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By J-P Franzidis, M Esvelt, E V. Manla

The Floatability Characterisation Test Rig (FCTR) is a self-contained, highly instrumented, mobile pilot plant that is able to treat up to 2 tph solids. It consists of a bank of six 130 L WEMCO« SmartCells« and a bank of six 50 L WEMCO« SmartCells«. It was developed as part of the AMIRA P9 Project, primarily to determine ore floatability characteristics and to develop and validate flotation plant modelling, scale-up and simulation methodologies. However, it may also be used to carry out pilot-scale flotation test work. This paper briefly describes the circuit modelling, simulation and scale-up test work performed using the FCTR and the use of the FCTR in pilot-plant test work performed by the metallurgical staff at WMCÆs Kambalda Nickel Operations and Mount Keith Nickel Operation. At both Kambalda and Mount Keith the FCTR was found to be very flexible and straightforward to run, with an easily changeable circuit configuration and stable operation. Testwork was facilitated through having full stream sampling on all streams, and a high degree of instrumentation providing accurate measurement of process variables. The results obtained from the FCTR testwork were highly repeatable. As a consequence of using the FCTR, WMCÆs Kambalda Operation and Mt Keith Operation were able to complete a rigorous programme of pilot plant testwork more quickly than in the past, and with a high degree of confidence in the results.

Jan 1, 2003

By H Kurth

Mining geologists utilise many technologies to map, sample, measure, model and plan before and during the mining process. Predicted ore quality rarely corresponds with feed quality determined by process operators. Objectively measuring conveyed material quality accurately in real time avoids disagreements over mined ore quality and generates opportunities to improve mill feed quality.This paper discusses the well proven PGNAA (prompt gamma neutron activation analysis) technology used in the GEOSCAN-M elemental analyser that is ideally suited to measuring composition of primary crushed conveyed material in real time. Representative, continuous, fully penetrative measurements are unaffected by particle size, belt speed, mineralogy, dust or layering on the conveyor. Material can be directed to processes or stockpiles by utilising measurement increments of typically one to five minutes and then activating diverters to direct increments to the correct location. Waste, low-grade or deleterious material can be rejected to waste dumps or stockpiled for later processing. Material meeting a product specification can bypass unnecessary processing. Paybacks in weeks have been achieved for such applications. Process operators are able to control the blend of ores fed into the mill to improve processing performance and use measurements for ore reconciliation and metal accounting. Utilising the technology to upgrade ore quality after mining and before processing is beneficial in improving plant economics.The technology has been successfully utilised in base metals, ferrous metals and industrial minerals. Mining geologists can determine ore quality being produced in real time and modify the ore quality prior to milling. Ore feed quality measurements are also used by process operators in optimising plant performance. The elemental content can help identify geometallurgical domains as well as other major changes in quality, which may affect processing. This paper outlines proven applications and case studies and proposes some innovative applications.CITATION:Kurth, H, 2017. Measuring ore quality using real-time on-belt elemental analysis – more than grade control, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 213–220 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By S Bhandari

A model for predicting dust plume dispersion from blasting operations using the Eulerian mathematical algorithm has been developed. This model considers atmospheric stability, and wind velocity and direction for computing dust concentrations at different distances from the blast. Software has been developed which simulates the movement of a dust plume at a given horizontal distance from the blast location and time elapsed after the blast. The concentration of dust is also given in vertical planes. It takes into account ground profile and atmospheric conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind velocity, wind direction and shear. Experiments were carried out in two limestone mines to calibrate the accuracy of the predictions made by such model. High volume dust samplers were used to collect dust samples. Difficulties encountered in satisfactory dust sampling and quantification of results have been described.

Nov 8, 2011

By M Scoble

This paper addresses the importance of collaborative approaches to resolving future mining challenges. It attempts to provide some insight into understanding the theory, measurement, mapping and management of collaboration. This is related to the design and planning for successful research and educational initiatives. Reference is made to Canadian and global case studies and personal experiences.

Nov 22, 2011

By P B. Hills

Almost a quarter of a century since Bridges (1993) documented techniques for the assessment of ground conditions in a seminal paper in the Proceedings Second International Mining Geology Conference, the necessary role of the geologist in recording geotechnical data on exploration properties and in mines remains. Typically, the geologist is the first professional on the exploration property. Of course, most exploration properties don’t become mines. However, when a property does start to come together and form a coherent mineral deposit and professionals from across the minerals industry spectrum, including specialist geotechnical engineers, become increasingly involved, it remains the geologist who has the most intimate knowledge of the deposit. By association, that knowledge extends to the character of the rock mass.Throughout the various phases of prefeasibility, feasibility, construction and production, culminating in the mature mine, the knowledge of the rock mass held by the geologists continues to grow. In the current era of minimising cost and optimising profit, meeting the requirements and expectations of stakeholders ranging from fellow employees to investors, industry and financial regulators and the broader public, in a social environment where occupational health and safety concerns are of uppermost concern in every endeavour, the value of the geologists’ observations cannot be understated. Mines nowadays employ more geotechnical engineers than they did in the early 1990s when Bridges (1993) wrote his paper. More funds are available for specific geotechnical investigations of exploration properties and mines; none-the-less, those programs remain limited in their extent and there is a wealth of additional data available for collection with the appropriate training, at little additional effort. Fundamentally it is all about the numbers. Any hole not geotechnically logged is a hole that will need to be drilled again if the data is required. Any face, surface or underground, not geotechnically mapped is one that may need to be mapped a second time. That doesn’t mean every hole or every face. However, it is the proposition of this paper that the opportunity for additional geotechnical data to be gathered during traditional geological investigations is an opportunity that cannot be ignored. Occupational health and safety requirements demand that the geotechnical risks associated with mining are appropriately managed. Mining regulations in most Australian and overseas jurisdictions requires the consideration of geotechnical risk through formalised management plans. The Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Code requires the consideration of modifying factors more than ever before. The benefit to be realised through improved geotechnical understanding by geologists on the ground leads to improved occupational health and safety, optimised reporting compliance, and improved financial and social outcomes for the exploration property and ultimately for the mine that follows.CITATION:Hills, P B, 2017. The necessary role of the geologist in geotechnical data gathering, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 347–354 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By J F. Colinet, G, J A. Zimmer, R J. Timko

It has long been known that ventilation is a cost-effective method to lower respirable dust concentrations in all types of mining applications. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has been working on a number of different research techniques that use ventilation as a critical component to lower respirable dust levels at surface and metal/non-metal operations in the United States. This article presents five such research efforts. The first research area discusses how improving the ventilation flow patterns in an iron ore mill facility lowered respirable dust concentrations by 31 per cent throughout the primary grinding area. The second research area examines how respirable dust levels were lowered at a dimensional stone shop by using air cleaning units suspended from the ceiling. A third area discusses how improvements in ventilation at underground limestone mines lowered respirable dust concentrations. The fourth area examines how improvements in dust filtration and pressurisation systems significantly impacted the air quality in enclosed cabs of surface mining equipment. The last area presents a newly developed clothes cleaning technique. This technique uses an air spray manifold to blow dust from a workerÆs clothing in an enclosed booth, which confines the dust for capture and removal by a baghouse dust collector. These research areas represent an array of different control technologies to lower respirable dust concentrations. Ventilation is an integral part of these control technologies.

Jan 1, 2005

By N M. Player, R P. Varden, E Jones

"An effective geotechnical design provides an accurate and appropriate assessment, balanced with a mining company’s risk profile. Justifying the cost of slope assessment requires an understanding of the input sensitivities, and resultant risk, to achieve a slope of a required functionality. As a project progresses from Scoping to Feasibility, the geotechnical risk becomes better resolved through increased expenditure on drilling, testing, analysis and modelling as long as the input data is appropriately spatially distributed. Providing accurate and appropriate geotechnical assessments in the early stages provides confidence in all following stages, especially where initial analysis indicates difficult geotechnical conditions. It is also in the early stages of project definition that there is most opportunity to maximise the value of the deposit through investigations into optimal mining methods.This paper examines the advantages of geotechnical engineering input through a project study period. Early geotechnical involvement allows the Scoping and Pre-Feasibility Studies to be more effective. Operational risks can then be better understood and dealt within the Feasibility Study phase, also ensuring that the correct risks and management controls are put in place.With commodity price pressure and cost of resource recovery in a downturned industry, reducing the risk to cash flow, resource recovery and safety should be a primary goal for all mining companies. Reduced risk can be effectively achieved through geotechnical design of slopes to achieve a required performance as part of an integrated study to the Reserve definition and mine design.Citation:Varden, R P, Player, J R, Player, N M and Jones, E, 2016. Justifying Slope Design Risks and Costs, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 185–201 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By M S. Fenzel

Increased environmental regulations and pressures have created changing and new demands for tailings management strategies in a variety of mining applications. Critical among these items is the disposal of tailings as the pursuit of increased yields and lower costs have driven the application of different process technologies. With a number of technologies having a niche application focus, the belt filter press has been utilised for decades as a cost-effective and versatile option for dewatering different types of mineral tailings and other waste process streams. One of the critical advantages of the belt filter press is the technology’s ability to adapt and work in numerous plant designs, operating conditions and applications. As permitting and disposal options have become more stringent, plant designers, operators and equipment suppliers must develop comprehensive and site-specific economic, design and process evaluation techniques to ensure proper equipment selection and system design for belt filter presses or any other dewatering technologies. This paper will explore these techniques in relation to belt filter presses (with reference to other technologies) in a variety of different applications, along with other considerations to ensure a successful tailings dewatering system and disposal design. Summaries of equipment performance characteristics, operating and maintenance strategies and optimisation techniques will also be addressed in conjunction with the belt filter press’s adaptability to different plant designs and the resulting tailings characteristics.CITATION:Fenzel, M S, 2015. Analysis and adaptability of belt filter presses and other technologies for tailings dewatering over a range of mineral processes, plant designs, conditions, regions and operating philosophies, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century , pp 35–44 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By I M. Platten, Y Xie, R-M F. Bell, S C. Dominy, L E. Howard, R C. A Minnitt

For any resource evaluation program, the collection and processing of representative samples for assaying is critical. Sampling, sample preparation and assay protocols must be designed to suit the style of orebody in question. The a priori need is for the characterisation of mineralisation type(s) and domain definition. The proportion and size of gold particles has a direct impact on the effectiveness of sampling protocols employed. Mineralogical studies focusing on gold particle deportment, size and distribution are required. Key issues are the presence of gold particle clustering and proportion of coarse versus fine gold. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is a radiographic technique that produces high-resolution 3D computerised models of in situ objects based on density distribution. The ævirtualÆ specimens are made up of voxels, the 3D equivalent of pixels each assigned a grey value based on X-ray absorption. This paper presents the results of recent research on the imaging of in situ particles in coarse gold-bearing ore samples from the Nalunaq mine, southern Greenland. The samples used were previously well-characterised through mineralogical and metallurgical testing, and serve to test the HRXCT methodology. Gold particle size and distribution in the context of the sampling liberation diameter was investigated.CITATION:Dominy, S C, Platten, I M, Howard, L E, Xie, Y, Bell, R-M F and Minnitt, R C A, 2012. Determination of the sampling liberation diameter in a high-grade coarse gold ore by high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, in Proceedings Sampling 2012 , pp 161-170 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 21, 2012

By J Rutter, D La Rosa, P Walters, M Scott, L Keeney

Bulk ore sorting technologies, whether surfaced based or penetrative, have seen an increased uptake by the mining industry for preconcentration application. As with all technologies, going through the technology validation process is key to de-risking the operationalisation of the technologies and to demonstrate and confirm predicted value propositions. The ability to laboratory calibrate cross-belt bulk sensors is standard practise for sensor vendors, however transitioning the technology from laboratory to real-world application is a non-trivial process. The industry has taken two main approaches to trialling and validating bulk sensing technologies in operational environments, namely:  Construct an off-line pilot facility at scale, or  Install bulk sensing systems on production conveyors Each of these two approaches have significant advantages and disadvantages and require different experimental design programs and analysis methodologies. Consideration of material movement, heterogeneity degradation, logistical requirements, and financial investment all factor into which approach is most suitable for an evaluation scenario. CRC ORE in partnership with mining companies, have conducted several bulk sensor pilot trials utilising different sensor technologies employing each of the two main approaches outlined above. This paper describes the challenges faced, learnings obtained and outlines a position on how to transition bulk sensing technologies from the laboratory into the operating environment. The case studies presented cover a range of commodity types in both open pit and underground operations.

Nov 10, 2020

By A Chadwick, J de Ross, C Adams

Imagine a æshinyÆ new mine, $1 B in the bank and record commodity prices. So how does a company and its management team create enough tension to maximise profit and to establish a culture that can weather the good and bad times?That was exactly the situation the team at OZ MineralsÆ world class Prominent Hill mine in South Australia faced in 2009.Three years later, the harder times have come - lower though still healthy commodity prices, rising industry costs, fierce competition for talent, geological and technical issues (common to developing mines). However, the company was able to maximise profit during the good times and equip the culture to deal with the tougher times with minimal turnover.Through the combination of simple systems and processes, people development, application of commercial technical acumen and a combination of yin and yang leadership, OZ Minerals has achieved something quite rare - sustainable continuous improvement.The journey started with a vision. The EGM Operations created the æsparkÆ. The dream was to create a æfranchise mineÆ that could be rolled out to new mines and acquisitions as the company grew. However, the real leadership came from his lieutenants who provided the important yin and yang. The GM commercial provided the tools, processes, systems and the bottom line focus. The GM operations focused on culture, leadership, training and sustainability. This powerful combination (along with some good old persistence) was able to create the critical mass required to make continuous improvement go æviralÆ.This paper explores this unique case to uncover the essential ingredients that were created and mixed together. It will touch on the key human, technical and system elements that helped achieve significant improvements in plant recoveries, mine throughput and operational efficiencies, while overcoming human capacity, geotechnical and contractual challenges.CITATION:de Ross, J, Chadwick, A and Adams, C, 2012. How to create a perfect storm, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 239-250 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

By Recepoglu O, Tolun R, Yavasoglu N, Bulutcu AN

Scheelite was floated from a low-grade (0.28 per cent W03) calcitic (96.30 per cent CaCO3) scheelite ore using oleoyl sarcosine as collector and alkylated 8-hydroxyquinoline as modifier. Compared to oleoyl sarcosine alone, the grade and the recovery of scheelite concentrate were increased from 8.07 per cent to 33.54 per cent and from 55.1 per cent to 73.4 per cent, respectively. Infrared studies with pure calcite and scheelite minerals showed that while alkyl oxine is adsorbed on the scheelite surface, it is not adsorbed on the calcite.

Jan 1, 1993

By T van Niel, M Trefry, B Baker, I Rea, A Hawdon, D McJannet, D Boadle, R Fandrich, A Littleboy

Many open cut mines extend to depths well below the natural water table level with constant dewatering required to maintain operations. When mining activities cease the groundwater starts to fill the void and pit lakes form. The resultant pit lake is directly connected to the surrounding water table and understanding the hydrological and chemical evolution of these lakes is important for minimising environmental impacts. In Western Australia alone there are currently 1800 mine voids and more than 150 mines operating below the water table (Johnson and Wright, 2003). In conjunction with BHP Billiton Iron Ore, CSIRO has been undertaking research to measure and model rates of evaporation from pit lakes in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Extreme high temperatures and low humidity ensures that this region experiences the highest evaporation rates in Australia.CITATION:McJannet, D, Hawdon, A, Boadle, D, Baker, B, van Neil, T, Littleboy, A, Trefry, M, Rea, I and Fandrich, R, 2016. Measurements and modelling of evaporation from abandoned mine pit lakes, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference, pp 106–109 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By R Knight

The spatial variability of geometallurgical characteristics in a mineral deposit can have significant impact on financial and mine planning, mineral processing, concentrate quality and tailings composition throughout the life of a project. These characteristics that may determine the success of a project are not readily apparent to geologists unless they are integrated with deposit geology and assay data, modelled in 3D and incorporated into resource block models.One of the primary objectives of geometallurgy is to integrate and incorporate various geologic, geotechnical and geometallurgical parameters into resource block models, which typically are limited to in situ tonnes and grade of economic metals. Critical attributes, such as concentration of deleterious elements that affect the project viability need to be identified and integrated into the resource block model early in the exploration stage to predict project profitability and address potential environmental impacts.Using data from a volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit we present an example of the integration of ore geochemistry (cadmium, arsenic and antimony) with the results of preliminary, bench-scale metallurgical test work in a 3D geometallurgical model that predicts subdomains of poor-quality concentrate and tailings containing environmentally-sensitive elements. This critical information was incorporated into the existing resource block model in order to inform both financial modelling and mine planning.This example demonstrates that geometallurgical data can be effectively integrated with geological and assay data using Leapfrog MiningTM software (Leapfrog Mining) early in the exploration stage of a project. Three-dimensional representations of geometallurgical data can be created directly using primary additive data, as well as from proxies of non-additive parameters. Resource block models can be updated continually with new information as the project passes from exploration through production. In addition, the software allows for 3D visualisation of the characteristics of the materials that will eventually constitute the mill concentrate, tailings, and waste. This study emphasises the critical importance of establishing a systematic geometallurgical approach early in the exploration stage that can be continuously updated with new information throughout the life of the project. In the example that we present, sulfide ore that had otherwise been identified as high-value (in the absence of geochemical and metallurgical data) turns out to be low-value ore due to concentrate penalties and increased environmental impact.

Sep 5, 2011

By B Bonfils, P Lois Morales, C Evans

One of the main challenges for current and future mining and processing methodologies is to understand the characteristics of the rock so that its behaviour in one or more parts of the mining process chain can be predicted. Features such as rock texture, mineralogy or border complexity between minerals control how the rock behaves from the processing plant through to the final products, including tailings disposal and thus can affect the feasibility of the project from technical, economic and environmental impact perspectives. Understanding how the mineralogy and texture of rock affect its behaviour in mineral processing is a demanding area of research and is essential knowledge in predicting the processability of complex ores in different stages. This study aims to demonstrate that different types of relevant information can be extracted from a range of currently available analytical methods. However, this information can be used in a complementary way for building a more comprehensive rock characterisation at the microscale and better-predicting ore processing characteristics from the intact rock through to tailing disposal. CITATION: Lois Morales, P, Evans, C and Bonfils, B, 2018. Multisource rock characterisation at microscale for a better understanding of processing characteristics, in Proceedings Complex Orebodies Conference 2018, pp 44–48 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 21, 2018

By X T. Nguyen

Western AustraliaÆs Mining Act 1978 was amended in 2010 to provide for the requirement of a mine closure plan to be submitted to the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP) for approval, as part of a mining proposal application. The mine closure plan must be prepared in accordance with approved guidelines. Guidelines for mine closure plans were developed to assist the mining industry in Western Australia to plan and implement effective closure of mines. The guidelines focus on the application of integrated mine closure principles and industry best practice information on mine closure. This, includes stakeholder consultation, risk based approach, data collection and monitoring, development of completion criteria and financial provision.Due to the potential high level of public interest in the guidelines, extensive consultation with stakeholders was conducted. The purpose of this paper is to share experiences from the consultation process.CITATION:Nguyen, X T, 2012. Mine closure guidelines for Western Australia and consultation process, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 43-46 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By W Mahoney, F Clement, E Saraiva

Prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes are extremely complicated to install in underground sections with complex geometries and, despite being already subjected to quality tests in the factory, the installed membrane often exhibits leakages due to different reasons. Main sources of leaks are the required high amount of welding seams and damages caused during installation of reinforcement, as well as overstretching and poorly installed secondary concrete linings. Also the design of the tunnel lining is strongly influenced and limited by the use of prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes. The use of sprayed waterproofing membranes for more than a decade has contributed to durability and serviceability, as well as to increasing sustainability of tunnel linings. The presented sprayed waterproofing membrane MasterSeal 345 is an advantageous alternative to prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes under typical tunnelling conditions, especially in geometrically complex areas, such as in lay-by niches, cross passages and crossover caverns, where installation of conventional waterproofing membranes is inherently difficult, and locating leaks is challenging. This membrane has been successfully used in underground projects with different waterproofing design concepts and under diverse hydro-geological and environmental conditions for over a decade. It provides tunnel designers with different options and optimisation for the design of the tunnel concrete lining. Additional advantages to owners, contractors and designers from the use of the sprayed membrane include flexibility in the design, increased productivity and flexibility in working programming, as well as improved logistics, resulting in significant program and cost savings and reduced long-term maintenance costs. This paper describes the key features of this sprayed waterproofing membrane, its application range and limitations, the waterproofing concept, design options and related benefits. Further, guidance for membrane application and quality control and a summary of two recent project references in the United Kingdom and in Switzerland are provided.CITATION:Saraiva, E, Clement, F and Mahoney, W, 2014. The use of sprayable waterproofing membranes in underground structures – concept, design options, benefits and limitations, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 323–332 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By M Jones

The past 100 years the mining industry can be characterised by a focus on increasing financial returns often to the detriment of social, human, manufactured and environmental capitals. Despite the sustainable development principles promoted by the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), the Equator Principles and the African Mining Vision, which should have enhanced project promoters’ ‘licence to operate’ within a host community or nation, the industry has often failed to integrate proven innovations and best practices that enhance sustainability outcomes for mineral resource projects. This failure has led to delays, the abandonment of projects, with value destroyed for promoters, governments, host community and investors.The paper will outline the application of proven innovations, Enterprise Optimisation (EO), and Sustainable Operations (SUSOP®), during the pre-feasibility phase of a project. By determining the value of each capital before and after the application of proven innovations, the presentation will outline how and where value can be created across all five capitals over the life of a project or operation.The paper will demonstrate how the application of proven innovations significantly transforms the value-proposition of a mineral resource project or operation by generating additional value across all of the five capitals, reducing project risk, thus generating value for all stakeholders.CITATION:Jones, M, 2015. Fundamentally transforming the economic and sustainability signature of mining assets, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 169–180 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By X Ling, M Barati, E Moosavi-Khoonsari

In the pyrometallurgical process of secondary lead recycling, a desulfurising agent, such as Na2CO3 is added to minimise the emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere, while silica is introduced into the smelter as a fluxing material. Subsequently, a significant amount of Na2O and SiO2 remains in the downstream reverberatory furnace and blast furnace slags. However, there is limited understanding of the thermodynamic behaviour of silicate-based lead slags rich in Na2O, posing challenges in accurately determining the optimal condition for targeted metal recovery and final slag composition. In this work, the equilibrium phase relations of the PbO-Na2O-SiO2 system in the primary phase field of Na2SiO3 are studied from 800 to 1000°C via equilibration-quenching method. Samples with different compositions were prepared and held in platinum capsules in air at these temperatures to reach equilibrium. The equilibrated samples were subsequently quenched and the phase compositions were measured by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results were then compared to those of previous studies and any discrepancies were resolved.

Jun 19, 2024

By B P. Banerjee, S Raval

In the recent past there have been dramatic advancements in the development of remote sensing platforms (satellite, aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles – UAVs) as well as sensor systems (multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and radar). However, selection of the appropriate remote sensing technique for a mining application is complex and requires scrutiny on multiple scales including spatial, temporal and imaging capabilities. This presentation highlights various conventional and emerging remote sensing approaches over a mine’s life.CITATION:Banerjee, B P and Raval, S, 2016. Applications of advanced remote sensing systems during a mine life, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference , pp 116–120 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016