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Organization Place Date 1919 American Chemical Society Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 2-6 National Assn. of Stationary Engineers Huntington, W. Va. Sept. 8 American Peat Society Minneapolis, Minn. Sept. 22-24 American Iron, Steel Electrical Engineers St. Louis, Mo. Sept. 22-26 American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers. Chicago, Ill. Sept. 22-27 American Steel Treaters' Society, First Annual Convention Chicago Ill. Sept. 22-27 National Exposition of Chemical Industries.... Chicago, Ill. Sept. 22-27 National Safety Council Cleveland, O. Sept. 29-Oct. 2

Jan 8, 1919

By Elmer W. Pehrson

NINETEEN FORTY-SIX was an eventful year for the mineral industries. Perhaps the most significant development was the socialization of industry in Great Britain, initiated in 1945 but carried to fruition in the coal industry in 1946. On Jan. 1, 1947, management of the coal industry will be vested in a National Coal Board, responsible to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. A sum of £164,660,000 has been provided to compensate private owners for assets transferred to the Board. The British coal industry has been a problem for many years. Production has declined to a point where serious shortages of fuel for domestic needs have developed. Exports have dwindled to a small fraction of the previous trade. Costs have increased greatly, and quality has deteriorated. The industry's physical plant has not kept pace with the rapidly mounting wage scales in recent years. Some claim that the best and most accessible coal reserves of Britain are heavily depleted. The industry has been harassed by difficult labor problems, including bad morale among the workers and a shrinking labor force.

Jan 1, 1947

Organization Place Date 1919 American Chemical Society :.... Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 2-6 National Assn. of Stationary Engineers Huntington, W. Va. Sept. 8 American Peat Society Minneapolis, Minn. Sept. 22-24 American Iron, Steel Electrical Engineers St. Louis, Mo. Sept. 22-26 American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers. Chicago, Ill. Sept. 22-27 American Steel Treaters' Society, First Annual Convention Chicago, Ill. Sept. 22-27 National Exposition of Chemical Industries.... Chicago, Ill. Sept. 22-27 National Safety Council Cleveland, 0. Sept. 29-Oct. 2

Jan 7, 1919

Industrial minerals enjoyed a fairly successful year in 1978, despite the sluggish economy, inflation, and environmental restrictions. A glance at US Bureau of Mines statistics shows that, in general, production of industrial minerals increased from + 1% (salt) to as much as 26% (sulfur, other than Frasch or recovered). A few industrial minerals showed a decline; fluorspar production, for example, registered a 23% decrease in 1978 from 1977 due to the closing of three domestic mines. Bromine, natural sodium sulfate, Frasch sulfur, and vermiculite also had production decreases of 2-6% in 1978.

Jan 5, 1979

By Jack Green

Within three major tectonic time frames of earth history: Microplate (±3.8 - ±2.6 billion years), intraplate (±2.6 - ±1.3 b.y.), and macroplate (=1.3 b.y. - present), precious - metal deposits are confined to specific structural, depositional and physico-chemical environments. Precambrian primary gold deposits are localized in two microplate greenstone episodes (±3.7 and ±2.7 b.y.); secondary gold in Witwatersrand placers (±2.6 b.y.). Precambrian primary platinum group metals are in anorthositic facies of layered mafic intrusions (±2.8, ±1.8 and ±1.0 b.y.). Most radioisotope mineral dates cluster - at these times and are coincident with inflections on polar wandering curves. These coincidences may reflect episodicity in lunar tidal disruptions and global deceleration effects in crust and outer core during micro- and intra- plate phases. Macroplate tectonics and an oxygenated atmosphere created favorable conditions for strata-hosted and plate suture gold and silver deposits. "Black smokers" at constructive plate margins and calc-alkalic calderas at destructive plate margins are loci for hydrothermal gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1984

By Job Goostray

IN THIS paper, as in so many other discussions of historical nature, there is little chance for original material and much has had to be rewritten from older papers, documents, accounts, reports, and the like, some of which are of doubtful authorship or contain conflicting statistics. Fully aware of these little historical pitfalls, the authors have tried to quote the origin where possible, and also to seek further confirmation when the statement warranted it, but cannot assume responsibility for certain facts and dates. The Encyclopedia Britannica was frequently consulted. The authors wish to acknowledge assistance from MacKintosh-Hemphill Co.-formerly the Fort Pitt Works-and also from officials of the Watertown Arsenal who loaned valuable books and gave much necessary information. They are particularly indebted to Colonel Dixon of that institution. The data on modern guns were furnished by Mr. F. Brauer of the Watertown Arsenal; Mr. H. S. Chaffee assisted by obtaining records and data of work carried on by the Builders' Iron Foundry of Providence, R. I.

Jan 3, 1925

By B. A. Kulp, R. R. Reeber

Lattice parameters for the wurtzite form of' CdS mere measured by powder X-ray diffraction techniques over the temperature range 26° to 1000 K'. A negative thermal -expansion coefficient was determined parallel and perpendicular to the c axis below 13.5°K. Near 808°K, the curves of the a, parameter, the differential thermal expansion, and the resistivitv vs absolute temperature exhibited a reversible discontinuity. j\. direct determination of the lattice parameters of CdS over an extended temperature range is of particular use in interpretation of the effects of high pressure on the band structure of semiconductor materials. For example, Langer' has studied the effects of pressure on the absorption edge of CdS from 77°K to room temperature. In order to properly interpret his results it is necessary to know the change in lattice constants as a function of temperature for the wurtzite, zincblende, and rocksalt2 modifications of this material. Thermal-expansion measurements for CdS, wurtzite phase, have previously been determined over a limited temperature range.s74'5 The zincblende phases, of other compounds with similar bonding, have been investigated by Novikova et a! .'' Previous thermal-expansion measurements for metals with hexagonal symmetry have for the most part used bulk sample techniques for low-temperature result. Most X-ray measurements at low temperature have been on materials with cubic symmetry.'jQ The use of X-ray powder-diffraction techniques offers a convenient and accurate method of measurement over a wide temperature range. The X-ray method, besides measuring unit cell size, also provides information about change in structure type and the nature of some of the stacking defects present. I) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The thermal expansion was measured by X-ray powder-diffraction techniques. Lattice parameters for the range 300" to 1000°K were determined in a 19-cm Unicam camera. From 26" to 300°K a 34-cm back-reflection camera with the Van Arkel" film arrangement was used. The sample was bonded to a copper cold finger below a helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, dry ice, or ice brine bath in a metal cryistat. che inner bath was surrounded by another one for radiation shielding. Nitrogen was used in this outer bath for the very low-temperature runs while dry ice and acetone was used for the 195°K point. CuKa X-rays, filtered with a nickel foil, entered the cryostat through a 0.001-in.-thick aluminum window. During a typical 9-hr exposure the sample was continuously rotated through a 30-deg arc. Heat losses from the sample holder limited the minimum temperature attained to 26°K with helium in the inner dewar. Temperature calibration between 25" and 125°K was determined with an Allen Bradley 300-ohm carbon resistor. The resistor was attached to the back of the copper finger with a thin layer of silicone grease. Liquid He, HZ, N2, and O2 baths were used to calibrate the resistor. Temperature variation is estimated to be *2"K with a slightly higher uncertainty at room temperature and 264°K. The thermal expansion of high-purity germanium from 373" to 900°K was measured as a calibration for the Unicam camera. This value was compared with the known value1' for the thermal expansion. A discontinuity in the thermal-expansion coefficient of the CdS a, parameter was observed. Similar discontinuities in the resistivity and differential thermal analysis at the same absolute temperature indicate that the temperature error is *5°K in the temperature range above 500°K. Temperature errors in the Unicam camera below 500°K are appreciably higher due to large gradients in the resistance furnace. II) SAMPLE PREPARATION The CdS was Eagle Picher ultrapure grade. The crystallite size range of the as-received powder

Jan 1, 1965

By R. M. Kuralt

CONCESSION from the Chilean government granting the company use of the Rio Salado water stipulates that a minimum of 35,000 metric tons of such salty water must be diverted from the Salado daily, and be disposed of in a manner not to contaminate the Rio Loa to the east of its confluence with the Rio San Salvador at Chacance, Fig. 1. Consequently, the selection of a suitable site for the sulphide plant tailing disposal had the additional problem of the disposal of excess brackish waters. Studies of the terrain in the area directly to the south of the plant indicated that construction of tailing ponds would be costly, and generally unsatisfactory due to excessive slope of the ground, lack of flanking hills, danger of raising the groundwater level thus causing springs along the Antofagasta-Bolivia railroad; and the possibility of creating a dust nuisance at the plant site or at Calama due to blowing sands. Further to the southwest the San Salvador river canyon offered some possibilities and surveys were made at sites A to D, inclusive, Fig. 1. Here again costly dams would have been necessary to impound the tremendous quantity of tailing produced by the new plant, and provision would have to be made to handle a considerable flow of water through the disposal area to the west of the Rio Opache. Additional surveys were made in the area to the southeast of the plant which brought to light the existence of a natural basin of about 14 1/2 square miles, flanked by low-lying hills, and requiring only the most rudimentary dams to close the outlets at the western end. It has been estimated that the Salar de Talabre, as this basin is called, has the ultimate storage capacity of 1 billion tons of tailing with dam heights of only 60 ft. Pipe Line Layout After the decision had been reached to use the Salar de Talabre for the main disposal area various methods were considered for transporting the tailing from the 300 ft diam thickeners to the disposal site, 17.7 miles away. The first plan was to construct a. concrete launder on a 11 pct grade but a survey of this grade line indicated it would not lead directly into the Salar but would terminate somewhat to the north, and from that point on the slope would be considerably less than 1 pct along a natural watercourse. A slope of 2 pct or even 2 ¼ pct in such a rough watercourse or ditch is the ideal, judging from the success of operations at Cananea. Since a simple ditch is the most economical vehicle for the transportation of tailing, it was decided to use one with a 2 ¼ pct grade for as much of the distance as was possible with the existing terrain and to construct a concrete headbox, or forebay, at the terminus of the ditch to supply a steel pipe line leading the rest of the way into the Salar. Referring to the maps of the Chuquicamata area outlining the tailing disposal system, Figs. 1 and 2, one can trace the flow of the tailing from the thickeners to the Salar as follows: The 8-in. spigot pipes from the thickeners (1) discharge into a concrete sump feeding a concrete launder with a 2 pct slope. The launder carries the tailing into a concrete junction box (2) located south of the sulphide plant. The purpose of the junction box is to provide emergency facilities for diverting the tailing flow from the main disposal area to the emergency area. It also provides a junction point for the launder from the sulphide plant's future east extension. The box is fitted with a pair of radial gates controlling flow into the main tailing ditch (6) or the emergency ditch (3) which terminates on the pampa. All ditches are of the same cross section, namely 4 ft wide at the bottom with 1 : 1 side slopes and with a minimum depth of 21/2 ft. Where the nature of the ground demands it, the ditches are lined with stone rubble. The overflow from the plant's 10 million gal reservoir (4) is led into the main tailing ditch by way of a spillway ditch (5). The main ditch terminates in a trashscreen fitted, concrete forebay (7) which serves as a headbox for a 24 in. O.D. x 3/8 in. wall, Dresser coupled, steel pipe (10) and a 12 in. x 8-gage spiral welded, wedge-lock coupled, steel pipe (8). The forebay is fitted with two compartments, one for each pipe, and flow into each is controlled by radial gates. Each compartment is fitted with a 6-in. drain pipe controlled by a rubber pinch valve. To protect the forebay from the abrasive effects of the tailing, the sides of the compartments will be lined with old

Jan 1, 1952

By E. H. T. Whitten

Fundamental principles of trend surface analysis are briefly reviewed. Recent analyses of several granite masses illustrate the method of estimating the quantitative regional composition and also variation trends. Mineralogi-cal, bulk chemical, and other quantitative variates can be employed. Such results should improve gravimetric surveys (etc.) relying on correction terms based upon estimated rock composition. For the first time realistic estimates of the mean composition of rock bodies can be made with the aid of trend components. Deviation maps hold promise for delimitation of disseminated mineralized areas. Deviations comprise residual "anomalies" after removal of trend components. In petrogenetic work such deviations have been shown to reflect local influences (e.g., contamination of magma by assimilation of xenoliths or country rocks of the envelope). Similarly, mineralization should be reflected as deviations standing out from background trends. Actual examples are given. Present results largely involved projection of data onto a horizontal plane, but if sufficient data are available use of three spatial coordinates increases accuracy for prediction in "unexposed" areas. Regression analysis shows that statistical correlations between variates for regionally distributed specimens are often strong (particularly with percentage data). Hence, in preliminary surveys more easily determined variates may sometimes be employed to gain first estimates of the distribution of components more economically significant. The sampling plan is of paramount importance. Unless a suitable sampling plan is devised and adhered to rigorously during collection of the samples, all subsequent analysis is liable to strong bias and to yield spurious estimates of the truth. For a wide variety of purposes it is becoming necessary to assess the quantitative composition and variability of rock masses and mineralized zones of various types. In petrology and petrography this is something of a break with tradition, because virtually all descriptions heretofore have been qualitative. Although vast amounts of qualitative data have been compiled, little is known about the quantitative behavior of rock components. However, if variability of rocks could be understood and expressed with sufficient accuracy, there would be considerable advantage to both economic and petrogenetic problems. For example, if, on the basis of a limited series of observations, the three-dimensional geometry of a disseminated orebody (or ore-bearing formation) could be predicted accurately, it would be possible to extrapolate with confidence the structure into unexposed areas. The following example based upon the geometry of an igneous cone sheet illustrates the point. The significant rock-unit gives outcrops at a number of points on the exposed surface ABCD (Fig. 1A). Study of n exposures may enable a geologist to predict that the rock-unit is circular in form and thus indicate where the unit can be expected in unexposed terrain. Such observations are made at sites with u, v coordinates, but, if subsurface information is available at sites with uvw coordinates, it will eventually become possible to predict accurately the three-dimensional form of the rock mass. Geologic rock masses or mineral deposits are not generally as regular and symmetrical in geometric form as the body illustrated in Fig. 1A. However, even where the broad limits of a major rock mass are known, a more acute problem arises in attempting to obtain detailed quantitative estimates of its internal variability; it is difficult to predict the variability of a mass from a limited number of observa-

Jan 1, 1961

By C. David Mann

Metal prices continued to improve in 1964, resulting in the opening of new mines and re- activation of old ones. Larger and deeper shafts are being bored. At the AEC's Nevada Test Site, a 72-in. diam shaft is being bored to 3200 ft. In New Mexico a 1650-ft shaft was bored with a 48-in. bit, then reamed to 124 in. to 935 ft, and 102 in. to 1650 ft. Deviation was only 26 in. In California a shaft sinking machine has been developed which combines drilling and mucking equipment into one mobile, integral unit.

Jan 2, 1965

By C. E. Melbye

A serious problem confronted the city of Gunnison early in 1958 in that, for a few months during each spring runoff, the water supply derived from the Gunnison River became polluted to an unsafe point. The city management had the choice of building a new filter plant to replace the old unworkable one or drilling wells to develop a ground water supply. The cost of a new filter plant was estimated at $180,000 compared to $50,000 for 6 wells, pumps, and additional water lines, hence their decision to attempt the development of sufficient ground water. Six wells at 300 gpm per well were estimated as necessary to handle the peak usage of 1800 gpm, compared to only 600 gpm winter usage. Although the water table is only about 7 feet below the surface, existing private wells drilled at random locations were producing much less than 300 gpm. The problem was to find sufficient quantities from about 6 wells. Since the presence of an ancient bedrock channel was suspected, which would be expected to localize greater quantities of water, the city of Gunnison authorized a resistivity survey to investigate bedrock topography below unconsolidated gravels. Survey results were highly satisfactory and led to the preparation of a fairly detailed bedrock contour map, Fig. 1. This map was used in selection of all well sites. The city of Gunnison is situated in a flat, broad, Quaternary gravel-filled valley (terrain dips south at 20 feet per mile) at the junction of the Gunnison River and Tomichi Creek. The valley, about 2-4 miles wide, is bordered by hills of Tertiary volcanics to the northwest, Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments to the north and northeast, and pre-Cambrian granite and gneiss to the south. One previous deep test well at the west end of the city hit pre-Cambrian granite at 496 feet, which, allowing for 40 feet of surface gravels, makes the older sedimentary section 456 feet thick. This section is probably all Jurassic Morrison formation, consisting of the Saltwash sandstone overlain by the much thicker section of Brushy Basin shales and mudstones. According to the driller's logs, each well was bottomed in what is believed to be Brushy Basin shale. FIELD PROCEDURE A standard Gish-Rooney type of resistivity apparatus was employed, which used 45-volt dry batteries as a direct-current power source. Applied voltages could be selected from 45 volts to a 270-volt maximum. Copper-coated steel stakes were employed as current electrodes and porous porcelain pots as potential electrodes to avoid possible polarization effects with direct current. The expanding Wenner electrode configuration was utilized for this investigation and measurements were made at 20 40, 60, 80, and 100-foot spacings,

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert Stefanko

With passage of the Clean Streams Act of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and its impact on the coal industry, considerable research has been conducted to explore various approaches to the problem, including deep-well disposal. Available drillhole data from gas and oil wells were used to develop cross -sectional maps for various portions of the state and potential disposal zones were evaluated. Bethlehem Mines Corp., faced with a severe water problem at its Marianna operation in Washington County, cooperated with the Dept. of Mining at The Pennsylvania State University in establishing a 1500-ft well into the Salt Sands for the purpose of determining the feasibility of mine water disposal. The thickness, porosity, and permeability of the formation at the well site proved to be below what had been anticipated from drillhole data. Further, subsequent hydraulic fracturing did not improve the flow characteristics of the well; pumping pressures remained in the range of 1800-2000 psig for disposing of water at the rate of 150 gpm. The legal problems of disposal at the site were very formidable. When the Salt Sands proved to be less than satisfactory, permission could not be obtained to dispose in other promising formations. The paper details many of the problems associated with the experimental well and makes an assessment of the potential for deep-well disposal of mine water. The concept of disposing of liquid industrial wastes by deep-well injection is not a new one. Brines associated with crude oil long have been disposed of in this manner, with the additional benefit of aiding secondary oil recovery. More recently, with the expansion of nuclear energy, the lethal, highly radioactive wastes which are by-products of the fission process have created severe disposal problems. During the past ten years, a variety of industries have resorted to subsurface disposal, some of the details of which are given e1sewhere.l,2 The list reveals wide variations in injection rate, pumping pressure, cost, and waste disposition. Included are successful installations in Western Pennsylvania. Enactment of more restrictive clean-water legislation in Pennsylvania recently had a great impact on the coal industry. Among its provisions was the reclassifica-tion of most mine water as industrial waste whose dis-posal is prohibited in any stream of the Commonwealth. This had the effect of accelerating research in a variety of areas, although treatment methods still retained primary interest. When a feasibility study of deep-well disposal was proposed to the Pennsylvania Dept. of Mines and Mineral Industries, the Coal Research Board (CRB) approved it. This paper summarizes the efforts on this project. Acid mine water is a chemically complex liquid. having no definite quantitative relationship among its constituents. However, it is the iron disulfide (FeS2) associated with practically all coal seams that produces the objectionable products present in acid mine water when combined with air and water. The principal contaminants are sulfuric acid (H2SO,) and ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)2. Ferric hydroxide is a rust-colored gelatinous precipitate that coats stream bottoms and destroys aquatic life. However, other ions and bacteria are present in acid mine water in varying amounts.

Jan 1, 1971

COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS, AIME Formerly Mineral Economics Division Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Sheldon P Wimpfen, Chairman John D Ridge, Vice-Chairman (Mining) A J Philips, Vice-Chairman (Metals) Warren B Davis, Vice-Chairman (Petroleum) COUNCIL OF EDUCATION, AIME Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 James D Forrester, Chairman Charles V Kirkpatrick, Vice Chairman (and Chairman-elect) Lysle E Shaffer, Past Chairman Truman H Kuhn, Secretary-Treasurer Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado John S Bell, Contact AIME Director

Jan 1, 1960

By Homer S. Frankhouser

Materials may be dredged, processed, stored and loaded for shipment at a single site in water depths ranging from 250 to 1200 ft. Solution mining may also be accomplished in deep sea situations. And, open air subsea mines with direct surface access may be developed and worked under the ocean floor. These concepts for deep sea mining are the results of extensive testing of individual components of the proposed systems by Dravo Ocean Structures, Inc., a subsidiary of Dravo Corp. A basic structure in these systems is the articulated platform. The platform consists of a gravity- type base and a buoyant cylindrical column which is constructed at an onshore location, towed to the offshore site and installed in a matter of days without use of heavy equipment. The base is also buoyant for towing purposes. This allows for gradual flooding to the point of negative buoyancy for positioning and anchoring to the ocean floor.

Jan 1, 1971

By Robert F. Mehl, Dana W. Smith

It has been shown that quenched iron of high purity exhibits a Wid-manstiitten figure much resembling martensite in appearance.1 This figure exhibits a maximum of four directions of the surface traces that characterize it, suggesting that a Fc forms from y Fe in plates parallel to the (III), octahedral, planes in the y lattice. Because of this, and also beqause of the general similarity to the structural appearance of martensite and to the Widmanstatten figure obtaining in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels it has been suggested2 that the orientation relationships obtaining between the y and a phases in pure iron are identical with those demonstrated in martensite3 and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels,4 and indeed that the crystallographic mechanism of formation of a Fe from y Fe is the basic mechanism determining the orientation relationships found in both martensite and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels. This paper will present experimental evidence in support of this view. Experimental Technique The analysis of the crystallographic mechanism of transformation in pure metals is beset with special difficulties, though some information

Jan 1, 1934

By H. C. LIVINGSTON

At the Hanna No. 4-A mine of The Union Pacific Coal Co. a new system of trackless mining is being utilized to extract a 26-ft coal seam. By using shuttle cars and a conveyor belt for haulage in the rooms and panel entries instead of pit cars and panel hoist a saving of 12 cents per ton is expected. Mining is conducted in a 26-ft coal seam laid down on a synclinal structure with active workings on a pitch of approximately ten to twelve degrees. The coal seam is interbedded between a shale bottom and sand- stone top. The coal is friable, high in moisture, and subject to spontaneous combustion. The mine is rated gassy by the State Coal Mine Inspection Department. Mining is conducted at the present time by unbalanced rope haulage an main slopes spaced on approximate 4300-ft centers with the three-entry system driven to boundary lines, strike entries being turned on approximate 1300-ft centers. Panels are driven to the rise between entries at approximately 750-ft intervals with panel rooms driven on the strike 500 to 600 ft long, leaving 150 ft of barrier pillar between each block of panel rooms.

Jan 1, 1949

Remarks Of Mr. Robert W. Hunt, General Superintendent, Albany And Rensselaer Iron And Steel Company., Troy N. Y. - In discussing Dr. Dudley's two most interesting papers, I feel a natural hesitancy in disagreeing with conclusions formed after such careful and conscientious work. But I think he has made his deductions from too meagre premises. The analyses of but twenty-five samples are entirely too few to justify the establishment of so important a formula. When we consider that he indirectly proposes to regulate an interest amounting, even at the present low prices, to over $20,000,000 per annum, we may well hesitate before accepting a formula based upon the chemical and physical analyses of but twenty-five steel rails. Dr. Dudley touches the keynote in referring to the proposed labors of the Government Test Commission. They based their hopes of attaining success upon the chemical and physical analyses of a very large number of samples, and in the only branch of investigation which the short-sighted policy of Congress has allowed them to complete, i.e., chain cables, we find that a dozen, twenty-five or one hundred tests gave no satisfactory results. It was only after many hundreds that they were enabled to draw conclusions. There are so many circumstances bearing upon the life of a rail, that the task of extracting a correct result seems herculean. I presume I am right in stating that in our Northern latitudes early winter and spring months witness the breaking of the greatest number of rails, thus seeming to prove that an unstable road-bed has much to answer for. Then, again, broken and flattened wheels must be taken into account, but I am convinced that more rails have been broken by the treatment which they received before leaving the rolling-mill * The remarks of the participants in this debate have been written out by the speakers, and are here given without any attempt to retain the order of the dis¬cussion. While the report does not, therefore, preserve the vigor and spontaneity of the debate, it is believed that it gains in value by giving the matured views of the speakers. The continuation of this discussion at the Pittsburgh Meeting, May, 1879 (beginning with remarks of Mr. Cloud on page 401), is appended for convenience of reference.-T. M. D., Sec'y

Jan 1, 1879

Remarks of Mr. Robert W. Hunt, General, Superintendent, Albany and Rensselaer Iron and Steel Company., Troy N. Y.—In discussing Dr. Dudley's two most interesting papers, I feel a natural hesitancy in disagreeing with conclusions formed after such careful and conscientious work. But I think he has made his deductions from too meagre premises. The analyses of but twenty-five samples are entirely too few to justify the establishment of so important a formula. When we consider that he indirectly proposes to regulate an interest amounting, even at the present low prices, to over $20,000,000 per annum, we may well hesitate before accepting a formula based upon the chemical and physical analyses of but twenty-five steel rails. Dr. Dudley touches the keynote in referring to the proposed labors of the Government Test Commission. They based their hopes of attaining success upon the chemical and physical analyses of a very large number of samples, and in the only branch of investigation which the short-sighted policy of Congress has allowed them to complete, i.e., chain cables, we find that a dozen, twenty-five or one hundred tests gave no satisfactory results. It was only after many hundreds that they were enabled to' draw conclusions. There are so many circumstances hearing upon the life of a rail, that the task of extracting a correct result seems herculean. I presume I am right in stating that in our Northern latitudes early winter and spring months witness the breaking of the greatest number of rails, thus seeming to prove that an unstable road-bed has much to answer for. Then, again, broken and flattened wheels must be taken into account, but I am convinced that more rails have been broken by the treatment which they received before leaving the rolling-mill

Jan 1, 1879

Organization Place Date 1919 National Drainage Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 11-13 American Mining Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 1.7-21 Canadian Mining Institute Vancouver, B. C. Nov.. 26-28 American Society of Mechanical Engineers:.... New York, N. Y. Dec. 2-5 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Savannah, Ga. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America...; Boston, Mass. Dec. 29-31. American Society of Heating and Ventilating 1920 Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ... New York, N. Y. Jan. 13. American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers... New York, N. Y. Feb. 16-19 American Ceramic Society Philadelphia, Pa. Feb. 23-26

Jan 11, 1919

COUNCIL OF EDUCATION OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division) Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman 0 Cutler Shepard, Vice-Chairman Thomas A Read, Secretary-Treasurer Dept of Mining & Metallurgical Engrg University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Economics Division) Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Louis C Raymond, Chairman Lorin A Cranson, Vice-Chairman Henry T Mudd, Vice-Chairman Adam K Stricker, Jr, Vice-Chairman Paul F Yopes, Secretary-Treasurer U S Bureau of Mines Albany, Oregon

Jan 1, 1957