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By John V. Beall

Let's start at the beginning, Mr. Turner. Where and when were you born? In Lansing, Mich., on July 31, 1880. And what was your education? I went to the University of Michigan, where I got an A.B. degree in 1902; then to the Michigan College of Mines at Houghton, graduating from there in 1904 with a B.S. and an E.M. What was your first job in the mining industry, Mr. Turner, and what were you paid? In the summer of 1902, 1 was a field assistant for the U. S. Geological Survey in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, working under Israel C. Russell, professor of geology at the University of Michigan, who incidentally, had just returned from an expedition to study the effects of the eruption of Mt. Pelee, on Martinique. I was paid $60 a month and found; in addition to doing geologic and hydrographic work, I cooked many of the meals for a party of four, and wrangled four horses. I slept for four months under the stars, without a tent.

Jan 1, 1949

By Hans Lundberg

N OT so long ago, the discovery of an orebody took place only by accident. At the present time mineral deposits, even though concealed, may be revealed by their physical or geophysical characteristics, considered in connection with geological studies. Geophysical methods are based on sound, scientific principles and in no sense partake of the mysteries of "divining-rod " methods. Geophysical methods are divided into two main groups: Group I: Methods where fields of force surrounding mineral deposits are investigated (magnetic, gravitometric, electric) ; Group I1 : Methods where fields of force are applied (produced) and anomalies caused in these fields by mineral deposits are recorded (electric, seismic). By methods belonging to Group I, the investigation of the fields of force may be brought to an astonishing degree of accuracy by means of highly sensitive and delicate apparatus (torsion and magnetic balances) ; at least, in simple cases these methods have proved to be of great value.

Jan 1, 1925

By AIME AIME

THE following Officers, Directors, and guests were present: Herbert Hoover, A. R. Ledoux, Henry S. Drinker, Edwin Ludlow, Samuel A. Taylor, Charles F: Rand, William M. Corse, Arthur S.. Dwight, Glen H. Clevenger, L. W. Francis, F. G. Cottrell, Bradley Stoughton, Percy E. Barbour, E. P. Mathewson, Dorsey A. Lyon, Archibald Douglas, A. D. Flinn, RobertLinton, James F. Kemp, William Y. Westervelt, J. W. Richards, W. L. Saunders, George Otis Smith, Thomas T. Read, J..C. Murray, Ralph Arnold. A Committee on Mine Equipment was appointed composed as follows: Graham Bright, chairman, William Kelly, Howard N. Eavenson, R. E. Hobart, and S. P. Rumsey. B. D. Saklatwalla was added to the Committee on Miscellaneous Metals and W. Spencer Hutchinson was added to the Committee on Mining Geology. A revised budget for 1921 was approved. A petition duly signed to amend Section 1., of Article III of the Constitution, increasing the initiation fees from ten dollars to twenty dollars, was approved by the Board.

Jan 1, 1920

By Alan M. Bateman

Before World War II we proudly considered that we were the nation of all the world most richly endowed in mineral resources. We knew it was no accident that those countries abundantly supplied with mineral resources became the great manufacturing nations, and the politically and militarily strong ones; and that our own great industrial cities sprang up where coal and iron met. We all reallized, especially we of the mining profession, that the energy of fuels and the solidity of metals spelled industrial growth and in turn industrial might and that other nations came to regard mineral self-sufficiency as one of the chief goalsof economic nationalism.

Jan 1, 1949

By George M. Fowler

DURING 1937 the subject of mining geology was probably given more attention and more mining geologists were usefully employed than at any previous time. Of the many contributing factors the most important were: (1) a higher degree of prosperity in many countries, (2) a. better understanding of geologic phenomena, and (3) the apparently diminishing reserves of several important minerals. Mining companies have come to look upon geology with a growing appreciation of its aid in the more effective exploration and exploitation of mineral deposits. Most of the larger and more active companies have one or more geologists permanently attached to their staffs and some have well organized and efficiently managed geological departments. Even the smaller companies, who feel they cannot afford to employ a geologist on a permanent basis, are seeking the advice of competent men in this field with increasing frequency. One of the most significant trends has been the growing tendency to base exploratory work on more thorough geologic studies instead of empirical "hunches,"on which so much off the work in the past has relied. Likewise, mining companies are apparently more willing to expend larger sums on the basis of geologic possibilities in a district.

Jan 1, 1938

By Elmer W. Pehrson

OPINION seems widely divergent as to where we stand with respect to future mineral supply. From some quarters we hear that the United States is about to become a "have-not" nation and about to experience the evil consequences such a situation would entail. Others claim that we are still a treasure house of stored-up mineral wealth, the surface of which barely has been scratched. The data to be presented here support the conclusion that neither of these viewpoints is correct and that we are far from exhaustion of those mineral resources that are basic to our industrial economy. However, exhaustion is well advanced in a number of important subsidiary minerals so that we can no longer drift along with the easy-going philosophy that the earth will provide. The time has come when we must recognize the true situation and do something about it.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. M. Corse

AS THE outstanding contribution of the Committee on Correlation of Research of the Institute of Metals Division for 1932, may be mentioned the publication of Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6637, entitled "Research Activities in the Mineral Industries of the United States." This circular was compiled by A. C. Fieldner and Alden H. Emery, members of the Committee, in cooperation with the Bureau, and comprises a285-page list of research problems reported to the Bureau as engaging the attention of the various mineral industries. To obtain this information questionnaires were sent to 106 governmental agencies, 338 trade and professional associations, 524 colleges and universities, 9 endowed research institutions, and 1847 private companies and consulting laboratories. In order that the returns should be as complete as possible, the original mailing list included names from which it was not expected much pertinent information would be obtained. However, the procedure was justified as significant returns were obtained from many of these.

Jan 1, 1933

By F. B. Plummer

PROGRESS during 1940 in oil-production technology has been confined largely to a steady advancement in practices inaugurated in previous years, rather than the introduction of any new startling process or technique. The usual changes, improvements and additions in production equipment have been introduced. An increased attention to, and interest in, research has been noteworthy, resulting in improved efficiency in operation of oil wells. control, utilization of reservoir energies and reduction of production costs.

Jan 1, 1941

By Paul Gemmill

Production was first recorded from the Pioche district in 1864, and it has continued to show an inherent ability to take on new life after periods of depression in the metal markets. Production from replacement leadsilver- zinc sulfide ore bodies in limestones of Cambrian age now accounts for several times the gross value of silver production from rich fissures in Lower Cambrian Quartzite. Aggregate production of some 6 million tons represents a gross value over $100-million. Future output is expected mostly to be from limestone replacement deposits of which the most productive are "channels" of ore up to several hundred feet wide and several thousand feet long with thicknesses from a few feet up to 50 feet. Such channels are restricted to the lowermost limestone bed of the district, about 250 feet above the basement quartzite. The "blotter-like" characteristic of this highly productive Jimesto~e bed in absorbing mineralization is believed to be, at least in part, due to lithology, including free carbon in the bed, which has created a unique set of conditions for delicately balanced mineralizing solutions that rejected any tendency to replace siliceous wall rock and were properly constituted for replacement of Limestone. All recognizable orogenic history is considered to be related to the Basin and Range faulting that created the mountain ranges. The faults developed after mid-Tertiary time and after widespread extrusives that are themselves involved in the faulting. Flat faults, formerly believed to be part of regional thrust faulting, are now interpreted as gravity slide faulting that can be shown to be large in magnitude and not simply local landslides. Large slide faults generally have concealed the great magnitude of mountain-bordering faults. Mineralization that accounts for ore is later than the faulting. Most faults are pre-mineral since they influence the shape of ore bodies, and some clearly have been offset by fault fissures containing ore. Post-mineral movement probably has been an important component of some large, initially pre-mineral faults. A single period of mineralization was begun by the introduction of large quantities of ironmanganese carbonate, and, in places, carbonate manganese with minor values in sulfides. Closely following the carbonate invasion, massive sulfides were brought in, usually replacing part of the carbonate body though in some places the massive sulfides replaced limestone that was not previously mineralized. Manganese mineralization is not a "halo" but leaks of manganese to higher formations and to the surface are the most significant exploration guides. The Pioche district is expected to be long lived with technological developments in ore treatment being important to the exploitation of low-grade manganiferous ores, while aggressive exploration is expected to find important quantities of bedded lead-silver-zinc ores of the massive sulfide type.

Jan 1, 1968

By M. C. LAKE

THE industrial development of the United States has been stimulated by the presence of high-grade iron ore in the Lake Superior district. These great deposits have been susceptible to economical extraction and are conveniently located for cheap lake vessel transportation to the great consuming centers. The district furnishes from 80 to 85 per cent of the iron ore annually consumed in the United States, and a full understanding of the available supply of this great commodity is so important that it is well to consider whether or not the industrial supremacy and national independence attained as a result of the abundance of cheap ore are permanent. The enormous deposits of high-grade ore available in the Lake Superior district have been the foundation upon which the vast industrial structure of the steel and allied industries has been built. It is extremely important to the country as a whole, and especially to those States and communities now dependent on Lake Superior ore for their prosperity, that their industries shall retain the particular advantages with which they are now endowed, and that a generous supply of high-grade raw material be available for their consumption at a satisfactory cost. The steel industry is so basic and fundamental that any fluctuation in the cost of its finished products as determined by the supply and cost of the raw materials involved in its manufacture will necessarily affect the business of a wide variety of industries which are dependent on it.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. B. DILWORTA

Ix estimating the investment-value of a mining-property or plant, the value of which decreases with operation, it is often necessary to know the sum which must be set aside periodically from earnings either to renew the plant at the end off its life, or to return the capital involved when the earning-power of the investment has ceased. In such cases it is manifestly incorrect simply to divide the total amount to be retired by the number of periods (usually years) during which the investment shall be active, as the sums periodically withdrawn have a certain interest-earning power varying with the length of time they are held and with the opportunities afforded for their investment. But though the interest may be considered to accumulate regularly year by year, yet the rules and tables for compound interest do not apply, owing to the addition of a fixed amount of new money to the total at the beginning of each period. Briefly stated, the problem of sinking-funds is, to find the amount of money which must be periodically set aside at a certain rate of interest, regularly compounded, to yield a certain sum in a given, length of time. In most practical cases the interest is compounded and the fresh amount added at the same time-usually once a year-and on this basis the problem may be solved as follows

Nov 1, 1909

By M. D. Hassialis

THE object of a technical paper is to communicate new technical knowledge, the paper being the vehicle of communication and the existence of new knowledge its reason for being. It follows that the development of information worthy of communication, the criterion being novelty, is prerequisite to exercising the privilege of communication. The act of communication is achieved when the reader perceives the nature of the new knowledge, i.e., when he understands it. A paper achieving this objective is an acceptable technical paper. Development of new knowledge has as one of its purposes the increase of the existing state of knowledge and the enjoyment of the benefits derived therefrom. Technical knowledge is a collection of facts so ordered as to make apparent, relations existing between the facts. When the interrelations have been exposed the facts have been interpreted or explained Three broad, overlapping categories of technical papers may be recognized: papers consisting of (a) a report of facts, (b) an explanation of facts, or (c) a combination of a report and an interpretation. Ideally a technical paper should belong to one of the last two categories but current practice is to accept papers belonging to any of the three categories. Based on a small sample drawn from the scientific and engineering literature, the relative frequency of the three types is a: b: c:: 20:1:14. If the sample be limited to engineering literature, the ratios become a:c::2:1; type (b) being nonexistent. This large departure from the ideal is a consequent of the

Jan 1, 1948

By F. D. Waltman

Under the hot, baking sun, engineers at the AEC's Nevada Test Site have been busy for several years in the sinking of 48-in. diam shafts to depths varying anywhere from 1800 to 4800 ft below the surface. In so doing these men have evolved several new techniques which should be of interest to the mining industry. Surface Facilities Designed For Speed: "Expediency plus efficiency" is a key phrase at the Site. Because of the relatively short duration of actual mining operations, all equipment has been packaged to decrease time and cost of "set up" and "take down". The headframe, designed specifically for use over 48-in. cased shafts, can be erected or dismantled within 48 hours. The back legs are pinned and hinged to the front legs for ease of installation and, when dismantled, for movement to another site with a minimum of delay.

Jan 6, 1966

By J. W. Mills

This paper's aim is to demonstrate, by reviewing findings and conclusions of earlier authors and through recording and interpreting the outcome of recent laboratory study of the ores, that the ores around the Gem stocks are metamorphosed equivalents of common siderite-sulfide ores far from the stocks, as was first proposed by Hershey (1912, 1913). That is, all the ores probably have the Precambrian age of 1250 million years reported by Long et al. (1960). Those near the Gem stocks, however, were extensively metamorphosed in Cretaceous time during the emplacement of stocks so their resemblance and relation to other veins in the district are camouflaged.

Jan 1, 1985

By Robert H. Hafner, Irvin R. Kramer

IN recent years considerable interest has been shown in surface-alloyed metals, particularly those of chromium (chromized steels), which have excellent corrosion [ ] resistance under a variety of severe conditions, and may undergo bending and flanging operations without spalling. An early method1 employed to produce a high-chromium case on steel was developed by Kelley in 1921. It consisted of heating a low-carbon steel in intimate contact with powdered chromium in the presence of hydrogen at temperatures sufficiently high to permit diffusion of chromium into the steel. The usefulness of this process was limited because the extremely high temperatures of 1200° to 1400°C. (2200° to 2550°°F,) caused excessive grain growth and warpage, Louenstein and Ulmer2 packed iron castings in ferrochromium and com- [ ] mon salt, and heated for approximately three hours at 930° to 1040°C. (1700° to 1900°F,). A recent and more practical method of depositing chromium on steel surfaces has been developed in Germany by Daeves, Becker and Steinberg3-8 and in Russia by Izgaryshev and Sarkisov.9 This process consists of passing gaseous chromium chloride over the steel to be chromized at temperatures of 900° to 1000°C., or packing them in a porous, ceramic material that previously had been saturated with chromium chloride. They reported obtaining a chromized layer, 0.004 in, thick, on low-carbon steels. Later, Daeves4 established a relationship between the carbon content

Jan 1, 1942

By D. F. Gibbons

THIS investigation was undertaken in order to gain further information on the mechanism of plastic deformation of iron at temperatures between room temperature and 77.2°K, and also to contribute to our understanding of the low temperature brittleness phenomenon that occurs in both the tensile and impact tests. It was decided to study as pure an iron as possible and to use the tensile test in order to simplify the problem as much as possible. Two series of iron were used throughout the investigation: iron A, obtained from the National Research Corp. and supplied as gas-free, high purity iron; and iron B, obtained from Fast' and produced by melting iron under purified hydrogen. Typical analyses of samples of both irons, after fabrication, are given in Table I. The main difference in composition of these irons is in their nickel and oxygen contents. Nickel has a very large solid solubility in iron. However, oxygen has an extremely small solid solubility. An attempt was made to reduce the oxygen content still further by remelting under purified hydrogen. This was successful in reducing the oxygen content to -0.0006 pct. However, no results on tests of this iron are included, since difficulty was encountered in fabricating the ingot. Wire specimens 1 mm in diameter were used for the investigation. The wires were produced from the ingots, as supplied, by cold rolling and swaging, with intermediate vacuum anneals at 700°C. Care was taken to reduce preferred orientation in the wires to a minimum by keeping the percentage of reduction in area between anneals of 30 to 40 pct. X-ray transmission photographs showed no indication of preferred orientation. The final grain size of iron A was 20 to 24 grains per linear mm and of iron B, 16 to 18 grains per linear mm. All specimens were tested in the decarburized and denitrided condition unless otherwise stated. The procedure was to pass hydrogen, saturated with water vapor at 26oC, over the specimens at 730°C for 2 hr. The specimens were quenched in iced water and then annealed in a vacuum of - 5x10-6 mm Hg for one day at 560°C to remove hydrogen. Higher temperatures were used for the vacuum anneal but this temperature was found to be quite satisfactory in removing hydrogen. The specimens were slow-cooled after the vacuum anneal. Where it is stated that the specimens were carburized, the specimens were given an identical decarburizing treatment and then carburized by passing hydrogen, saturated with pure n-heptane vapor at 0°C, over the specimens at 730°C. The specimens were then homogenized at 730°C for 2 hr in dry hydrogen. After the carburizing treatment the specimens were given the same vacuum anneal as for the decarburized specimens. The carbon content was determined from the maximum value of the internal friction carbon peak.2 Apparatus Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the tensile apparatus, with half the cooling coil removed. The cooling coil enabled temperatures from 200" to 77.2oK to be obtained. The apparatus was designed to fit a standard Tinius Olsen Universal tensile machine. The apparatus consisted of the rigid plate A which carried two carefully machined hooks H. These hooks attached the plate firmly to the moving crosshead of the tensile machine. The lower grip B was rigidly suspended from the plate A by three stainless steel rods. The upper grip C was joined to the upper grip of the tensile machine by the stainless steel rod E. The lower part of the apparatus was surrounded by a Dewar vessel, which was made a sliding fit inside the brass collar D. The specimen was held in a clamp which fitted into the grip, forming a ball and socket joint (see inset a). This was to attain as nearly pure

Jan 1, 1954

By T. A. Rickard

An educated man is distinguished neither by his clothes nor by his knowledge; he is replarkable not for the things he says, but for the way he says them. You cannot even stand with him under an archway in the rain without finding him out. He may talk only of the weather. His words and his phrases alike may be simple. -at distinguishes him is the arrange- ment of his words; however desultory his talk, it will be method- ical; he has habituated himself to foreseeing the part to be played by each word he uses and the place to be taken by each sentence he utters. On the other hand, the uneducated man, though shrewd and well-informed, will relate facts and events as they recur to him, generally in disorder; in his effort to recollect and in his attempt to rectify forgetfulness he will pause irregularly, filling the intervals with meaningless phrases, such as "and then ", "and: so ", or 'said he to me", "said I to him"; and even the contipuous parts of his story will be told confusedly-because he has not learned the proper use of words.* My own experience as an editor of technical manuscripts has taught me that the misuse of 'that' and 'which' is a fruitful cause of obscurity and confusion. The relative pronouns have distinct functions, and no writer can express himself clearly until he has learned to discriminate between these I functions. For example:

Jan 1, 1931

By Bjorge, Guy N.

MINING method improve through the gradual process of evolution and in 1340 there were no marked outstanding innovations. On the other hand refinements of detail and betterment: in equipment design continued to progress. Among the most important changes have been the increased application of trucks and highway equipment, including tractors and bull- dozers, to open-pit mining as exemplified by Phelps Dodge's Morenci operations; the Mesabi iron range; and the Tri-State district. Mass or bulk handling contributed its part underground with slurhers and conveyors at Consolidated Coppermines and slushers at Climax; and in open-pit mining. conveyors found increased use on the Mesabi range.

Jan 1, 1941

By L. W. WALLACE

IN an engineering fashion we have made an assay of the engineering profession, using as a. sample the engineers listed in "Who's Who in America" (1928-1929). We are aware that some will say it is an unfair sample; that it came from the best mine. This is readily admitted, with this qualification: that all engineers and architects by virtue of their training and experience have been freed of most of the dross to which mankind is heir. They are -a selected group to begin with, having all the potentialities those in the sample possess. We are also aware that some will say a part of those included in the sample are not engineers. Our answer to that criticism is this: An engineer is no less an engineer because for the time being he is president of a bank, a university, an opera company, or a hotel company. Moreover, he is no less an engineer because he is a governor of a commonwealth, a United States senator, a member of the Cabinet, or the President of the United States.

Jan 1, 1929

By Samuel H. Dolbear

NOT WITHSTANDING the extremely low ebb of business activity, the nonmetallic industries have fared somewhat better than some other branches of mining. The average price level in nonmetallics, although far from satisfactory, has resisted any cataclysmic fall such as has been suffered by copper and other metals. Stocks, also, though too abundant, represent no corresponding overhang of the market, which should result, in some branches, in a more rapid recovery. Research work has continued in some industries with interesting developments.

Jan 1, 1933