adsorption mass transfer coefficient, the adsorption zone height and the eluate concentration have been estimated for the expected changing operating conditions associated to the future mine plan. This information has allowed to improve the present operation results and to define the main process design criteria for the expansion project.

Aug 1, 2010

By N. R. Thornton

This paper discusses the rapid growth in the application of instrumentation for metallurgical process control. It covers such methods as ultrasonics, pulp density measurements, on-stream X-ray analysis and reagent control, as well as the expanding use of computer control and data acquisition.

Jan 1, 1971

By T. Patching

"A GLANCE BACK AT what has happened in the past is often a useful guide to the future, although it should be used mainly to provide a sense of direction rather than a map that must be followed. As a preamble to discussing some of the questions posed by the organizing committee it may be appropriate to briefly review the distribution and careers of the graduates of our Department since the first degree in mining engineering was awarded in 1916. An attempt has been made to keep a record of the locations and careers of the Department's 540 graduates in mining and metallurgical engineering. Almost all of those who graduated before 1930 have now retired, but a very large proportion held positions as senior executives prior to retirement. A major proportion of those who graduated before 1950 are now in what might be considered senior management positions. Those who have 10 to 20 years of experience are generally in work of senior engineering responsibility or in supervisory or junior management ranks, while those who graduated in the last ten years appear to be generally in staff engineering or junior supervisory positions. This classification is admittedly imprecise because it is difficult to determine from a job description whether duties should be considered of an engineering or management nature - a distinction between the two terms is often over-emphasized. Nevertheless, the trend from technical engineering to management responsibilities with seniority and years of experience is clear in the careers that we have been able to follow."

Jan 1, 1972

By A. J. Pearce

MOST mines have a model of some kind to illustrate either geological structure, mining operation, or some special condition or feature of the property. The type used depends on the particular feature or use for which it is intended. At Dome Mines we have developed an interesting and practical application of the horizontal-type model. This model shows the workings of each level horizon plotted on glass. These glass panes are set in frames which, in turn, rest on drawers equipped with rollers which can be pulled out as desired into a light chamber. The features of this model are its rigid steel construction and that any desired number of level plans can be pulled out, eliminating any other interference from other levels. Figures 1 and 2 are photographs of the model cabinet and show its construction and general features. The cabinet is of steel construction with the following overall dimensions: width, 6 ft. 5 in.; depth, 6 ft. 7 in.; height, 5 ft. 2 in. When not in use it can be completely closed-in, making the cabinet practically dustproof. There are 30 drawers, one for each of the 29 levels and one for the surface. The glass in each drawer is divided into two panes, 36 in. by 36 in., of flatdrawn double-diamond 'lustraglass' with about l/32 in. between adjacent edges. The panes are held rigidly in the frames, which are lined with felt strips, and may be adjusted by set screws, four of which on each drawer are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The level workings, on a scale of 1 inch equals 100 feet, are traced in ivory black Windsor & Newtons artist oil paint. Co-ordinate lines are shown in crimson lake, and main geological contacts are shown in their respective colours. Figure 3 is a photograph looking down on one of the levels. The lighting consists of 14 30-watt fluorescent bulbs, with reflectors, under frosted glass. These lamps are much more satisfactory when operated by 60-cycle rather than 25-cycle and, as we had available nearby a source of direct current, this was used. The electrical unit consists of a rotary converter from d.c. to 60-cycle. This arrangement gives perfect lighting, allowing most colours to be easily distinguished. Figure 1 was photographed using this source of light, Figure 2 using an outside floodlight.

Jan 1, 1945