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By C. Willard Hayes

One of the most productive iron-ore districts of the southern Appalachians lies in the vicinity of Cartersville, in northwestern Georgia, where the ore-deposits are so directly related to the stratigraphic and structural features of the region that a description of its geology possesses economic as well as scientific interest. Stratigraphy.—The area shown on the accompanying map, Fig. 1, occupies the southeastern portion of Bartow county, Georgia. It is about equally divided between the older crystalline and metamorphic rocks which occupy the Piedmont plateau and Appalachian mountains on the east, and the Paleozoic formations which occupy the Appalachian valley on the west. The line separating these two groups of formations enters the mapped area near the northeastern corner, and, pursuing a somewhat irregular diagonal course, leaves it, as shown on the map, near the southwestern corner. This line marks

Jan 1, 1901

By C. M. Young

THIS is an attempt to bring together some of the knowledge of the .coal-forming conditions obtaining during the Pennsylvanian period in the Western Interior Coal Province, to sketch briefly the present extent and character of the coals produced, and to show the beginning of cor-relation of beds over wide areas. Coals of later age than the Pennsyl-vanian are not included and, for reasons that will appear later, little attempt is made to cover the districts of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas, and northern Texas is omitted entirely. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS The conditions that made possible the formation of large coal beds in the United States were most favorable in the Pennsylvanian period, formerly known as the Upper Carboniferous. The geological conditions can be determined from the records, but not the reasons for them. Preceding the Pennsylvanian was the Mississippian, formerly known as the lower Carboniferous and still later as the sub-Carboniferous. Dur-ing this time, large bodies of limestone were deposited and at the close f the Mississippian they were warped upward and for along period were eroded. Then there began a period of subsidence, more or less inter-rupted at times, during which the Pennsylvanian strata were deposited (see table on page 2). " These consist of sandstones, limestones and shales, with occasional coal beds: At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian there was subsidence, which allowed the sea to extend over the eroded Mississippian surface to the north and east, extending over eastern and central Texas, a large part of Oklahoma, with a projection into Arkansas, over Kansas and part of Nebraska, all the northern and western part of Missouri, a large part of Iowa except a strip in the north, most of Illinois, practically all of Ken-tucky, northern Tennessee, most of Indiana, all of the eastern part of Ohio, practically all of West Virginia, western Maryland, the west end of Virginia, and a large part of Pennsylvania. The Ozarks were already

Jan 1, 1935

By Michael J. Fiannnaca, Michael M. Easdon

Disseminated epithermal gold metallization occurs within a breccia unit interpreted to be a submarine debris flow. Gold is associated with oxidized pyrite, fluorite, and jasperoidal silica. A minimum of 8 Mt (9 million st) of open-pittable mining reserves will be cyanide heap leached as run-of-mine ore at a rate of 0.9 Mt (1.0 million stpy 1. Careful evaluation of the combined results of successive sampling projects has established the pit plan, minable reserves, and process metallurgy of the operation. The sampling procedure utilized for a given test depended upon geological interpretation as well as the procedures, successes, and failures of previous tests. This paper summarizes the sampling and testing procedures of the development effort in light of the project goals and attendant problems in achieving them.

Jan 1, 1985

The first of a series of special war meetings of the New York Section of the American Institute of Mining Engineers held on the evening of July 20 at the Machinery Club, preceded by an informal dinner. The subject for discussion was the important general one of the manganese supplies of the steel industry of the United States. It had been intended to include chromium supplies but this matter was crowded out and left for a later meeting. The principal speaker of the evening was Donnel F. Hewett of the U. S. Geological Survey, who, as a result of his recent studies of the resources of the country, ably presented the question of the extent to which the United States can furnish manganese ore.

Jan 9, 1917

By K. D. Snyder

Barite deposits occur in the Iglesiente-Sulcis district of southwestern Sardinia, an historically important lead-silver-zinc district. Barite, often genetically associated with the base metal deposits, has become an independently important economic commodity. Barite deposition in southwestern Sardinia was related to Caledonian, Hercynian, and Alpine orogenic cycles. A model is presented that relates synsedimentary, karstic, vein, and residual deposits. Synsedimentary deposits are widespread, have common depositional characteristics, and act as sources, along with hydrothermal systems, for other barite deposit types. Caledonian-, Hercynian-, and Alpine-related secondary enrichment processes resulted in residual and karstic deposits that are complex in terms of their geometry and texture, but are more economically important than those of synsedimentary or hydrothermal origin.

Jan 1, 1985

By C. F. Davan, C. T. Houseman

The news pages of MINING ENGINEERING and other trade publications have for the past two years carried a great many items about new developments in phosphate and potash, reflecting the surge in world consumption of these products as fertilizer. Today the question often arises concerning how much growth can be further anticipated by the phosphate and potash industries. To answer this question, a 15-year projection of world fertilizer consumption in terms of the three basic plant food nutrients-nitrogen, phosphate and potash-has been prepared. Two of these, phosphate and potash, are basic products of the mining industry. Nitrogen, once an important product of mining, is now mainly a chemical product. Another mineral, sulfur, although not a primary nutrient, depends on the fertilizer manufacturing industry for the bulk of its market. In crop year 1962-63, there began a startling in- crease in world fertilizer consumption. In that year, consumption increased by about 10% and in the following year by 10-12%.

Jan 12, 1965

By Leo Dana

INTRODUCTION THE object of this paper is to discuss the factors and conditions that affect the observed values of the melting points of refractory materials and to describe practical methods for the determination of these points. While it appeared to be necessary to discuss some of the general properties of silicates and refractories, these subjects have been entered into only in so far as they relate to the melting point and its determination. Refractory materials such as fireclays, firebricks, and minerals generally, may be considered to be composed of compounds of metallic oxides, solid solutions of the oxides, the pure oxides, or mixtures of the three classes together with small amounts of a variety of chemical compounds. The oxides of silica and alumina occur most commonly in refractory materials; in combination with. these, oxides of the alkali earth, the alkali, the iron group, and the rare earth metals are frequently found.

Jan 9, 1919

By Charles B. Dudley

In view of various papers and discussion.;, at recent meetings of the Institute, upon testing, methods of testing, inspectors, inspection and specifications, it has occurred to me that my experience of some fifteen years, in the making and enforcement of specifications, in connection with the Motive Power Department of the Pennsylvania Railroad, might give some value to the few suggestions offered in this paper. There is friction, not to say antagonism, between the producers and the consumers of structural materials. On the one hand, the producers complain of the severity of inspection, or the lack of knowledge and want of good judgment on the part of inspectors, and, indeed, have gone so far as to suggest the abolition of the whole scheme of inspecting and testing materials. On the other hand, the consumers are, apparently, more and more relying on specifications

Jan 1, 1893

By William Kent

About a year ago, the writer had occasion to assist Mr. John L. Gill, Jr., of the Pittsburgh Car-wheel Works, in malting a trial of his new testing machine. A piece of Bessemer steel, of about .34 carbon, was used as a test-piece, turned to a sectional area of one square inch for a length of five inches between shoulders, and provided with large round heads, which were fitted to what is called the " Wade grip." Measurements of elongation, accurate to 1/10000 of an inch, were made by a special apparatus containing two micrometer screws, with electric contact attachment. The machine was operated by hand-power. Readings of elongation were taken at each increment of 2000 pounds stress per square inch, up to 44,000 pounds, the elongation corresponding to the latter figure being .0085 inch. The elongations up to this point remained almost exactly proportional to the stresses, the strain diagram, as shown on the Plate, from the origin to the point A, being a straight line (the deviation of no observation from the straight line being greater than .0002 inch). There being no indication of an approach to the elastic limit, the attendant at the hand-wheel and scale-beam wits told to proceed as usual and move the poise forward 2000 pounds, or to 46,000, and turn the wheel until the beam was balanced. Noticing that the beam did not rise in the usual time, and that the elongation was increasing rapidly, the writer called to the attendant to stop turning the hantl-wheel and to push the poise backwards until the scale-beam balanced. Instead of balancing at between 44,000 and 46,000 pounds, as was expected, it balanced at 40,000 pounds, and the elongation had increased to .0343 inch (or more than four times that recorded at 34,000 pounds), as plotted at the point B, the dotted line between A and B showing the supposed course of' the strain diagram between these two points. Immediately upon recording the elongation the writer said to Mr. Gill, who was standing alongside: "This phenomena is without a parallel in my experience, and I know of but one way to account for it. The piece. must actually be broken in its interior, through a flaw or weak portion of the metal. The test-piece is now equivalent to a tube, with

Jan 1, 1880

By E. L. Estabrook

THE production of crude oil in Wyoming rose to 44,290,010 bbl. in 1923 and declined, during 1924, to 39,295,030 bbl., a decrease of about 11 per cent. The Salt Creek field supplies 75 to 80 per cent. of the production. Pipeline runs from the Salt Creek field reached a maximum in November, 1923, at a daily average for the month of 116,437 barrels. During 1924, the gas pressure in Salt Creek has declined rapidly and the production dropped to about 60,000 bbl. per day. Part of 'the decline during the last few months was due to lack of power to pump the wells. The electric-power plant of the Midwest Refining Co. did not begin to deliver current until the middle of December, by which time several hundred wells were off production. The cold snap in December, which brought, the temperature down to 30° below zero on the 17th, tied up operations almost completely and the average production for the month was only 49,545 barrels. As more wells are being pumped and the number of dead wells reduced, the production is rising and was up to 61,000 bbl. during the last week of January. A further increase is expected as the weather becomes warmer. The production of Salt Creek, by months, during 1924 is given in Table 1. TABLE 1.-Total Monthly Production, Average Daily Production and Number of Producing Wells in Salt Creek during 1924 TOTAL PRODUCTION, DAILY AVERAGE, NUMBER OF MONTH BARRELS BARRELS WELLS January 3,523,647.40 113,666.05 919 February 3,074,916.67 106,031.61 929 March 2,977,095.14 96,035.32 950 April 2,811,110.22 93,703.67 987 May 2,858,842.04 92,220.71 1,024 June 2,649,752.57 88,325,09 1,092 July : 2,697,829.36 87,026.75 1,153 August 2,624,371.84 84,657.15 1,213 September 2,281,219.04 76,040.64 1,274 October 2,073,961.42 67,000.84 1,313 November 1,722,050.09 57,401.67 ~ 1,335 December 1,535,903.78 49,545.28 1,352 Total 30,831,699.57 84,239.61 1,352

Jan 3, 1925

By J. E. Lawver, G. L. Samsel

The success of many mineral dressing processes, including froth flotation and electrical concentration, depends largely on knowledge of physical and chemical structures of the mineral surfaces involved. As a general rule solids have surface layers, usually invisible by optical tests, that differ from the substratum. To the mineral engineer, therefore, a knowledge of the surface structures of minerals is of paramount importance. During the past decade one of the most powerful tools in the study of froth flotation mechanisms has been the use of radioactive tracers, but this technique usually cannot give definite information regarding the chemical changes that may or may not have occurred at the surface. The electron microscope and electron diffraction camera can be particularly useful instruments in surface studies.. An election microscope permits much closer examination of surfaces than can be obtained with a petrographic microscope. In certain cases, it is possible to identify trace quantities formed by chemical reaction between flotation agents and mineral surfaces by the use of a single-crystal, reflection electron diffraction camera. This article describes several instances in which these instruments have been valuable guides in mineral dressing research at International Minerals & Chemical Corp. One of the first applications of these techniques employed by International Minerals was in conjunction with the study of electrical concentration of potash ore. The first reasonably successful separation of potash ore was made by subjecting a sample of the ore to a methanol wash. Subsequent tests using tagged 6C14 methanol showed that only a minute quantity of radioactivity was detectable after the methanol-washed sample had been dried and heated to about 300°F. It was concluded that although some methanol had been held to the surface by adsorption, this could not account for the improved electrification because there was no evidence of methanol selectivity with respect to NaCl or KCl. Consequently there must have been some other change in the surface. Carbon replicas* of the mineral grains were made before and after the methanol wash. The replicas were separated from the minerals by dissolving in water. This extraction replica technique is particularly attractive because the specimen can first be used with the electron microscope to observe the general structure of the surface and can be re-used as a specimen for electron-diffraction studies to identify any solvent insoluble material present on the mineral surface." Fig. 1 shows the general

Jan 1, 1960

By J. E. Norton

PRODUCTION statistics show that during the period of emergence from the depres¬sion the coal industry was becoming increasingly cognizant of the economic and competitive necessity for mechanizing. About 1935 many of its leaders were becoming aware also of the alarming scarcity of men properly trained to cope with the new problems of mechanization. In order to get a factual statement of this problem, a special AIME Coal Division Committee + was requested to survey the condition. Its investigation disclosed that graduates of mining schools going into coal mining numbered 16 in 1939 and 15 in 1938. With this as a background, Pittsburgh Coal Co. foresaw that a comprehensive program was necessary if it was to enlist the services of trained technical men, who were an indispensable part of a mechaniza¬tion program. The purpose of this paper is to review the program set up, to comment on the successes and failures and to outline the future course of action. SUMMER WORK An inescapable conclusion from the mechanization statistics was that the opportunities in coal mining were good. Not only was there a void in technical skill to fill from past years, but the ac¬celerating rate of mechanization indicated an increasing demand for technically trained men for the future. The remedy lay primarily in presenting facts con¬cerning the coal industry to the under¬graduate engineers before they made their professional occupational choice. Based on this idea, one of the key points in the program - was summer vacation work for the undergraduate, which, through the inducement of summer earnings, brought men into the mines to take a look at the prospects. This was more successful than statistics indicate because the war badly scrambled the orderly working of the program, but it could not obscure the value of a summer work program. A decided advantage was that it gave the company a preview of the graduate. An observation on this part of the program is that it is extremely hard to gauge lower classmen, and we found it wise to give them the benefit of the doubt, as the last two years in college bring about surprisingly rapid develop¬ment in some men. We could readily single out the men at the opposite ends of the scale of competence. COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAM Having adopted summer work as a

Jan 1, 1946

By S. H. Davis

The pyrites used in making sulfuric acid in the United States have been largely imported from Spain and Canada, the Spanish imports amounting to nearly 1,000,000 tons per annum in the pre-war period. The greatly increased use of sulfuric acid and the cutting off of these Spanish imports, incident to war conditions, brought about a threatened shortage of sulfur supplies during the war period. The bituminous-coal mines of ccrtain districts have, for many years, furnished a small tonnage of pyrite in the form of coal brasses. A mechanical concentrator at Danville, Ill., for a number of years, has been treating hand-picked lump pyrite and coal from the picking belt and from the mines and a small plant near Gillespie, Ill., for a few months has been recovering pyrite from washery refuse. Many mines throughout Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania have shipped an occasional car of the hand-cleaned lump pyrite. Only a very small percentage of the available pyrite has been recovered in this way, however, as usually the miners throw such lumps into the gob with slate and other impurities. It has been estimated that the western Indiana coal field could furnish more than 100,000 tons of pyrite per annum. The present production is very small. The possibility of furnishing the domestic trade with pyrites recovered as a byproduct from coal-mining operations appears attractive but there are certain features difficult to overcome. Pyrite, to be used in acid making, must meet with certain requirements as to size and purity. Lump ore for grate burners should be under 3 in. (7.6 cm.) and over 1 in. (2.5 cm.) in diameter. Fines for use in mechanical roasters should be under quarter mesh. The material should be high in sulfur, free from arsenic and phosphorus, and as low in carbon as possible. The pyrite obtained from coal can be made to meet all the above requirements, but it is difficult to remove all the carbon. The pyrite in coal occurs as bands and nodules of varying thickness and size and of comparative purity, but mixed with this is more or less web sulfur. The web sulfur carries admixed coal, which may make the concentrate run up to several per cent. carbon. This makes the concentrates subject to firing, causes heavy consumption of niter, and lowers the acid-plant capacity, due to dilution of gases. The hand-cleaning methods

Jan 1, 1920

By Edmund C. Pechin

I REGRET that I am unable to present this subject in definite form and detail. All I shall attempt at this meeting is to lay before you some curious facts, the bearings and explanations of which must be reserved for future consideration. I hope before the next meeting to have carried experiments far enough to furnish a more important contribution to the science of iron metallurgy. The Wickersham process consists in the introduction into the molten metal, as it runs from the furnace, of air from the hot blast. Mr. Samuel Wickersham is the originator of the plan, as applied in practice, although Mr. Martien had the idea a long time ago, and, I believe, went to England about it. But at that time Mr. Bessemer was coming before the public with his invention, which engrossed the attention of iron-masters, and Mr. Martien accomplished nothing. The principal difficulty in our experiments at Dunbar was to get a practicable runner or trough, through which the molten metal should pass, and in which it should be exposed to the action of the Mast. The runner we used was ten feet long, and perforated on the sides to permit the entrance of the air-currents. When we used a cast-iron and fire-clay runner, the heat was so great that before we were more than half done with a run, the lower part of the runner was melted, and we had a magnificent Fourth of July display of fireworks until the blast was shut off. We had to abandon fire clay. The runner with which we have had the best success is made of wrong- ht-iron tubes, 29 inches in diameter, attached to a wrought-iron frame, and lined with a mixture of crushed conglornerate (quartz) and a little fire clay to give it cohesion. The wrought-iron shell curves inward over the upper edges, so as to catch and throw back into the current the flying sparks and particles of metal thrown out by ebullition. With this we have been able to run 12 to 14 tons at a heat with great ease. Mr. Wickersham has since prepared this material (pounded quartz) into a shaped brick or tile, with the necessary perforations for the passage of the air, which promises to answer every requirement for steady working. As regards the improvement in the quality of the iron, there seems to be no question. A large number of practical tests were made in

By V. E. McKelvey

The Phosphoria formation of the northwestern states presents a stimulating challenge to workers in every field of mineral technology. In addition to its large reserves of phosphate, the formation has been found to contain important amounts of fluorine and several metals, such as vanadium, nickel, and molybdenum. Because these minor metals in the Phosphoria do not have their usual glitter, concentrations of them are not easily discovered nor appraised. Like the phosphate itself, production of these metals very likely can be achieved only through use of costly chemical methods, for their mineralogy precludes treatment by the usual methods. In addition, in much of the area the containing rocks lie in complexly folded and faulted structures, which complicate mining and increase its cost. Yet the chain of research necessary to establish what elements are present; their geographic and stratigraphic distribution and reserves; the most suitable methods for recovering them; the combination of beds which, when ruined and processed, will yield the greatest recovery of the most valuable elements; and the methods most adaptable to their profitable extraction may well lead to the development of an important mineral industry and may make possible a significaut reduction in the cost of fertilizer this in itself would be an achievement of momentous importance—and at the same time make the nation more self-sustaining in critical materials. Although this research has great

Jan 1, 1950

By John McCoy, Edward Thimons, Kenneth Heller

As the working levels in domestic mines are developed to greater depths and work areas move further from the shafts, maintaining a safe and healthful working environment becomes more difficult. Increased temperature and humidity at greater depths becomes first a factor in productivity and then a threat to the miner's safety. Initially, a miner might develop listlessness leading to reduced productivity and reduced alertness. Continued overexertion can lead to heat stroke and possibly death. Mine ventilation engineers, therefore, must not only provide clean air to work areas, but also must provide cooled air. The following article describes the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and Foster-Miller's successful development of a high performance, low maintenance direct water to air contact heat exchanger for mine cooling. While heat problems frequently do not develop until mining operations descend below sea level, problems will arise any time mining penetrates high temperature rock. Hot fissure water will increase the severity of the situation, causing increases in wet bulb temperature - the temperature to which perspiring miners reject metabolic body heat. All energy expended in mining adds to the heat load which must be absorbed by the ventilation air. Just when the cooling capacity of ventilation air is needed most, adiabatic compression (autocompression) of air descending the shaft raises air temperatures 1.3g°C (2.5'F) to 2.94"C (5.3OF)/305m (1000 ft) depending on humidity. Increased temperatures decrease the ability of the air to absorb heat from the mine, and work area temperatures rise. Once forced ventilation air can no longer maintain safe work area temperatures, refrigeration methods must be employed. Many mines now use cooling coils for this purpose. A cooling coil uses refrigerated mine water to cool the air by passing the air through banks of copper tubing filled with cold water. Heat from the air is transferred to the water through the pipe with the aid of fins. Conventional water to air heat exchangers prove troublesome for many mines be- cause of the high levels of dust that are encountered, causing these exchangers to operate at relatively low efficiencies. A more satisfactory approach to work- place cooling is desired - one that offers reduced maintenance and increased cooling efficiency.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Rostoker, S. A. Spachner

STUDIES of precipitation phenomena by use of X-ray diffraction effects have shown that atoms of the precipitating phase initially form lattices of limited periodicity in two or three dimensions.1, 2 Such diffraction effects are usually plotted in reciprocal space to facilitate identification. Atomic chains, or gratings possessing unlimited periodicity in only one dimension, cause uniform intensity planes in reciprocal space. Platelets, or gratings possessing unlimited periodicity in two dimensions, cause uniform intensity rods in reciprocal space. Such studies have been accomplished by use of white radiation (Laue technique) or characteristic or monochromatic radiation used with rotating single crystal or Weissenberg cameras. Each one of these techniques have associated drawbacks. If the Lque or rotating single-crystal technique is used, the results which are obtained may be ambiguous.3 Diffraction photograms made with a WeisSenberg camera do provide a direct but distorted representation of the variation of diffracted

Jan 1, 1960

By H. M. Chance M

The following tables have been compiled from the annual reports of the Inspectors of Mines, to determine the percentages of fatal and non-fatal casualties from roof-falls and explosions of fire-damp. As we cannot assume that every accident has teen recorded by the inspectors ; as many casualties terminating fatally after the lapse of a considerable period, are inevitably recorded as " non-fatal;" and as clerical errors may have crept into the compilation,* the figures of these tables cannot be considered absolutely correct, but the summary is sufficiently reliable to show the features I wish to differentiate. Under the heading " Miscellaneous" are included all accidents not directly attributable to explosions of fire-damp, roof-falls or fails of coal. Prominent among the numerous causes included under this head are premature or delayed explosion of blasts, accidental explosion of powder or cartridges, accidents from mine cam, falls in shafts, machine accidents, sliding of loose coal in pitching breasts, suffoca tion by choke-damp, etc., comprising in all 48 per cent. of the total number of casualties.

Jan 1, 1882

Papers published by the Institute are issued in a variety of forms MINING TECHNOLOGY, issued every other month, contains the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS on Metal Mining, Minerals Beneficiation (milling and concentration), Industrial Minerals (nonmetallic) and Mining Geology, Mining Administration, and Geophysics papers relating to Metal Mining (A, B, H, I, K, L ) METALS TECHNOLOGY, issued eight times a year, contains the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS of the Iron and Steel Division and the Institute of Metals Division, and once or twice during the year those on Non-ferrous Metallurgy (reduction and refining of nonferrous metals) (C, E, and D ) PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, issued every other month, contains the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS of the Petroleum Division, together with Geophysics papers relating to -the finding of Petroleum (G, L ) COAL TECHNOLOGY, issued four times a year, contains the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS of the Coal Division (F ) MINERAL INDUSTRY EDUCATION DIVISION papers appear in a TECHNOLOGY according to classification of subject matter DISCUSSIONS appear in the respective TECHNOLOGY as available MINING AND METALLURGY is the monthly magazine, which contains papers of general interest and news of the membership

Jan 1, 1952

History of Production, of Salt Creek Oil Field, Wyoming Discussion of the paper of EDWARD L. ESTASROOK and CLARENCE M. RADER, presented at the Casper Meeting of the Petroleum Division and issued, as Paper No. 1503-G, with MINING AND METALLURGY, September, 1925. C. E. REISTLE, Laramie, Wyo.-The application of water analysis to petroleum engineering problems is successful in many cases, particularly if the water in the sands is of uniform chemical constituency and if each sand water varies definitely from the others in its chemical properties. At Salt Creek, the sand waters are not of uniform chemical character, and the waters in the various sands do not differ greatly; so a water from one sand might easily be classified as a water from some other sand. The water from the Shannon sand contains sulfates; this alone makes it possible to differentiate between the Shannon and the First and Second Wall Creek and Lakota sands. However, it is not so easy to differentiate between water of the First and Second Wall Creek sands. As a rule, the Second Wall Creek sand contains a higher concentration of mineral matter, but in Table 19, sample 2; of the First Wall Creek sand and sample 7 of the Second Wall Creek sand have approximately the same amount of total solids. As a rule, the chlorides are higher in the Second sand waters than in the First sand; but, the chlorides in sample 6 of the Second sand show practically the same amount as sample 3 of the First sand. The use of reaction properties does not. solve this trouble, as they generalize the conditions even more. For instance, the reaction properties of sample 3 of the First sand are almost identical with the reaction properties of sample 6, of the Second sand. The authors suggest that the chemical characteristics of the water in a sand are not uniform because of the concentration of the water by underground evaporation. In that case should not the ratio of the various chemical constituents remain the same? Gas does remove some mineral matter, as evidenced by deposits in the gas lines and packing in the absorbers of the natural gasoline plants, but why does the gas act selectively, removing one salt and not all of the salts in the ratio that they occur?

Jan 12, 1925