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Jan 2, 1951

M. AlbERtson, Chairman. Production Engineer, Shell Petroleum Corporation, Houston, Texas. R. P. McLaughlin, Associate Chairman. General Manager, Burnham Exploration Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Eugene A. Stephenson, Secretary-Treasurer. Professor of Petroleum Engineermg, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. Ezecutive Commillee M. Albertson, Chairman. C. E. Beecher, Empire Oil & Refining Co., Bartlesville, Okla. L. L. Foley, Petroleum Engineer and Geologist, Tulsa, Okla. R. B. Kelly, Division Manager, Pure Oil Co., Fort Worth, Texas. Hallan N. Marsh, Production Engineer, General Petroleum Corporation of California, Los Angeles, Calif. R. E. Somers, Geologist, The Gulf Companies, Pittsburgh, Pa. Production Engineering T. V. Moore, Vice-chairman. Charge Production Research Division, Technical Service and Development Dept., Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Joseph Chalmers. De Bataafsche Pet. Maatschappij, The Hague, Netherlands. M. L. Haider, Petroleum Engineer, Carter Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Emile HUGUENIN, Deputy State Oil and Gas Supervisor, Los Angeles, Calif. Carl E. Reistle, Jr., Petroleum Engineering Dept. Humble Oil & Refining CO., Houston. Texas. Produclion J. Terry DUCE, Vice-chairman. Geologist, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Basil B. Zavoico, Associate Vice-chairman. Consulting Geologist, Houston, Texas. Engineering Research R. L. Huntington, Vice-chairman. Associate Professor, Petroleum Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman Okla. Economics Sidney A. Swensrud, Vice-chairman. Assistant to the President, Standard Oil CO., Cleveland, Ohio. Refinery Engineering Walter Miller, Vice-chairman. Vice-president, Continental Oil Co., Ponca City, Okla.

Jan 1, 1937

By Thomas J. O’Neil

From the time of its emergence as an independent state until the late 1950's, the Republic of Ireland suffered from chronic unemployment, the lowest living standard in Northern Europe, and-most serious of all-an aggravated emigration problem which drained off most of its talented young people. In 1958, however, there was a drastic legislative reaction to these problems, and this in turn ignited the current mining boom in Ireland. Paving the Way to Prosperity In order to reverse the tide of emigration, the Irish government now realized, challenging domestic employment opportunities had to be increased and living standards had to be raised. It was also apparent that future industrial and economic growth in Ireland had to be based on producing goods for export. The home market could not sustain large-scale expansion, and consequently Ireland's chronic balance-of-payments deficit could best be minimized by producing export goods. These considerations, together with the limited amount of accumulated wealth in Ireland, combined to set the objectives of the country's First Program for Economic Expansion in 1958. The general objectives of this program were (1) to stimulate all segments of the economy, (2) to develop foreign trade and (3) to attract foreign capital.

Jan 1, 1970

AT the meeting of January 28 which was held too late to be reported in the February MINING AND METAL-LURGY, Messrs. Taylor, Barron, Bassett, DeGolyer, Hutchinson, Norris, Rand, Reynders, Smith, Sweetser and Callow were present. Aside from routine matters, relating to finances and membership,, the Board author-ized establishment of a payroll account and payment by check. It also approved plans for a regional meeting to be, held at Cleveland on April 19 and 20 under the auspices of the Ohio Section and the Iron and Steel Committee. Following a report from the Committee on increase of Membership, Messrs. Barron, Bassett, and Sweetser were appointed as a special committee to con-sider the feasibility of increasing the dues. Mr. Read was made secretary of this Committee. A pleasant feature of the meeting was the presence of past-presi-dent Olcott and the presentation by him to the Institute of an elaborate scrap book, covering the excursion through Mexico made by the Institute in 1901. The meeting was preceded by a dinner at which Scott Turner spoke of the problems of the Bureau of Mines and the large volume of service work for the govern-ment it was now called on to perform. M. L. Requa discussed the need of more exact data covering our national reserve of minerals. E. N. Cooper gave a vivid picture of conditions in Mexico. W. H. Bassett told of the problems before the Institute of Metals, and Zay Jeffries told of the plans for that Division now being formulated. Max W. Ball reinforced what Mr. Requa had said relative to the importance and value of conservation studies as relates to minerals.

Jan 3, 1927

THE following employment items are made available to AIME members on a nonprofit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit; 57 Post St., Son Francisco; 84 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York office and include 6c in stomps for forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available for $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Sales Engineer, 37, seven years experience Europe and Latin America both in underground work and administrative and sales work; speaks fluent Spanish, Portuguese, French. Desires responsible position preferably export in U. S. M-692. Superintendent, 46, married. Experience covers mining and metallurgy as mining engineer and as general superintendent; metallurgy of leaching, flotation, cyanidation; development, construction, operation. Presently available. Prefer U.S.A. M-693-333-E-1-San Francisco. Mine Manager, Superintendent, Consultant, 61, married. Design and erection of mining and mill plants-examinations. Many years as superintendent, manager, consultant, designer and builder of mining plants, flotation mills, concentration mills. Available one month's notice. Prefer U. S. but foreign acceptable if good climate. M-695-4211-E-9-San Francisco.

Jan 1, 1952

Pennsylvania has been a leader in the pageant of industrial America because of her natural mineral re- sources, geographical location, and the ingenuity and industry of her citizens. Brick and other clay products were manufactured in Philadelphia in William Penn's time. Ores of iron, zinc, lead, and copper were mined and smelted in eastern Pennsylvania long before the Revolution. Coal was mined on a commercial basis in the anthracite region as early as 1820 and in the bituminous fields in 1830. The first canals and railroads were constructed to transport minerals and mineral products. Oil was struck at Titusville in 1859. A significant event occurred in 1855-the establishment of the Farmers' High School-Pennsylvania's first attempt to provide higher education for its youth. The Farmers' High School included instruction in geology, mineralogy, and assaying. In 1859 the laws of Pennsylvania transferred to the School the state geological and mineralogical collections formerly located in Harrisburg. Well-informed people are familiar with the effects of the Land-Grant Act of 1862. With inspiring words it established state institutions of higher learning where "the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies . . . to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts . . . in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the sev-

Jan 1, 1950

THE good and lofty men of intelligence are constantly discoverers of many beautiful things, because of their kindness or because they are driven by necessity. Either they shorten the method of making them after they have seen them, or they think how they can be increased in power or how they can be used for various effects in addition to the one intended by the inventor. Certainly all the effects described to you in this Tenth Book derive from gunpowder. When so many proper- ties and so much strength were observed in this, it was thought that by enclosing it in some strong thing that had the power to resist it, gunpowder would produce a marvelous effect. And thus they made a tube of bronze or iron [160v] which they closed with a wooden plug. They applied fire, and when they saw how forcefully this plug issued they thought of making one that would come out and strike in order to destroy things. They made an instrument of bronze or of iron and put some powder and a round stone inside, and called it a spingard. Developing then from this,

Jan 1, 1942

All the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and PREPRINTS published in 1932 are available at Institute headquarters. They are also on file in public,, university and technical libraries and, when so indicated in the list, may be found in the TRANSACTIONS. Copies of the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS have been mailed to those members of the Institute who are registered in the different classes: A-Metal Mining; B-Milling and Concentration; C-Iron and Steel Division; D-Nonferrous Metallurgy; E-Institute of Metals Division; F-Coal Division;. G-Petroleum .Division; H-Nonmetallic Minerals; I-Mining Geology; K-Mining Administration; L-Geophysical Prospecting. Other members may obtain copies by writing to the Secretary. Copies of PREPRINTS may also be obtained from the Secretary's office. Additional copies are sold at the rate of 1 cent per page; minimum charge, 25 cents. Nonmembers may purchase the papers at the prices mentioned. METAL MINING TECH- NICAL PUBLI- - TITLE AUTHOR MEETING TRANS. CATION VOLUME No. AND PAGE* 484-A.45 Propeller Type Mine Fan at Moose A. S. Richardson New York 102, 86, 93 F.52 Shaft, Butte, Montana (13) Feb., 1932 487-A.46 Progress in the Improvement of Max H. Barber New York, Methods and Equipment at Feb., 1932 Open-pit Iron Mines on the Lake Superior Iron Ranges (9) Pre. Sand Filling through Pipes and Lucien Eaton New York, 102, 33, 41 Boreholes (9) Feb., 1932

Jan 1, 1932

THE Institute assembled in the library of the Sheffield Scientific School at 8 o'clock, Tuesday evening, February 23d. Prof. G. J. Brush greeted the members present on behalf of the Government of the Sheffield School in a few words of cordial welcome, to which President Raymond responded. Dr. Raymond then delivered an address on the History of the Relative Values of Gold and Silver. The Council presented, through the President, a list of names of persons duly proposed for members and associates, with recom¬mendation for election. The following gentlemen were unanimously elected: *Prof. George J. Brush, - New Haven, Conn. *Prof. Oscar D. Allen, - New Haven, Conn. *C. Constable, - New York City. *Leven S Goodrich, - Oxmoor, Jefferson Co., Ala. *Charles J. Nourse, - Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. *J. W. Mickley, - Hockendauqua, Pa. *Hugh Alex. Crawford, - St. Louis, Mo. *General Ario Pardee, - Hazleton, Luzerne Co., Pa. †N. W. Lord, - New York City. †J. Holme Maghee, - New York City. *George E. B. Jackson, - Portland, Me. *Charles W. Watkis, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Charles E. Hall, - Philadelphia. *Charles J. Duval, - San Francisco, Cal. †tJoseph Gorlinski, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Alfred Wartenweiler, - Salt Lake City, Utah. †Wilmot J. Bowen, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Joseph Stokes, - Trenton, N. J. †Jason P. Brown, - Boston, Mass. *William Davis Hartshorne, - Bethlehem, Hunterdon Co., N. J. *Henry Williams, - Spanish Bar, Clear Creek Co., Col.. *Robert Forsyth, - Chicago, Ill. *S. T. Wellman, - Cleveland, Ohio. *H. C. Walton, - Chicago, Ill. *Andrew Roy, - Columbus, Ohio. *James H. Rittenhouse, - Providence, Pa. * Members. † Associates

Jan 1, 1875

By Dennis V. D’Andrea, Sidney M. Runke

This paper describes the Bureau of Mines-El Paso Mining and Milling Company cooperative research program at the Emerald Isle mine3 near Kingman, Ariz. This research program was directed toward developing in situ leaching methods for 200,000 tons of ore exposed in the pit bottom and also 1,500,000 tons of ore under 200 feet of overburden adjacent to the pit. A test area in the pit bottom containing 15,000 tons of ore was blasted and leached. The results of this leach test were encouraging, and the entire pit bottom was leached in-place for about 7 months. Two test blasts under 200 feet of overburden and extending to 290 feet were detonated in an area near the open pit. The results of these blasts were evaluated by core drilling and permeability measurements. An in situ leaching system was designed, but not implemented, to recover copper from the 1,500,000-ton area near the pit. The company decided to terminate operations at the Emerald Isle mine in November 1975.

Jan 1, 1976

By A. Filers

IN a former paper on Western Smelting Works, I mentioned the great difficulty of obtaining accurate information in regard to the economy of the processes in practice ; and to-day, although nearly two years have elapsed since my former paper was written, I am sorry to say that very little improvement has taken place in the keeping of accounts, and in the direction of a more systematic management in the majority of these works. But I am quite certain that by this time even the most sanguine furnace managers must have become convinced, from the experience of the last year, that somewhere in their processes there are enormous losses. Rates for the purchase of ores in 1873 were not as high as they were in former years in certain parts of the country ; labor was no higher than formerly ; the demand for unparted lead was good throughout the year, with the only exception of the time of the panic, in the fall of 1873; yet there are, of between 40 and 50 works, not more than two or three in Utah and Nevada to-day, that have paid a reasonable interest on the capital invested.

Jan 1, 1875

The following letter has been received from the Chairman of the United States Shipping Board. August 1, 1918. American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y. GENTLEMEN: I am going to call upon your organization for some teamwork. The time has come for Americans everywhere to put themselves solidly behind American ships. Our railroads must no longer stop at the ocean. We are building an American merchant fleet of twenty-five million tons-three thousand ships. We are backing modern ships with modern port facilities, establishing our bunkering stations all over the globe and will operate with American railroad efficiency. We will carry American cargoes at rates corresponding to our railroad rates-the cheapest in the world. Fast American passenger-and-cargo liners will run regularly to every port in Latin America, the Orient, Africa, Australia. Are you taking steps to use these ships to increase your own prosperity? Do you realize that American products of factory, farm and mine can be delivered to customers in foreign countries on terms which will build lasting trade? Do you realize the possibilities for bringing hack raw materials to extend your products and trade? We must all take off our coats and work to bring these American ships home to the people of every American interest and community. The manufacturer must think of customers in Latin America as being as accessible as those in the next state. The farmer must visualize ships carrying his wheat, cotton, breeding animals, dairy products and fruit to new world markets. The American boy must think of ships and foreign countries when he chooses a calling.

Jan 9, 1918

By W. Spencer Hutchinson

THE outstanding engineering accomplishment of the last three decades has been the development and application of more and cheaper power and its use instead of the labor of men and animals. Substitution of power for manual labor has taken effect on every hand in the United States. With the aid of energy mechanically available to his hand, one man does the work that only a few years ago required two, three or even a greater number of laborers. The results in respect to the favorable economic effects are well known; namely, increased production, higher wages and lower costs. On the other hand, the vast social effects, both good and bad, have been none the less important, even if less understood and only casually regarded. The chief sources of energy today are the mineral fuels, coal and petroleum. In the United States they yield more than 90 per cent of the total energy demand. Thirty years ago the proportion of energy supplied by the mineral fuels was likewise above 90 per cent, but the division according to origin was very different. These relations. are shown for the years 1900, 1930 and 1950 in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1933

By Howard Eavenson

SOME time ago, in a conference considering the mechanizing of a group of mines, I was asked if I knew of any data showing the relative frequency of accidents due to the use of 275 or 550-volt current inside mines and having a recollection of seeing some in print, the answer was made that I would find what was available. Subsequent search failed to find any pub-lished records of any kind giving such figures and none of the compensation agencies of whom inquiry was made were able to supply any, excepting the Pennsyl-vania Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau, which had some data covering a few months for some companies in that State. The inquiry was confined to the three largest producing States, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Illinois. The inspection departments of neither of the first two had any such records, and in Illinois, only 275 volts has been allowed inside the mines for many years. A laborious inquiry has resulted in the data, shown in Table 1, which on this account was confined to the years 1921 and 1925, the latter being the latest figures available. In each State, to find the mines using 275 and 550-volt current respectively, it was necessary to list the mines from the Coal Catalog, and then to complete the list by inquiries from the companies directly, from Operators' Associations and from Inspection Depart-ments. As the mines not electrified, and those using

Jan 5, 1928

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Cal. C. COLCOCK JONES FRANK ROBBINS The February meeting of the Southern California Local Section-was held at the headquarters in the Chamber of Mines and Oil of. Los Angeles on Feb. 17, C. Colcock Jones presiding. Fourteen members were present. The subject announced was Ore Sampling. W. M. Watts opened the discussion by a general outline of the important points to be covered, in sampling a mine and the methods to be used in the various stages of the work. All the members present successively contributed details from their personal experience. The March meeting of the Section was held at its headquarters on Mar. 15. Twelve members were present, with Dr. Theodore B. Comstock in the Chair. The subject announced was Secondary Enrichment and all present took part in the discussion, Frank Robbins contributing a short paper on some observations in Central America. The next meeting will be held on Apr. 14, at which time the subject of Mine Accounting will be discussed. F. J., H. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 5, 1914

By A. M. Gaudin, J. G. Morrow

FLOTATION requires the existence of a definite contact angle. This contact angle, the surface tension of the solution, and adsorption at the solid- fluid interface are quantitatively related. Adsorption of dodecylammonium acetate on hematite was measured for a wide range of concentrations of reagent in solution. Similar measurements for quartz have already been made.1 Contact angle measurements were then made on polished surfaces of hematite and of quartz immersed in aqueous dodecylammonium acetate solutions, and a functional relationship was sought between adsorption density at the mineral-solution interface and the contact angle. Finally, the surface tension of the aqueous amine acetate solutions was measured. These data were combined to give an evaluation of the work of adhesion for the three-phase system.

Jan 12, 1954

By S. S. Hartranft

FuRnace-men of the present day agree very nearly as to the best cooling-devices for the protection of blast-furnace hearths and boshes, and the best location of the cooling-system in the brick-work for the maintenance of favorable furnacelines throughout the blast. The replaceable bronze and copper plates are practically faultless; and there seems to be no reason why a furnace-hearth and bosh should not be held in good condition, by intelligent management and the use of replaceable plates, for a period several times the length of the average blast of to-day. While furnace-men have taken these .precautions to protect the hearth and bosh beyond the life of the lining, the portion of the lining above the mantle has been partly protected by some and wholly neglected by others. Some would not construct a furnace without mantle-plates, and others would not construct a furnace with them. In most cases, furnace-men have either trusted to Providence or to the bosh-plates for the continuance of favorable working-conditions above the mantle, and the prolongation of the life of the lining; consequently furnaces are constantly blown out for repairs to the lining, or for relining, when the hearth and bosh are in good enough condition to last through another blast. The following extract from one of Mr. James Gayley's con-

Jan 1, 1901

By H. Herbert Hughes

In the years following World War II, L. de Roll S.A., Zurich, Switzerland, perfected its vertical kiln. De Roll first became interested in cement-manufacturing equipment in 1947, not only kilns but also the crushing, grinding, and handling equipment required for a complete cement plant. The parent company, Louis de Roll Iron Works, S.A., Gerlafingen, Switzerland, was founded in 1804. In its six plants, and with its associated companies, de Roll manufactures and installs equipment for a wide variety of industries-chemical and metallurgical operations, fats and oils plants, and municipal refuse incinerators and sewage disposal installations. Vertical shaft kilns, of course, are as old as Portland cement itself. Their fuel economy has long been recognized, particularly in Europe where fuel costs are high. But the disadvantages of old-type shaft kilns have been the lack of consistent quality of the clinker, the small capacity, and the relatively high labor costs.

Dec 1, 1956

Jan 1, 1961

By H. C. Howarth

THIS paper gives observations on ground movement and subsidence resulting from pillar drawing in the Lick Run section of Montour No. 10 mine of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. adjacent to solid coal owned by the U. S. Bureau of Mines at its Experimental mine in Snowden Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The investigation was planned by George S. Rice, chief mining engineer of the Bureau, who arranged the necessary cooperation with Dr. L. E. Young, vice president of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. Engineers of that company placed permanent monuments on the surface to establish the boundaries of the coal owned by the Bureau and to furnish fixed points to which all levels were referred. Engineers of the Experimental mine staff then covered the ground under observation with a checkerwork of monuments made of oak pegs set into the ground at 50-ft. intervals in two directions at right angles to each other. The level of these pegs was determined first from Dec. 16 to 30, 1929; again from May 25 to June 5, 1930, and finally from July 7 to 15, 1931. Observations were then discontinued because work had been stopped temporarily in this part on Montour 10 mine.

Jan 1, 1933