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By Edmund E. Getzin

Of all the developments in the post-war history of Western Europe, none has been more remarkable in its aims and in the progress it has achieved than the movement toward European integration. It is not an exaggeration to say that this movement marks a virtual revolution, an about-face, in the long and complicated history of European states over the past three centuries. Although sporadic efforts to achieve European integration can be traced back for at least a 100 years, it remained for the breakdown of the European economies as a result of World War II and the subsequent Russian threat to give new impetus to the concept of broader economic and political integration. In fact, the economic integration of Europe following the end of the war was considered so essential that, in 1949, the administrator of the European Cooperation Administration, Paul Hoffman, spoke of the economic integration of Western Europe as an objective of American policy embodied in the Marshall Plan.

Jan 6, 1963

By Chi-Yuen Wang, Chaw-Long Chu

The time-dependent volumetric constitutive relation for a San Andreas fault gouge and a consolidated kaolinite are experimentally determined at confining pressures to 200 Mpa, under creep condition and at ultrasonic frequency. At any given pressure, the bulk modulus determined at 1 Mhz frequency is identical to the "elastic" modulus determined at a stepwise change of pressure. After the pressure change, there occur a time-dependent change of volume and thus the effective bulk modulus. The constitutive relations may be modeled by a standard linear viscoelastic medium with pressure-dependent moduli and viscosity. For the San Andreas fault gouge, viscosity increases from 2x10 13 poise, at 17 Mpa, and 10 14 poise, at 100 Mpa. For kaolinite sample, the corresponding values are 3x10 12 poise and 10 13 poise. These results imply that both stress and pore pressure in fault zones may show time-dependent variations in response to a change of state of stress, such as that occurring after an earthquake.

Jan 1, 1982

By P. H. Thornton

MaNY intermediate phases are solid solutions which have a solute-solubility range greater than 3 at. pct. These phases, which are generally very strong and often have simple crystal structures, are usually extremely brittle so that specimens of simple shape cannot be produced by the usual mechanical-deformation techniques. Furthermore, single crystals of reasonably uniform composition are difficult to grow by the Bridgman technique because the phases generally form by a peritectic reaction, which causes pronounced segregation. In this note, a technique is described for the preparation of thin-rod specimens of brittle intermediate phases, which may be used for physical-property studies such as resistivity changes' and for the conversion of such rods into single crystals. The method has been used for the preparation of rod single crystals of the phases and Ingots, of about 100 g weight and 11 mm diam, were made by melting together the appropriate amounts of high-purity materials (usually 99.999 pct) in sealed

Jan 1, 1967

By Frank Foote

PRECISION lattice-constant measurements have been widely used in the study of cubic solid solutions but as yet have been rarely applied to noncubic solid solutions. (See, however, references I and 2.) With the high precision at present attainable in the measurement of lattice constants, the X-ray method should be readily applicable to noncubic solid solutions. In the work reported here, hexagonal close-packed magnesium was used as the solvent and either lead, bismuth or gold as the solute. In the magnesium-lead and mag-nesium-bismuth systems the a and c lattice constants were determined as a function of composition, densities were calculated from these lattice-constant data, these theoretical densities were compared with those directly measured and the solid solubility limit was determined on quenched specimens over a considerable range of temperature. In the magnesium-gold sys-tem, the solid solubility is very small but we have obtained an indirect check on the solubility limit previously reported.

Jan 1, 1940

By Werner Langguth

SINCE the introduction of the improved method of precipitating gold from chlorine solution by SO2 and H2S at the Golden Reward chlorination-works, Deadwood, S. D.,* this modern method has been further adopted in the chlorination-works of the Portland Consolidated Company at Deadwood, and in those of the Black Hills Milling and Smelting Company at Rapid City, S. D. It has proved practically most successful in the handling of large quantities of gold solution, and constitutes up to date, with Mr. John E. Rothwell's most important improvement, namely, barrel-leaching under hydraulic pressure, the principal progress made in gold chlorination. The method of refining the gold sulphides which result from this method of precipitation, was introduced by me in 1890 at the Golden Reward works, and in 1892 at those of the Black Hills Company. It has not suffered any changes during the last three years, and is substantially as described below:

Jan 1, 1895

Dubbed "Freeport's Mission Impossible" by the trade press, the company's Ertsberg mine in West Irian nevertheless shipped its first concentrates in December 1972, ahead of schedule. This is a new and great chapter in the history of Freeport Minerals Co. and its contractors. Exploration and construction were only possible by moving equipment and supplies by helicopters. This work was carried out by Petroleum Helicopters, Inc., of Lafayette, La. At the peak of operations six machines were in service manned by 11 pilots and supported by 10 mechanics. During the month of August, with work in full swing 1,604 tons were moved, including 3 DC-6 tractors requiring 18 trips each; flying hours for the month were 636.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. K. Brooke, R. M. Dreyer

For mining engineers and geologists accustomed evaluating metallic mineral deposits, the problems inherent in determining the worth of non- metallic industrial minerals deposits for the chemical processing industry often comes as a rude shock. These difficulties lead to different, and often much greater, problems in financing the development of such deposits than would normally be anticipated for economic sources of copper, molybdenum, iron, nickel and other metallic minerals. The chemical processing industry is one of the two principal consumers of non-metallic mineral production, the other being the construction industry. In the last decade, the volume of industrial minerals consumed by chemical processers has in- creased by 30%, and further increases are forecasted. To satisfy this growing demand, many new sources of these minerals must be found and developed. For those of us who will become involved in such work, the following brief analysis of the major problems to be expected may be of help in developing a realistic approach to evaluating and financing such a deposit and selling the product to consumers.

Jan 8, 1962

By Martin Coryell

This coal area, and the coal from a limited portion of it, has been known for a long time. In 1817, McClure prepared a geological map to represent the boundaries, and they are not controverted at the present date. In 1834, Richard C. Taylor made a survey and report on portions of the basin. In 1835, Prof. W. B. Rogers was appointed by the State of Virginia to make a geological survey, and made six annual reports in which this area was included; but the reports and maps were not published. R. C. Taylor's Statistics of Coal, published in 1855, gave to the public the details of exploration and production, to date, very perfectly and completely. Daddorw and Bannan's work, Coal, Iron, and Oil, published in 1866, repeated the details before given, and advanced some vague theories respecting the coal-field, but gave no new facts. Macfarlane's work, Coal Regions of America, published in 1873, under the head of " Triassic Coal," chapter 27, gives what is known from existing publications of the position, geology, and production of the field, making

By Martin Coryell

THIS coal area, and the coal from a limited portion of it, has been known for a long time. In 1817, McClure prepared a geological map to represent the boundaries, and they are not controverted at the present date. In 1834, Richard C. Taylor made a survey and report on portions of the basin. In 1835, Prof. W. B. Rogers was appointed by the State of Virginia to make a geological survey, and made six annual reports in which this area was included; but the re¬ports and maps were not published. R. C. Taylor's Statistics of Coal, published in 1855, gave to the public the details of exploration and production, to date, very perfectly and completely. Daddow and Bannan's work, Coal, Iron, and Oil, published in 1866, repeated the details before given, and advanced some vague theories respecting the coal-field, but gave no new facts. Macfarlane's work, Coal Regions of America, published in 1873, under the head of "Triassic Coal," chapter 27, gives what is known from existing publications of the position, geology, and production of the field, making

Jan 1, 1875

Mark Twain once observed that "Everyone complains about the weather but nobody does anything about it." Not too long ago, the same observation held true for the problem of air pollution. During the past 25 years, however, the mounting concern over air pollution has spurred industrial and governmental research to find ways and means to combat the menacing situation. But for all the time and money spent in recent years to fight it, air pollution is still a major problem in most industrialized communities in America. At the SME Fall Meeting last September, coal's responsibility for such pollution was aired at an informative panel discussion moderated by Ernst Hall. The many-sided problem of air pollution became readily apparent as five experts, representing industry and government, parlayed over the task of cleaning up dirty air. Their opening comments are reprinted here.

Jan 11, 1964

By Peter G. Chamberlain

Many mining engineers considering in place leaching for the first time are uncertain as to how to evaluate ore bodies for potential leachability. Evidence presented in this report emphasizes the critical role of permeability in such evaluations. Whether an engineer is considering leaching "tight" formations typified by the porphyry copper deposits of the southwest or the permeable uraniferous sandstones of Texas and Wyoming, permeability measurements are the keystone of any testing program. Permeability tests range from cheap and easy to highly expensive and sophisticated operations. Constant head, variable head, and pumping tests all have application in evaluating ore bodies for in-place leaching. Costs of these tests will not unduly deflate the pocketbooks of most mining companies. The basic procedures for selecting and running these field tests--including preparing suitable wells--are reviewed for the benefit of newcomers to in-place leaching.

Jan 1, 1979

By Sinha D. K.

As the main source of indigineous energy, coal has a big role to play in the development of national economy of India. Nationalization of the coal mining has brought the entire industry under the unit control of the Central Government following which an ambitious plan for increasing the coal production in the next few five year plans has been undertaken. In order to achieve best all round results, economy-mathematical models of Planning the total system, right from the highest to lowest hierarchial levels of decision making, have been proposed through a Global Model which is detailed in Local Models in stages right up to a mine. Optimum obtained by computer solution of the models would provide basis for objective decision making in the fields of selection of optimum plan for developing the industry, the coal fields and the mines with construction and/or reconstruction of mines, capacity optimization of enterprises and mines therein. Different types of Models and the optimization processes are presented.

Jan 1, 1977

By John D. Morgan

Uncertain world conditions of the present time require that this country be prepared to meet: 1) all out nuclear war with attack on the U. S.; 2) limited wars; 3) political, economic, and/or pyschological warfare. Our present position as a major world power derives in large measure from our free institutions and great industrial productivity, and this productivity in turn depends on a continuing flow of raw materials-metals, minerals, fuels, and agricultural products. The U. S., with only about 6 pct of the world's population, uses from one to two thirds of the world's annual supplies of most metals and minerals. The U. S. strategic materials stockpiling program is designed to enhance our national security position: as stated in the preamble of the Stock Piling Act, to decrease and prevent wherever possible a dangerous and costly dependence upon foreign nations for supplies of strategic and critical materials in times of national emergency.

Jan 8, 1960

By A. Dubnie

Three periods of major activity have led to the development of the present mineral industry in northern Canada. At the turn of the century, placer gold was discovered in the Yukon Territory and production has been continued to the present day. In the late 1920's and early 1930's, vigorous aircraft- aided exploration resulted in the discovery and production of radium at Port Radium on the southern shore of Great Bear Lake and of gold at Yellowknife on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. During this period, oil was discovered at Norman Wells. Present mineral production is today largely derived from deposits which have been developed in the 1950's. Among these are the re-opened deposits of United Keno Hill, uranium deposits at Uranium City, natural gas resources from the Peace River gas area, nickel-copper deposits at Lynn Lake and Rankin Inlet, and the Cassiar Asbestos deposits at McDame Mountain.

Jan 5, 1961

By Charles J. Lipton

Third World countries have lately taken a variety of actions to improve their revenues from the development of their mineral resources. Increasingly, their governments seek to negotiate production agreements on the basis of feasibility studies and discounted cash flow projections. Developing countries are now more selective in giving incentives to encourage investment in the mining sector. They recognize the value of their contributions to mining projects by way of guarantees and the provision of infrastructure. Third World governments now seek to participate in the basic decision making which determines profitability, such as loan-equity ratios, plant capacity, and processing and sales arrangements. They are alert to the benefits of large-scale development and appreciate their risks. They seek to increase their benefits from foreign exchange earnings and the multiplier effect of mining projects. New forms of arrangements are being used to insure that the mining sector is developed in harmony with the national objectives of the Third World.

Jan 1, 1977

By John A. Church

IN May, 1878, I had the honor of presenting to the Institute, at the Chattanooga meeting, some observations upon the heat of the Comstock Lode, and since then the subject has attracted some attention and criticism, in the course of which, I have observed errors of apprehension which I beg leave to correct now. Mr. John Arthur Phillips discussed it before the Geological Society, his paper being printed in the Quarterly Journal for August, 1879.* His criticism is based upon that part of my paper in which I quote a number of analyses of the mine waters, to illustrate the fact that the heat does not come from the oxidation of pyrite. I pointed out that these waters contain only an insignificant proportion of sulphuric acid, and not enough to account for even one per cent. Of * A Contribution to the History of Mineral Veins. By J. Arthur Phillips, Esq., F.G.S. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for August, 1879.

Jan 1, 1880

By Paul H. Lu

This report by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, presents several practical and inexpensive types of rock mechanics instrumentation for ground control around longwall panels. Application of these critical parameters, determined by this instrumentation, to the design and modification of rational longwall-mining systems is also discussed. In order to design or select an optimum mine structure or system, realistic and precise values of the design parameters must be determined in operating mines by measuring (1) existing ground stresses, (2) mining induced load transfer, and (3) strata movements as well as deformation moduli and rock strengths. Based on these parameters, rational and realistic criteria for mine design can be established by conducting case studies. It was found that several basic design parameters can be easily measured or determined in situ with simple, inexpensive, and practical instruments such as hydraulic borehole pressure cells, automatic recording convergence meters, automatic recording multiple-anchor-point extensometers, and hydraulic pressure recorders.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. S. McQueen

THE insoluble residue method for the examination and correlation of limestones and dolomites, or other sedimentary rocks containing calcium and magnesium carbonates, originated and was developed in the laboratory of the Missouri Geological Survey. The numerous and ever-increasing problems in the field of applied geology, and the need for a tool or aid in the solution of them, led to experimental work with samples collected from deep wells, in the early part of 1924. The success attained, almost at the outset, with this method was so great that the method has now been developed from the state of the experimental to the realm of large-scale, every-day routine. In a previous paper the writer' described the procedure in detail and the characteristics of the residues obtained from certain Paleozoic forma-tions in Missouri. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the economic application of the insoluble residue method.

Jan 1, 1936

It was a brilliant idea that suggested the formation of Local Sections of the Institute. The results in increase of membership and attendance at, annual meetings of the Institute have been very gratifying. Many different plans have been followed by the various Local Sections to interest members in the local meetings. It has been found to be almost necessary that the meetings be preceded by luncheon or dinner at some club or hotel where a suitable assembly room is available for the after meeting. Each Local Section has to work out its own type of meeting to suit its conditions. Like all human affairs, a great deal depends on the leader. Special attention should be paid to the qualifications of the Chairman and Secretary as these two officers have to shoulder most of the responsibility for the success or failure of the Section. They should be chosen, not so much on account of prominence in the profession as for their push and popularity with the local membership. It has been developed that in most Local Sections the meetings should not be more frequent than once a month with a vacation during the summer months.

Jan 7, 1919

By Warren Weaver

SOME of the advantages of the inductive method of electrical prospecting were emphasized in a paper by Dr. Max Mason.1 Since this emphasis was misunderstood by some to indicate a too exclusive interest in inductive methods, we are especially happy to help correct this impression by reporting on some of our work on surface potential methods. EARTH CURRENTS AND SURFACE POTENTIALS When two electrodes, A and B, are placed on the surface of the ground a distance d apart, and a 100-volt battery is connected across the elec- FIG. 1.-LINES OF CURRENT FLOW AND SURFACE POTENTIAL IN MILLIVOLTS IN THE CASE OF A HOMOGENEOUS EARTH. trodes, current flows from the positive electrode A to the negative electrode B. The current does not pass directly from A to B along the straight line joining these two points. In fact, a negligible amount of the

Jan 1, 1928