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By Iley B. Browning, R. E. Strouder, Coleman D. Hunter, Ralph N. Thomas, George M. Straughan

Activity in the oil fields of the state was at a low ebb during the year because of the longest period of low prices that has yet prevailed, which has been detrimental to both the eastern and western sections of the state. Production for the state as a whole shows a drop of 209,192 bbl. during 1939, the total being 5,356,963 bbl. The loss is in the production of the western division, where a loss of approximately 300,000 bbl. more than offset a gain of approximately 100,000 bbl. in the eastern division. The loss in the western division can be attributed to decline in drilling activity due to the low prices prevailing, which were caused by flooding of the normal markcts with cheap Illinois crude. The gain in the eastern division is the result of repressuring operations begun in previous years and now showing results, and not to any renewed drilling activity. Gas development in western Kentucky during 1939 was of minor importance. In eastern Kentucky approximately 50 producing gas wells were drilled, which were sufficient for present market with excess reserves already developed. With the severe winter and additional industry load every gas well connected has been on line for the past three months. Although all demands are being met, development will be greatly increased during 1940 to meet depletion. From the geological point of view, the drilling activity in the western division developed additional information of benefit. Several wells on blocks of acreage assembled in previous years were drilled in the deeper parts of the Western Coal Basin—southern part of the Illinois Basin— giving for the first time accurate information about the Pennsylvanian and lower formations down to and through the Devonian.

Jan 1, 1940

By William P. Kimball, Morris Cohen

This paper deals with the calculation of the composition of the infinitesimal trace of alloy that transfers from the liquid to the solid state at each temperature during the equilibrium solidification of a binary solid solution, and which thereby enables the compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases to follow along the liquidus and solidus lines respectively during the cooling. A general expression for the composition (6) of the liquid-to-solid transfer at each temperature has been derived: d= Zlxl(xl - P) + Zsxs(P - xs)/Zl(xl - P) + Zs(P - xs) [1] where ZL and Zs are the slopes of the liquidus and solidus lines at the given temperature, Xl and 28 are the compositions of the stable liquid and solid phases at the same temperature, and P is the composition of the alloy under consideration. The 6 equation is valid for the process of equilibrium heating as well as cooling, and may be applied to vapor-to-liquid, vapor-to-solid, liquid-to-liquid, and solid- to-solid transfers if the corresponding equilibrium diagrams are known. The d-versus-temperature curves for two alloys P1 and P2 are shown in Fig. I. In each case, the liquid-to-solid transfer has the same composition as the stable solid phase only at the temperature of the beginning of solidification, and has the same composition as the stable liquid phase only at the temperature of the completion of solidification. At each intermediate temperature, the composition of the liquid-to-solid transfer differs by a finite amount from those of the two coexisting phases. Therefore, during equilibrium cooling, the transfers must merge into the solid phase from the liquid without forming a transition phase; otherwise the condition of equilibrium would be violated. At any given temperature during solidification, the composition of the liquid-to-solid

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Brian Eby

CONTACT metamorphism of coals is any physical or chemical change in the character of a coal directly attributable to heat of surface or intrusive igneous rocks. Coal beds so affected are found in the United States, England, Alaska, Mexico, New Zealand, Greenland, and other countries. Particularly in the United States, there is a wide occurrence of contact altered coals; conspicuous examples are found in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Illinois, and North Carolina. During a recent examination of coal beds on Yampa River, in north-western Colorado, the author had an opportunity to make some detailed observations on the contact metamorphism of coals. In this field, coals over an area of 20 sq. mi. have been affected by dikes, sheets, and sills;1 samples of the coals were systematically collected and analyzed,2 with the view of obtaining more specific data on the character of these alterations. The investigation was threefold in purpose: to secure information on the lateral effects of a dike cutting a coal bed, on the range in vertical effects on coal beds overlying sheets or sills, and on the range in the vertical effects on coal beds underlying sheets and sills. Favorable field conditions, such as fresh outcrops and newly dug prospects, made possible many of the field observations and collections. The coals studied in this field belong chiefly to the Mesaverde and Laramie formations. The Mesaverde coals, on the average, are blocky low-rank bituminous coals; the "Laramie coals," which are considerably younger, are of subbituminous rank. The coals of both formations, in the northeastern part of the Yampa field, have been greatly affected by basalt intrusives, yielding all variations of carbonized coal from natural coke to the unaffected material.

Jan 1, 1925

By P. Stark, B. S. Lement

ACCORDING to Hanemann1 the hardness of retained austenite in a 1.7 pct C steel is increased by subsequent tempering. He reported that the hardness of this constituent increases only slightly on tempering to 300°F, rises more rapidly above this temperature, and attains the same value as the tempered martensite present in steel at approximately 480°F. The variation of hardness of both retained austenite and martensite with tempering temperature as obtained by Hanemann1 is shown in Fig. 1. Hanemann attributes the increase in hardness of the retained austenite essentially to continued formation of fine needles of martensite on tempering. Although he did not explain the actual mechanism involved, work hardening of retained austenite by the plastic deformation associated with such martensite formation appeared to be a possibility. Recently Lement, Averbach, and Cohen2 reported the existence of subgrains, about l000Å in diameter, in retained austenite and suggested that they may be delineated by a subboundary carbide. This raised the possibility that carbide precipitation might be responsible for the hardening reported by Hanemann. In view of these conflicting possibilities, an investigation" was carried out on a high purity, Fe-C alloy containing 1.7 pct C in order to clarify the nature of the phenomenon involved in the reported hardening of retained austenite. This investigation involved correlation of changes in microhardness and microstructure of the austenite as a result of tempering. Microhardness tests were made with a Tukon tester using a 25 gram load and a Vickers diamond. It was found that two groups of austenite hardness values were obtained after tempering at a series of temperatures up to 450°F, which was the highest temperature at which retained austenite regions could be identified microscopically. One group represents a high hardness level which in-

Jan 1, 1955

By Alden B. Greninger, Alexander R. Troiano

THE crystallographic mechanism for the austenite-to-martensite transformation has been deduced from the results of the following new experimental determinations: (I) the accurate evaluation of the lattice relationship between austenite and individual crystals of martensite-and thus the relationship between the martensite lattice and the martensite plate, and (2) the measurement and analysis of the change in positions that a volume of austenite undergoes when it transforms into a crystal of martensite. For the latter study, a new tool was developed, the stereographic analysis of shear. Lattice relationship.-Thirty-five separate 50-gram melts of an alloy containing about 22 per cent nickel and 0.8 per cent carbon were prepared in a high-vacuum furnace. This alloy is all-austenite at room temperature; grain size was about I cm. Specimens of the alloy were cooled to about -70°C. to form a few martensite crystals, and suitable specimens were ground and polished on a surface parallel to a single martensite plate, exposing the martensite crystal for an area of I mm. or more. Four martensite cystals from four different ingots were prepared in this manner; the largest crystal of this group is illustrated in Fig. I. Back-reflection Lane patterns were obtained from martensite [ ] crystals (and the matrix austenite) both before and after tempering. The locations of the basal-plane pole of martensite was checked by means of oscillating crystal X-ray patterns. All four crystals studied yielded the same solution (±0.5°), and these relationships are expressed in gnomonic projection in Fig. 3.* The narrow dark-etching bands often visible in martensite "needles" were found to be parallel to {112} and thus are undoubtedly twin bands in the martensite crystal.

Jan 1, 1941

By L. Dudley Stamp

On April 1, 1937, Burma, formerly a province of the Indian Empire, was formally separated from India and became an independent unit of the British Commonwealth. In future, therefore, statistics of oil production in India will exclude Burma and those for Burma will be separately published. The last few years have been marked by noteworthy, almost spectacular, developments in the oil fields of Burma and the Punjab. In Burma these developments have been the proving of unexpected extensions of the existing fields and not the discovery of entirely new fields. The new extensions are important not only to Burma in giving a new lease of life to her fields, but also in general as stressing some interesting geological aspects hitherto neglected. Production The production of crude oil in Imperial gallons has been: Burma India 1934 254,760,070 67,265,210 1935 251,338,974 . 71,323,362 1936 265,656,393 69,241,504 1937 (eat.) 270,000,000 70,000,000 The Chindwin Fields.—The small field at Indaw continues to produce steadily about 3,000,000 gal. a year, but no really deep test has yet been successfully carried out and resources are thus not yet fully known. The remote location of the field, inaccessible except by river and situated 22 miles from the Chindwin 270 miles up that river from its junction with the Irrawaddy, has not encouraged active exploitation. The field is worked exclusively by the Indo-Burma Petroleum Co., Ltd. (I.B.P.), using now an automatic gas-lift system, and the company formerly refined the oil at a small refinery at Pantha on the river near by. The chief market was for kerosene in upper Burma. The refinery has now been closed. The oil is stored on the field during the low-water season

Jan 1, 1938

DESPITE the very small number of engineers who can get away from their tasks to New York, a point so far from the Mid-Continent and Cali-fornia oil fields, where the real important, engineering progress in the industry is being made, the attendance was remarkably good, and it was generally remarked that all the sessions were "snappy," and there was no drag. This was largely because, under instructions from the chairman, very few papers were permitted to be read, and the "high lights" of each paper were pre-sented orally as an introduction to the large and varied discussions, many of which were prepared in advance. The round table discussion on petroleum engineering research problems, conducted by W. E. Wrather, proved a greater success than was anticipated, considering the difficulty in getting many of the men to discuss such problems. There has been no crystallization of opinion heretofore of what are important engineering research problems, as distinguished from pure science problems, and a digest of the discussion will be made available so as to present the results obtained. It is hoped that further round table discussions, as well as committee work, in the meantime summarizing problems appear-ing in papers published the last two to three years, will enable the oil industry to determine intelligently which of the problems are most important for immediate attack. The roundtable discussion on petroleum engineering educational problems, conducted by H. C. George of the University of Oklahoma, was equally fruitful, and since managers of companies, consulting engineers, and pro-fessors cooperated in these sessions, a cross-section of their opinions on improving the curricula for training the large number of petroleum engineers, which the industry can absorb in-the next few years, was obtained.

Jan 3, 1927

By Iley B. Browning, George M. Straughan, Coleman D. Hunter, R. E. Strouder, Ralph N. Thomas

Activity in the oil fields of the state was at a low ebb during the year because of the longest period of low prices that has yet prevailed, which has been detrimental to both the eastern and western sections of the state. Production for the state as a whole shows a drop of 209,192 bbl. during 1939, the total being 5,356,963 bbl. The loss is in the production of the western division, where a loss of approximately 300,000 bbl. more than offset a gain of approximately 100,000 bbl. in the eastern division. The loss in the western division can be attributed to decline in drilling activity due to the low prices prevailing, which were caused by flooding of the normal markcts with cheap Illinois crude. The gain in the eastern division is the result of repressuring operations begun in previous years and now showing results, and not to any renewed drilling activity. Gas development in western Kentucky during 1939 was of minor importance. In eastern Kentucky approximately 50 producing gas wells were drilled, which were sufficient for present market with excess reserves already developed. With the severe winter and additional industry load every gas well connected has been on line for the past three months. Although all demands are being met, development will be greatly increased during 1940 to meet depletion. From the geological point of view, the drilling activity in the western division developed additional information of benefit. Several wells on blocks of acreage assembled in previous years were drilled in the deeper parts of the Western Coal Basin—southern part of the Illinois Basin— giving for the first time accurate information about the Pennsylvanian and lower formations down to and through the Devonian.

Jan 1, 1940

By Fred C. Bond

DISCUSSION Milton C. Shaw and Donald R. Walker (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)—For many years the two empirical rules of comminution bearing the names of Rittinger and Kick have been applied to grinding processes to account for the energy required to crush brittle materials. The basis for Rittinger's rule was the thought that the energy to grind a substance went largely into supplying the additional energy associated with the new free surface, while Kick's law was prompted by the concept of dimensional similarity and is a special statement of the concept of constancy of strain energy to cause rupture. According to Rittinger the energy to grind a given volume varies as the change in the square of the mean particle size, v - A (D2), while according to Kick this energy varies

Jan 1, 1953

By Fred C. Bond

DISCUSSION Milton C. Shaw and Donald R. Walker (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)—For many years the two empirical rules of comminution bearing the names of Rittinger and Kick have been applied to grinding processes to account for the energy required to crush brittle materials. The basis for Rittinger's rule was the thought that the energy to grind a substance went largely into supplying the additional energy associated with the new free surface, while Kick's law was prompted by the concept of dimensional similarity and is a special statement of the concept of constancy of strain energy to cause rupture. According to Rittinger the energy to grind a given volume varies as the change in the square of the mean particle size, v - A (D2), while according to Kick this energy varies

Jan 1, 1953

By Joseph Hartshorne

For something over two years past a new development of the open-hearth process has been in operation at the works of the Prager Eisenindustrie-Gesellschuft at Eladno, in Bohemia. It was devised and perfected by Mr. Ernst Bertrand, general superintendent,, and Mr. Otto Thiel, steel-works superintendent. The results which the inventors wished to obtain were to increase the product per furnace, to reduce the amount of refractories and additions used, to enable a poorer and more varied quality of stock to be employed, to improve the quality of the material produced and to render the control of the operations and product more certain. In all of these objects they have been successful, and have thereby considerably reduced the cost of manufacture and increased the value of the finished material. The Plant. The plant at Kladno consists of one 12-ton and one 20-ton furnace. Through an incident of construction the smaller furnace stands some distance behind and to one side of the larger furnace, and at a height of about 10 feet above it. The furnaces are in the same building as the Bessemer converters, and the metal is handled in the same casting-house by means of a locomobile ladle-crane. The relative position of the furnaces suggested the experiments by which the process was developed, and also enabled it to be thoroughly tested. Much valuable and practical work has been done in this plant, although it is not as convenient and suitable as one especially designed for the process would be. Nevertheless, the pecuniary and technical results have warranted its continuous operation. The Process. The process, as at present carried out at Kladno, consists

Jan 1, 1897

By John E. Udd

Introduction During the very long period in which man has mined minerals from the crust of the earth, falls of ground and collapes of under- ground workings have been the causes of a significant part of those accidents which have resulted in either death or in injury. At present, because of improvements in the approaches to the design of underground structures, in equipment, and in attitudes towards accident prevention, the proportion of accidents due to instability of rock is probably far less than it was historically. Nonetheless, in spite of the many advances which have been made, instabilities still account for about one-quarter of all fatalities, and one-tenth of all of the injuries, in the minerals industry. The means must be found whereby both the numbers of accidents and the accident rates due to falls of ground can be reduced to the lowest levels possible. At the outset it should be stated that, short of suspension of all mining activity, it will probably never be possible for us to eliminate accidents completely. Most human enterprise involves unknowns and risks, and mining is no exception. A certain number of accidents, then, must be viewed as the inevitable consequence of our attempting to work with unknowns and to make decisions that involve uncertainties. However, in retrospect, many instabilities can be attributed to factors which could have been within our control. The preventable accident must be eliminated. It should be our goal that we make every effort to direct our skills and technology to the creation of a safer working environment and should be constantly striving to

Jan 1, 1983

By Charles W. Goodale

The attention of the Institute has been called by Prof. John A. Church* and Mr. W. Lawrence Austin? to the free-milling ores of the Tombstone mines and their treatment, but the silver-bearing man ganese ores of the district have received only a passing notice. As these ores show some interesting peculiarities, and have yielded not less than 750,000 ounces of silver, they are worthy of some study. The Knoxville, Lucky Cuss, Luck Sure, and Wedge mines (named in the order of their importance) are situated along the northern border of the district. They have been the leading producers of this manganese ore, and possess the same general characteristics. Special attention will be given to the Knoxville, as it has been the one most extensively developed. The limestone belt, in which the Knoxville ore bodies occur, has an easterly and westerly trend, is about 1680 feet wide, and rests on granite on the north, the plane of contact being nearly vertical. It is overlain by quartzite, the contact-plane having a dip of 82°. Some mining has been done along these contacts, and a considerable amount of pay ore has been extracted, but development has been very superficial. The ore found along these contact planes contains very little manganese, and differs entirely from the ore in the lime stones. No attempt will he made to assign this limestone country-rock to a particular geological horizon, as no fossils have been found in it. Prof. Blake, in a paper on "The Geology and Veins of Tombstone, Arizona" (Trans., x., 334), speaks of the middle and upper strati-

Jan 1, 1889

By C. E. Capes

A number of novel but increasingly-important methods of size enlargement in liquid systems are reviewed. These techniques use relatively strong bonding and specialized equipment to form dense and substantially permanent agglomerates directly from particles in liquid suspension. In addition to separation of particles from suspensions, these methods have other broad objectives, including the production of granular (often spherical) materials, displacement of suspending liquid from the product and the selective agglomeration of one or more components of a multi-particle mixture. The underlying principles of the methods discussed include agglomeration by immiscible liquid wetting and by polymeric flocculants. Other procedures to produce granular, free-flowing products based on dispersion and solidification in liquids are also noted briefly. Applications in a variety of fine particle systems are considered with emphasis on minerals and fuels beneficiation and on waste treatment.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. C. Stevenson

THE hoisting equipment selected for use at the Hecla mine in 1907 was one of the first Ilgner type Ward-Leonard controlled hoists put into ser- vice. Development of the Hecla below the 2000-ft. level, which is the ultimate depth of the old equipment, and the additional service required by the "Star," necessitated additional hoisting capacity. It will be our endeavor to give j70u a brief summary of the engineering which determined the selection of the new equipment. The engineer in making his decision as to size, speed, etc., must .make a duty study approximating as closely &s possible the actual opePating conditions which will eventually result. Primarily, it is necessary to know what work must be done. The amount of material which must be hoisted under the maximum condition, as well as its distribution from the various levels of the mine was carefully studied by the mining engineering department, as the ore reserves, their relative-position and the probable method of working them had to be considered. The final figures reached, taking into consideration four different operating conditions, were, in tons per day, as follows:

Jan 1, 1930

By L. Dudley Stamp

On April 1, 1937, Burma, formerly a province of the Indian Empire, was formally separated from India and became an independent unit of the British Commonwealth. In future, therefore, statistics of oil production in India will exclude Burma and those for Burma will be separately published. The last few years have been marked by noteworthy, almost spectacular, developments in the oil fields of Burma and the Punjab. In Burma these developments have been the proving of unexpected extensions of the existing fields and not the discovery of entirely new fields. The new extensions are important not only to Burma in giving a new lease of life to her fields, but also in general as stressing some interesting geological aspects hitherto neglected. Production The production of crude oil in Imperial gallons has been: Burma India 1934 254,760,070 67,265,210 1935 251,338,974 . 71,323,362 1936 265,656,393 69,241,504 1937 (eat.) 270,000,000 70,000,000 The Chindwin Fields.—The small field at Indaw continues to produce steadily about 3,000,000 gal. a year, but no really deep test has yet been successfully carried out and resources are thus not yet fully known. The remote location of the field, inaccessible except by river and situated 22 miles from the Chindwin 270 miles up that river from its junction with the Irrawaddy, has not encouraged active exploitation. The field is worked exclusively by the Indo-Burma Petroleum Co., Ltd. (I.B.P.), using now an automatic gas-lift system, and the company formerly refined the oil at a small refinery at Pantha on the river near by. The chief market was for kerosene in upper Burma. The refinery has now been closed. The oil is stored on the field during the low-water season

Jan 1, 1938

By E. T. Dumble

The domes of the Texas coastal plain are structural features, consisting of bosses or stocks of salt, gypsum or anhydrite, or of combinations of these, intruding into and occurring in connection with broken and uplifted sedimentary beds of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Some of these domes show on the surface as mounds of greater or less elevation, while others are only known from drilling records. They may be divided into two classes: interior domes and coastal domes. The interior domes include those which occur in a zone 40 to 50 miles in width lying immediately east of the Cretaceous-Tertiary contact, and extending from the Sabine to the Colorado. With a single exception, these domes, so far as now known, occur in approximate alignment with the contact, but at irregular intervals. East of the Brazos, the domes are entirely surrounded by Eocene sediments. The coastal domes are found nearer the Gulf, lying entirely within Neocene territory and stretching from the Rio Grande to the Sabine. They are much more numerous than the interior domes, and, apparently, are ranged along several lines having a general northeast-southwest direction. No domes are known in the Oligocene belt. INTERIOR DOMES The interior domes so far, identified are Butler's, in Leon county, Palestine and Keechi in Anderson county, Brooks and Steen in Smith county, and Grand Saline in Van Zandt. In connection with these interior domes we must also consider the Sabine Peninsula,. of Harris, which is, without question, genetically connected with them. The Palestine and Keechi domes have been described recently by 0. B. Hopkins,1 who gives a clear idea of their corn position and structure. Others have been described at different times, and an excellent resume of the literature is given by De Golyer.2 _

Jan 10, 1918

By Joseph Taylor

THE Ducktown district is in the extreme southeastern corner of Tennessee, its principal railroad point being Copperhill, on the Blue Ridge division of the Louisville &Nashville Railroad, midway between Knoxville, Tenn., and Atlanta, Ga. The ore deposits were discovered about 1849 and development work was begun in the early fifties. Only the "black copper? ores, products of secondary enrichment, from beneath the gossan outcrops and overlying the massive sulphide deposits, were then mined and smelted for their copper content. Upon their exhaustion, attention was directed to the treatment of the pyritic ore remaining, resulting in the devising of a, process consisting of open-heap roasting, followed by blast-furnace smelting, which was practised until 1903, when semi-pyritic smelting was-adopted. In 1908, the companies operating in the district; on account of litigation brought about by alleged smoke damage to forests and vegetation in the adjoining counties of Georgia, were compelled to erect enormous acid plants to prevent the escape of the sulphur dioxide produced in the smelting operations. The utilization of this sulphur dioxide in the, manufacture of sulphuric acid as a byproduct has added to the revenues of the companies, and at the same time has furnished a valuable source of supply of sulphuric acid to the fertilizer trade of the South, and more recently to the manufacturers of explosives for use in the production of war munitions. The steadily increasing demand for sulphuric acid for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives, together with the decreasing imports of pyrites, from which the acid is generally produced, now makes it imperative that greatly extended resources of pyrite be developed. While the Ducktown deposits do not predominate in pyrite, they do contain an inexhaustible supply of pyrrhotite, admixed with pyrite, which can be satisfactorily employed to supplement or substitute for pyrite in acid making.

Jan 2, 1918

By T. M. Williams

DURING the year just ended we have had three great fires in the mines in the Wilkes-Barre district. One at the Empire Colliery, one at the Prospect shaft, and the other at the Baltimore old mine. It is proposed in this paper to give a brief history of the fire at the Empire Colliery, and the methods employed in extinguishing it. The fire was first discovered breaking out in the air-stack, alongside what is known as the " Kidder Plane," about one o'clock on the morning of December 31st, 1873. Subsequently it was ascertained that the fire originated in the return airway somewhere near the steam boiler, located inside the mine, near the head of No. 5 slope. The coal from this slope was hoisted to the shaft gangway, at a point nearly four thousand feet distant from the foot of the shaft. As there were from four to five hundred mine cars hoisted per day from this slope the steam boilers were located at this place. The mines being of considerable extent required a large volume of pure air for ventilation, and no fan having been erected at this slope at the time, the heat from the boiler was made use of to assist ventilation, by conveying the return air from No. 5 slope into the large airway made from these boilers to the surface through the old "Kidder slope" to the stack where the fire was first discovered. The length of this slope or airway was about one thousand feet, with a sectional area of about sixty feet. The quantity of air passing through it must have been over sixty thousand cubic feet per minute

Jan 1, 1875

By Charles M. Rolker

It is now three years ago that I wrote a paper on the fire which broke out in October, 1880, at the Chrysolite mine, Leadville, Col orado, of which I was at that time manager. The paper was read by title at the Harrisburg meeting in 1881, and was accompanied by plans and sections fully illustrating it. It was written to invite a general discussion of the course pursued in the management of that fire, since the various fragmentary and sometimes prejudiced or inaccurate newspaper accounts were not suitable to base judg ment on. The paper I offered, gave the facts as they appeared in the contemporaneous record which I had kept. At that time, a dif ference of opinion had arisen with an adjoining mine, as to possible damages entailed through the fire; and a law suit was talked of. In view of these circumstances, the President of the Chrysolite Company advised a temporary withdrawal of my paper. Somewhat later, I withdrew it entirely, because of the unlooked-for delay in * arranging the controversy referred to. It. has now, indeed, been amicably settled; but the lapse of time has deprived the matter of much of its immediate professional interest. To the urgent request of some of the members, that I should, at least, give a description of the fire- and gas-proof bulkheads employed, I yield with some hesitation, since I lay no claim whatsoever to orig inality in these devices, and therefore question the value of such a paper. The fire originated by accident, in the Chrysolite, a mine comprising extensive and more or less irregular workings, containing immense quantities of timbering, but partially packed with waste rock or earth. This class of mines is numerously represented at

Jan 1, 1885