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By R. Lee-Aston

HALLOWAY mine of Tennessee Copper Co. at Copperhill, Tenn., has been under development for several years. It has two shafts, the A shaft, 1336 ft deep from the surface to the 16 level, and the B shaft, lying 500 ft to the southeast and extending 1385 ft deep from the 10 level down to the 24 level. A section through the two shafts, Fig. 1, shows the development work entailed by the proposal and the area involved. The Problem: For operational reasons it was necessary to extend the B shaft from the 10 level to surface, and the pilot hole and raising method was chosen. This method had been used to extend the Company's Boyd manshaft from the 10 to the 14 level in 1954, but no satisfactory hole surveying method had been employed. In that instance, when the hole was located it was found to be about 8 ft from its calculated position. The success of this shaft extension method lies in the ability to keep the pilot hole within the proposed shaft diameter for nearly the entire length. The approximate 670 ft of extension distance in one hole was thought to be excessive because of deflection encountered locally in other core drilling. Since a connection between the two shafts, intermediate between the surface and the 10 level, would be required at some future date, the pilot hole drilling was done in two sections. This intermediate level was fixed at the 6 level and distances became 470 ft from surface to the 6 level and 230 ft from the 6 to the 10 level. A rock pentice of 25 ft was left temporarily in place just above the 10 level.

Jan 3, 1958

By W. H. Blauvelt

THE subject of fuel-briquetting has attracted much attention on the part of engineers and investors for the past 15 or 20 years, and especially in recent years, during which a number of plants have been built, with more or less commercial and technical success. Our technical literature contains numerous descriptions of certain processes, and discussions of the industry in general. For a history of the development of the art in the United States, and for descriptions of many of the processes which have been tried, reference may be made to the files of our Transactions, and, for more recent information, to a paper by C. T. Malcolmson, read before the First Annual Convention of the International Railway Fuel Association in June, 1909. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the briquette-plant of the Solvay Process Co. and the Semet-Solvay Co. at Detroit, Mich., which, after a period of long and costly evolution, is now operating satisfactorily on a commercial basis. I believe that it will be of interest to some of our members to have the details of operation, lower-consumption, labor, etc., as worked out on a practical and commercial scale in a going operation. The briquette industry has had a somewhat checkered career in the United States, and much the larger portion of the failures has been due entirely to commercial causes. It seems axiomatic to say that before undertaking the installation of a plant for manufacturing briquettes it is necessary that the local situation should be carefully examined : First, to determine the kind of briquettes, if any, the local market will consume; that is-to say, whether the available fuel-supply is such that briquettes would be a welcome addition, and whether the most promising field is the industrial or the domestic market. Second, if there is an available supply of raw material, as coal,

Mar 1, 1910

By H. M. Chance

Jan 1, 1887

By Carl R. Christiansen

Since the first pay hole in Missouri's "New Lead Belt" was drilled in 1955, this district has become one of the world's leading sources of lead. The belt extends from north of Viburnum in a southerly direction to near Eminence, a distance of about 35 miles. The St. Joseph Lead Company was the discoverer and first to develop new mines in the Viburnum area. Since the discovery of the New Lead Belt, many companies have engaged in exploration programs and several major companies have become active in development of new mines. These include Cominco American, Inc., which operates a joint venture with Dresser Industries; Ozark Lead Company, a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Company; and Missouri Lead Operating Company, a joint venture of Arnax and Homestake. St. Joseph Lead Company, with over 100 years of experience in the Old Lead Belt, has served as a leader in development of equipment and mining techniques, making its properties some of the most efficient mining operations in the world. The new producers give the district the benefit of fresh viewpoints, as their engineers are mostly from outside of Missouri and their previous experience has been considerably different from conventional lead belt practices. While all operations are similar in that they are room-and-pillar, the diverse experience of the operators has produced a group of mines that employ a variety of equipment and mining techniques to give increased efficiency

Jan 1, 1970

[FUQUA, H. B. and Thompson, B. E.: Oil and Gas Development and Production in North Texas for 1933, 107, 320; for 1934, 114, 417 Oil and Gas Development in West Texas 114, 438 FURMAN, W. F.: Heat and Corrosion-resisting Alloys. Printed in Oil & Gas Jnl., June 13, 1935 Furnace-bottom sand, uniformity, 73, 390 Furnace control, Isley apparatus, M27, 502 Furnaces (See also Holt-Dern; Blast Furnaces; Roasters; Wirebar, etc.): annealing: electric, 89, 424 gas-fired, 89, 425 gas vs. wood for nonferrous metals, 89, 422]

Jan 1, 1936

By T. A. Rickard

The notion prevails that writing is a knack, that the skilful use of the pen is a gift of nature. This is an error. Dogberry may be responsible for it; he said: "To be a well-informed man is the gift of fortune, but to write and read comes by nature". Because Dogberry said it, we may be sure that Shakespeare thought otherwise. Ability of any sort may be partly innate, but my own observation and experience lead me to conclude that most of the easy writers have become so by constant practice. As I recall the names of men successful with the pen, I remember that most of them have written a great deal and have taken particular pains to improve their style. The suggestion that proficiency in the difficult art is a happy accident provokes a sardonic smile. The larger part of the great writing in our literature is the result of persistent effort. An easy fluency has been the undoing of many; their flamboyant and fantastic scribbling has proved as perishable as froth. This criticism applies to technical writing also; in order that a technical description or discussion may hold the interest of the reader, at least long enough to cause him to read it to the end, the writing must be done carefully and systematically; otherwise it will fail in its purpose of conveying information. Clearness is absolutely essential. "It is not enough to use language that may be understood; it is necessary to use language that must be understood."* The purpose of writing, at least of that which is meant to be read by others, is not only to express ideas but to communicate them. Lack of perspicuity may prove as %ad as

Jan 1, 1931

By ROBERT E. HARDWICKE

THE QUESTION of whether the production of oil should be limited to market demand has been constantly discussed during the last two years. Oil men, legislatures and courts have reached highly conflicting conclusions. Opponents of limitation to market demand assert that it is a scheme of the big purchasing companies to fix prices and to create a monopoly. Proponents, on the other hand, declare that such a limitation is necessary to prevent physical waste and that the effect on prices is merely incidental. A brief review of market demand legislation will disclose the confusion existing. The laws of Oklahoma,' prohibiting waste of oil and gas, specifically' authorize limitation to market demand as a method of preventink such waste. These laws and the proration orders based thereon have been upheld by the Supreme Court of Oklahoma, by several three-judge Federal District Courts, and by the Supreme Court of the United States.' Kansas has a similar law3 but no case has been found which discusses its validity. About a year ago the California Legislature passed a comprehensive conservation act, generally known as the Sharkey Bill giving authority to restrict production to an amount representing current requirements for use, taking into consideration oil and products in storage. This may be considered as equivalent to limitation to market demand. The Act was defeated upon referendum vote after a hard fought campaign in which it was charged that the Act would result in destruction of the independent operators.

Jan 1, 1932

By Robert E. Tally

The ore reserves of the United Verde Copper Co. in 1907 were estimated at 4,500,000 tons, averaging about 7 per cent copper. Seventy-five per cent of this tonnage was confined to the so-called fire stopes and the remainder was virgin ore. The fire area was being operated at a maximum capacity of 150 tons per day, and the other workings furnished the remainder of the ore, approximately 600 tons per day. The mine was developed to a depth of 900 ft. and the lower levels were considered lean and unpromising. The smelter had been built directly over the ore-bodies. Its site was congested, the ground was settling and maintenance costs were excessive. The major needs of the United Verde obviously were 1. Additional ore reserves. 2. A new and modern smeltery. 3. A method for the mining of the fire-stope ores commensurate with the tonnage and values involved. It is the method specified in point, 3 with which this paper is chiefly concerned. Such a method required the removal of the old smelter, and additional ore reserves were essential not only for the maintenance of production but for the investment necessary for the building of a new smelter.

Jan 1, 1932

D. M. Riordan has been appointed a member of the Institute Com¬mittee of the Engineers' Reserve Corps movement. Our Committee, therefore, now consists of Henry S. Drinker, Chairman, Messrs. Arthur S. Dwight, Warren A. Wilbur and D. M. Riordan.

Jan 1, 1916

By Messervey, J. P.

NOVA SCOTIA is sharing in the rapid advance of the mining industry that is one of the remark- able features of Canada's recent progress. The production of coal and gypsum has increased rapidly, and there has also been a marked development in the mining of gold, salt, zinc, copper and other minerals. Coal, the basis of the principal mining industry in the Province, was discovered by the early explorers on the shore of Cape Breton Island, and used by the garrison at Halifax as early as 1749. The first government record shows total annual sales amounting to 1668 long tons in the year 1785, while last year production was 6,643,000 long tons. The principal mines are discussed in a separate paper by Alexander L. Hay1.

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

AN unusually interesting meeting devoted to the discussion of the ways and means of improving coal mining practice, through the larger use of machinery underground, was held in the Auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building on March 11. The meeting was organized by the Materials Handling Division of the A. S. M. E. and held under the auspices of the Metropolitan Section of that Society and the National Coal Association. The New York Section of the A. I. M. E., which had been invited to participate, found itself unable to do so formally because of a conflicting date for its March meeting but informally did its part to aasure the success of the meeting. As a result of the discussion at and preceding the meeting, the National Coal Association, through Walter Barnum, chairman of its research committee, has asked the A. S. M. E. and A. I. M. E. to join the Association in a study of the present problems of the bituminous coal industry. Messrs. Harry L. Gandy, Calvin W. Rice and H. Foster Bain have been selected to act as a committee which shall develop plans for a joint program.

Jan 1, 1926

By Kyle Wightman

INTRODUCTION CRA Limited is the largest mining group in Australia by value of sales and the second largest company in Australia in terms of share market capitalisation. In the past 25 years, CRA, its predecessors and affiliates have been involved in a number of mining and further processing developments in Australia and elsewhere. Many of these have been financed using project financing techniques. These include Comalco's development of the Weipa bauxite deposits in Northern Queensland in the late 1950's, the Hamersley iron ore developments in the Pilbara region of Western Australia in the mid 1960's, the Queensland Alumina Limited alumina refinery in Gladstone, Queensland, at about the same time, and the Bougainville copper project in 1969/70. In the past three years CRA has again utilised project financing techniques to fund its Tarong steaming coal project in Queensland, the Blair Athol steaming coal project also in that State and CRA's interest in the Argyle diamond project in the Kimberley region of Western Austrlia. PROJECT FINANCE DEFINED Nevitt Definition Nevitt's is the most frequently quoted definition - "A financing of a particular economic unit in which a lender is satisfied to look initially to the cash flows and earnings of the economic unit as the source of funds from which a loan will be repaid and to the assets of the economic unit as collateral for the loan." Risk and Balance Sheet Treatment It is important to focus in more detail on two aspects of project financing, risk and balance sheet treatment. The assessment of the various elements of risk in a project and the sharing of that risk between sponsors and lenders is the most critical feature. At one end of the spectrum is full absorption of risk by the sponsor(s). This can be described as "on risk" or "on credit" or "full recourse" to the sponsor(s) and is effectively a corporate financing. At the other end of the spectrum the lenders absorb the whole risk in a non-recourse financing which is "off risk" or "off credit" for the sponsor. The other aspect is the sponsor's balance sheet treatment. If the balance sheet of the economic unit undertaking the project and the financing need not be consolidated into the balance sheet of the sponsor (because ownership does not exceed 50%) then the financing may be described as off-¬balance sheet. If consolidation is required then the financing is described as on-balance sheet. Most project financings involve some recourse to the sponsor, i.e. they are limited recourse. Very few are non-recourse or off credit to the sponsor. Limited recourse financings may be on-balance sheet although many may also be off-balance sheet insofar as consolidation is concerned. However, sponsor support may very well be a contingent liability to the sponsor and require disclosure by way of note to the balance sheet should consolidation not be required. CORPORATE FINANCE CONTRASTED A financing which is on credit or full recourse to the sponsor, whether it is directly borrowed or guaranteed by that sponsor, is a corporate financing. Lenders will tend to base their credit assessment on a historical assessment of the sponsor's activities and its financial results rather than an assessment of the project or a detailed assessment of the future activities and prospects of the sponsor. PROJECT FINANCE - A BORROWER'S PERCEPTION Although CRA could choose to arrange all finance on a corporate basis (except perhaps for the very largest projects or acquisitions), project financing techniques provide a number of specific advantages which CRA has noted and which should be carefully considered by a project sponsor. Advantages

Jan 1, 1985

By J. V. W. REYNDERS

IN THE remarks which I am about to make concern¬ing the safety work of the Bureau of Mines, I want first of all to disengage myself from a disposition, which is frequently in evidence, to give spectacular emphasis to the hazards of mining operations. It is of the' utmost importance to the industrial welfare of our country that the enormous annual requirement of fuel be produced and be made available in our economic activities, with a minimum of distress and hardship. The safety of coal mining is a condition with which. we are all concerned in a fundamental way. And yet we should not rush to accept hastily conceived notions that laxity among employers in respect to safety measures exists to any outstanding degree. In fact in a large number of instances, the precautionary efforts of min¬ing companies, directed to the elimination of accidents are beyond all criticism, albeit the industry suffers in reputation from the carelessness of, its less effi¬cient constituents. The Bureau of Mines has been a leading influence in disseminating the doctrines of safety, in securing the cooperation of the miners themselves, and in stirring up ' the laggards, both among the employers and the employed. It is much to the interest of well-conducted mine operations that the industry, as a whole, observe safety regulations to the utmost.

Jan 1, 1925

By J. M. Roberts, D. M. Barnett

The activation energy required to break a pinned dislocation line away from its condensed atmosphere of impurity atoms is calculated as a .function of applied stress, without neglecting line tension. Reasows are presented for not assuming the effect of line tension to be negligible when considering the problem of freeing a small segment of dislocation from an impurity atmosphere. The dislocation is considered to he pinned at each atomic size along its length and the pinning points are assumzed immobile. The development is a refinement of the origznal cottrell-bilby1 theory. The solution is compared to recent approximations developed by cottrell3 and Haasen5 in which line tension con- IN 1949 Cottrell and bilby1 considered the problem of determining the force required to pull a dislocation away from its condensed atmosphere of impurity atoms. They also examined the effect of thermal fluctuations on this force. The dislocation line was pictured as bowing out in a triangular loop under the action of an applied stress, and the activation energy necessary to free the dislocation from its atmosphere was calculated as a function of stress, line energy, and dislocation-solute atom interaction. siderations were neglected. A qualitative explanation of the yielding process in terms of the activation of Frank-Read sources is presented, but the lack of a realistic solution to the dynamic dislocation problem involved prevents an extension of the model at present. A self-consistent correlation between the present calculations and experimental data for delay time associated with yielding and the temperature dependence of the upper yield stress was made. Favorable agreement was noted. It is concluded that extension of the original Cottrell-~ilby' theory which includes line tension effects can just as well describe the yielding process as other approximations3,5 which neglect line tension. Cottrell and Bilby found the form of the activation energy vs stress curves to be almost independent of the line energy and the interaction energy (i.e., these parameters only affected the activation energy U by a scale factor). A check of the theory was accomplished by comparison with the experimental data of McAdam and Mebs2 for the lower yield stress as a function of temperature. cottrell,3 in 1957, attempted to obtain a simple closed-form solution for the activation energy as a function of stress by linearizing the quartic equation relating displacement of the dislocation line and applied stress. It was argued that since the contribution to the line energy/atomic plane of a dislocation is made by the long-range stress field of the dislocation through a term of the type (Gb3/2p)ln A/ro, where

Jan 1, 1963

Frank Firmstone was born Aug. 29, 1846, at Glendon Iron Works, near Easton, Pa., the residence of his father, William Firmstone, one of the pioneers of the anthracite-iron business. After preliminary school education at Easton, Pa., he attended the Saunders Military Academy in Philadelphia and subsequently entered the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated as Mining Engineer in 1865, at the age of nineteen. In 1865 and 1866, he was employed in railroad surveying. In January, 1867, he became draftsman and in 1869, assistant manager of the Glendon Iron Works, of which his father was manager until his death in 1875, when the son practically succeeded to that position, becoming formally in January, 1877, and remaining until February, 1887, the manager of the works and business agent of the Glendon Iron Company. In February, 1889, he became President of the Cranberry Iron and Coal Company, and held that position until November, 1897. He was a director of the Longdale Iron Company, Longdale, Va., from its organizationin 1870 until its dissolution in 1911. With the termination of this official responsibility, Mr. Firmstone retired from active business, although he continued to maintain an intelligent interest, and to play a helpful part, in the scientific progress of the iron industry, in which he had been a leader.

Jan 1, 1920

By James Douglas

IN discussing the waste upon which hinges, or is supposed to hinge, so largely the preservation of our national resources, the conclusions reached would be more reliable if actual ex¬perience were consulted, and fewer deductions were drawn from general statements, which are often the product of the imagination. It cannot be questioned that the value of by-products has not been sufficiently appreciated by us, and that our, tardiness in recovering the useful ingredients of the escaping gas of our coke-ovens is one of the most glaring instances of shortcoming in that direction. And yet even for that sin there is some palliation in the immature condition of affiliated industries. I presume that it is admitted, without argument, that, except under very exceptional conditions, all the elements cannot be recovered from most of the ores or natural products. which we treat. While it is a shame that the by-products from our coke-ovens should be dissipated, Edward W. Parker's report to the U. S. Geological Survey for 1906' supplies a fairly good excuse in justification of this appalling waste. He says (pp. 773 to 774.)

May 1, 1909

New York, March 18, 1913. MR. CHARLES F. RA ND, President, New YORK, MARCH American Institute of Mining Engineers. Dear Sir: In connection with the official notice of Dr. Raymond's unanimous election by the Directors as Secretary Emeritus, we wish to place upon record certain statements concerning his services to the Institute which we think have not been published., and may not be generally known to the majority of our fellow-members. When the Institute was formed in 1871, Dr. Raymond acted as Secretary of the Founders' Meeting, and became the first Vice-President of the Institute, and, by request of the aged and beloved David Thomas, who was the first President of the Institute, Dr. Raymond discharged all the duties of the office of President, to which he was later formally elected in 1872, and which lip held for three years. During that time, he visited Europe, and through his acquaintance and reputation abroad, established those international relations of the Institute which proved so important in later years. He also enlisted the support of the mining engineers and metallurgists of the Pacific Slope, who would not otherwise have been disposed to join a society originating in the East. And for twelve years he attended; at his own expense, nearly every meeting of the Institute, wherever held, giving to it without remuneration his best service, and sacrificing for it many professional and private interests.

Jan 4, 1913

ORE at the Jeffrey mine of Canadian John Mansville at Asbestos, Que., is hoisted by two 12 1/2 - ton capacity aluminum skips, counterbalanced. When the loaded skip reaches the surface it empties, via its sliding door, into a bin. Simultaneously, the skip tender, who operates at the 940 level, loads ore into the alternate skip from a 12 ½ -ton measuring pocket. This done, he sets the skips in motion. Problem: When moisture content of the asbestos ore is high, the ore, unknown to the skip tender, some- times sticks in the dumping skip, preventing complete discharge. Moreover, the sliding skip doors sometimes jam and stay open after the ore is discharged. If a skip in this condition is lowered, the result is either an overflow of ore, or the ore discharges through the open skip door, down the shaft. Spilled ore must then be mucked out of the spill pocket and hoisted in 2-ton cars. Cost is high, time is lost, and the shaft is sometimes damaged. Solution: A television apparatus was installed so that the skip tender might quickly spot improper door operation or hang-ups at the dumping station.

Jan 8, 1958

By Fred Van Covern

Before getting into a discussion of the subject of my paper, I want first to make it clear to everyone that I am speaking as an individual; and that any expressions of opinion that are contained herein, or may be expressed in any oral discussion that may follow its presentation, are entirely my own, and must not be construed to be the official opinion of the American Petroleum Institute. Demand fob Motor Fuel, 1936 During the year just closed the domestic demand for gasoline exceeded 481 million barrels. This compares with 434,810,000 bbl. consumed during 1935 and indicates an increase of 10.46 per cent. Export shipments amounted to 27,831,000 bbl. while in 1935 they totaled 30,613,000 bbl. Total demand, therefore, was 509,422,000 bbl., or 9.16 per cent above the 465,423,000 bbl. of 1935. Following are the figures for several years: Already we are supplying gasoline domestically and as foreign shipments at a rate almost 25 per cent greater than our low level of 1933. Before giving figures for 1937, I should like to spend a moment or two in discussion of gasoline inventories, from the point of view of minimum working stocks and other requirements and of probable actual levels. Inventories of Gasoline The year 1936 closed with about 62,900,000 bbl. of finished and unfinished gasoline in storage—about 6 million barrels more than was on hand

Jan 1, 1937

GWILLIAM H. CLAMER (Philadelphia, Pa.).-About 16,000 tons of tin is used annually in the production of white metals. The real reason for using the so-called genuine babbitt, which is a high-tin base babbitt, perhaps in the majority of cases, is that tin has always been. a high-priced metal and people naturally believe that what they pay a high price for must be good. Mr. Jones has shown that the common metal, lead, is a superior base for most purposes for Which babbitt metal is used. The addition of lead is often looked upon as adulterant to genuine babbitt, and specifications for this reason rigidly restrict the lead content. A sub-committee of the Society for Testing Materials, at the meeting in June, presented tentative specifications on babbitt metal, in which were included twelve formulas, containing from zero to: 20, per cent. of tin, and several containing from 65 and 92 per cent. Babbitts. containing

Jan 1, 1919