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By P. Somasundaran, R. D. Kulkarni

Reagentizing at elevated temperature, reported in the past as beneficial for the flotation of hematite using oleate, is studied here as a function of collector concentration, solution pH and ionic strength at various levels of conditioning temperature. The study revealed strong interactions between variables; particularly, the effect of conditioning temperature was found to strongly depend on the ionic strength of the solution. Thus, while an increase of conditioning temperature at lower ionic strengths or that of ionic strength at lower temperatures resulted in an increase of both flotation and grade, an increase of the former at higher ionic strength or that of the latter at higher temperatures caused a significant decrease in both responses. These observations have been explained in terms of the increased chemisorption of oleate at elevated temperatures and the temperature effect of ionic-strength on the salting out of the oleate from the bulk solution. The above effects which were first observed during Hallimond cell flotation tests were subsequently tested with Denver cell using low-grade iron ore. The results obtained using the two test procedures were in agreement with each other. The implications of these effects and interactions for process control of optimum flotation performance must be noted since variation in the levels of the above parameters are likely under plant conditions.

Jan 1, 1978

[NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES ALABAMA America.-Dyar, 0. C. Anniston.-Klugh, B. 0. Ashland.-Pallister, H. D. Auburn.-*Poor, R. S. Bessemer.-Creveling, J. 0. Lindstrom, W. A. McKenzie, W. 0. Mitchell, F. R. Birmingham.-Abbott, C. E. Aldrich, T. H., Jr. Armstrong, 0. R. Beard, A. H. Benjamin, F. S. Blackburn, E. 0. Blair, A. J. Blair, 0. S. Blair. H. W.]

Jan 1, 1946

By Takuski Stanislaw, Alfons Krawiec

Rock bursting is a particular hazard in the pit-coal mines of Poland due mainly to the physical-mechanical properties of the rock and the geological-tectonic structure of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Mining and geophysical methods of predicting and preventing rock bursts are discussed. These include: seismologic methods, various kinds of shock blasting, torpedoing, and injecting water under high pressure.

Jan 1, 1978

By Timothy P. Smirnoff

INTRODUCTION The Jones Island Inline Pump Station is a major element of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's (MMSD) Inline Storage Facilities Plan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. See Figure 1. This underground 6.6 cu m/day (150 MGD) Pumping Station will be located immediately south of the existing Jones Island Treatment Plant at the confluence of the Menomonee and Kinnickinnic Rivers on the Milwaukee Bay, south of the Milwaukee River. [ ]

Jan 1, 1984

By Edwin Ludlow

EDWIN LUDLOW, the 41st President of the A. I. M. E., died in Muskogee, Okla., on Feb. 10, 1924, after a brief illness of influenza followed by pneumonia. He was born in Oakdale, Long Island, N. Y., March 12, 1858, a son of William Handy and Louise (Nicoll) Ludlow, attended Flushing (L. I.) Institute 1868-75: and Columbia School of Mines (N. Y.) where he graduated with the degree of Engineer of Mines with the Class of 1879. After graduation his first employment was as assistant engineer in river and harbor work on the Delaware River near Philadelphia. In 1881 he went to Mexico as one of the engineers on the Mexican Central Railroad, then building from Laredo, Texas, to Mexico City. The road being in financial difficulties he returned to the United, [states, and shortly thereafter was made superintendent of the Union Coal Co.'s collieries located in the western middle anthracite field, between Shamokin and Mt. Carmel. Ludlow and Arthur H. Storrs, then superintendent of the Neilson Shaft Colliery, in Shamokin, were known throughout that section as the baby superintendents, both under 25 years of age. The appointments of such young men were at that time unique and set a record for youthful assumption of re-

Jan 1, 1924

By S. H. Ash

Foreman remains key man in any safety program, as men attracted to the industry must be trained in safety thinking. Diesel engines underground aid safety and widespread use of roof bolting is reflected in reduction of roof-fall fatalities.

Jan 2, 1953

By Oswald J. Heinrich

The great improvement which have been made in late years in the different systems and instruments used to perforate the crust of the earth for purposes of testing and exploring for mineral resources or for other reasons, by means of bore-holes of greater or less diameter and to greater or less depths, are manifold. It may therefore be of interest to make an impartial comparison of them, or of such as are most commonly used. Being well aware of the difficulties which are encountered in such a task, a reasonable allowance most be made in such a comparison. It is a rare instance when even two decidedly different systems or instruments have been used in the same locality, penetrating identically the same strata to the same depth. The diameter of a borehole as well as its greater or less depth must also be considered in regard to its cost per foot, etc. But for practical purposes, for exploration at least, we may assert this rule: Any bore-hole, of whatever diameter, which allows the means of examining the strata most carefully and completely, will be sufficient for this purpose, but that one which will do it most economically and in the least space of time, must be considered the best for it. It will, therefore, partially depend upon circumstances, what system, in spite of other superiorities, may be the best in each case, and the following remarks may aid in deciding this question. To make the attempt here to review all that has been published upon the different systems and means of boring would be out of place. Reference can be had to the able publications treating upon this subject. A difference in this respect exists in regard to the use of the hollow rods in connection with the diamond drill, used for that purpose. The great future, which appears to be evident for this instrument, will be warrant enough for any one, who has had the opportunity to test it, to give his experience to the public. Only in this way can we bring this system to such perfection, as it seems to deserve and

By C. C. McDermond

In reviewing petroleum development in Venezuela during the year 1936, it is well to bear in mind certain factors that affected progress, although not directly connected with the oil industry itself. At the start of the year, when the present Federal Administration took over the reins of government, reaction against the former regime resulted in some popular uprisings. Although these were entirely political in character, they were not without their effect on the oil industry itself. Such popular agitation really ended with a short general strike in Caracas, Maracaibo and other cities during June, these strikes being based on demands for certain changes in government policies. The strikes were duly investigated and their motives taken into consideration by the executive power or by Congress, and during the year many of the civil, political and administrative laws have been revised. In June and December, however, it was necessary to suspend activities in drilling and production work, particularly in the Lake Maracaibo Basin area. In June a strike caused a five-day shutdown in the main producing fields and on Dec. 14 labor difficulties resulted in a shutdown that continued to the end of the year, which necessitated suspension of all drilling and production in the Lake Basin area and curtailment of shipments to deep-water terminals. Actually, the strike lasted for a period of 42 days, until Federal intervention brought the dispute to a close with minor wage increases to workers hut with no loss of initiative or independence on the part of the oil companies. Operations in eastern Venezuela were not affected by the labor disturbances, production and exports having been reduced in December only in the Lake Basin fields. Well Completions On Jan. 1, 1937, a total of 3384 wells had been completed throughout Venezuelan fields, as compared with 3094 on Jan. 1,1936. Of these wells, 2005 were producers. The 290 completions effected during 1936 were by the following operating companies: Lago Petroleum Corporation, 123 completions; Dutch Shell group, 104; Standard Oil Company of Venezuela, 46; Mene Grande Oil Co., 15; British Controlled Oilfields, Ltd., 2.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. C. Wilmoth, R. D. Hill, R. B. Scott

A cost breakdown is given for reclamation and mine drainage abatement conducted by the Federal Water Quality Administration's demonstration project near Elkins, W. Va. Costs for construction of control measures have been developed and include backfilling strip mines, sealing subsidence areas, reconstructing stream channels, and installing mine seals to prevent the entrance of water and air.

Jan 1, 1973

By L. A. Delano

DURING 1916, the St. Joseph Lead Co. milled 2,505,670 tons of ore. This is a daily operating average of 7855 tons. The economic concentration of such a large tonnage necessarily requires a plant equipped with modern machinery and operated efficiently. The milling process used in producing this output has been a gradual development through the long period of years that the company has been in existence. HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF MILLING PRACTICE Ore was first mined at Bonne Terre, Mo., in 1864. The early milling practice was crude. It consisted of breaking the ore into small pieces by hand, pulverizing in a Blake crusher and a pair of Cornish rolls to approximately minus 6 mm., and jigging in the old-fashioned hand jigs. Only the coarse heavy galena was saved, the gangue being shoveled off and discarded. The output for the first year under this method was only 240 tons of pig lead. The first mill of the company was a combination of extensions and additions built from time to time as the mines developed. It was a museum of early mulling machinery, such as jigs, percussion tables, huddles, dolly tubs, log washers, etc., following no definite flow sheet. The chats, or tailings, were hauled to waste dumps by mule and ox teams, as much as 500 tons per day being moved in this manner, until a railroad was built in 1880. This mill was burned in 1883, at which time the annual output had reached approximately 7300 tons of pig lead. A new mill of 500 tons capacity was designed and built by C. B. Parsons. This mill has been admirably described by H. S. Monroe.1 The ore was crushed in Blake crushers, Cornish rolls, through 6-mm. screens, and treated by jigs of the Parsons type, percussion tables and log washers, or trunking machines, for cleaning the galena. The middlings were recrushed in rolls and treated on Harz jigs. The mill was operated without change, except later installing Gates crushers and en-

Jan 9, 1917

By J. D. Miller, R. L. Atwood

The structure, properties, and composition of commercial chelating-type copper extractants are examined. Characterization of these extractants was accomplished using organic separation techniques and analytical tools such as NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Results indicate that only the trans isomer of the diphenylhydroxyoxime (LIX 64N) is capable of copper chelation. The effects of structural modification of the extractants on the extraction and stripping reactions are discussed.

Jan 1, 1974

By Richard D. Hagni

Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits contain significant quantities of minor elements, which are present partly in the form of separate mineral phases and partly in solid solution in the major sulfide phases for which these deposits are exploited. These elements, as separate phases, are: copper, mainly in chalcopyrite and enargite; cobalt and nickel, chiefly in thiospinels and bravoite; rare earth elements associated with certain fluorites; and native gold. Many economically important minor elements occur in solid solution in sphalerite, including silver, cadmium, iron, germanium, gallium, indium, thallium, cobalt, nickel, and mercury. Significant amounts of silver and antimony, and perhaps very small amounts of gold, are present in solid solution in galena. Chalcopyrite may contain small amounts of silver, molybdenum, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel. Marcasite and pyrite may contain silver, thallium, cobalt, and nickel. Although some of the minor elements contained in the Mississippi Valley-type deposits are currently recovered at the smelters and refineries, many are lost in tailings, sludges, and slags; consequently, important quantities of these elements are potentially recoverable as non-conventional resources.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. Buchanan, O. Johari

STEREOGRAPHIC projection has been one of the most useful aids in crystal-structure studies. With the increasing use of electron microscopy in metallurgy and other fields, stereographic projection is being used in many ways1 to interpret the results from electron diffraction patterns and transmission micrographs. For many of these applications, e.g., trace analysis, twinning, and so forth standard projections of various indices are required.

Jan 1, 1967

By Thomas Kesler

THE Cartersville mining district, 35 miles northwest of Atlanta, Ga., has been of varying but continuous importance in the southern mineral industry during the past century. Noted chiefly for its production of brown iron ore, manganese oxide ores, barite, sienna, and magnesian limestone, the district and its environs have produced brick and tile clays, slate, gold, bauxite, and graphitic schist. Minor deposits of serpentine, sericite schist, copper ore, and red iron oxide have been prospected. The obvious deposits of brown iron ore, together with some associated specular hematite, were mined out years ago, although a little ore was left in the workings. Moderately steady production of sienna reached a peak about 1930, then declined rapidly. Manganese mining passed through a relatively active period from the World War to 1931, but has subsided to a small but rather constant output for the Birmingham market. How-ever, the White Manganese Corporation has prepared for possible increased production by constructing a new washer capable of handling about 300 tons of ore per day. Principal activity in the district proper has centered for some years in the production of barite and magne-sian limestone.

Jan 1, 1940

By T. Sterry Hunt

The deposit of rock-salt which is known to exist along the eastern shore of Lake Huron, in the province of Ontario, has lately been more completely explored than before, by a boring with a diamond drill, put down by Henry Attrill, Esq., of New York City, and the results obtained are so important in every way that I make no apology for presenting them to the Institute of Mining Engineers. I may be permitted to preface an account of this remarkable exploration, and of its results, with a historical sketch of the discovery and development of this salt-region. It was in December, 1865, that a boring was begun near the town of Goderich, in the hope of finding petroleum. In this the adventurers were disappointed, but, after passing through about 800 feet of limestone, they encountered a series of variegated marls, in which, at a, depth of 964 feet from the surface, a bed of rock-salt, 30 feet in thickness, was met with in May, 1866. The boring was carried to a depth of 1010 feet, ending in hard rock, and yielded, by pumping, a very pure saturated brine when examined by me in August of the same year. In the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1863-66, published early in 1867, I described this salt-well, with many geological details, and gave an analysis of the brine. In the next three years a considerable number of wells was sunk in and around Goderich, and numerous trials were made in various other parts of the region. Salt was found at Kincardine, thirty miles north-northeast from Goderich, at a depth of about 900 feet, and also at Clinton, thirteen miles southeast, at 1180 feet. Records of these wells, with analyses of the brine from them, were given by myself in a subsequent report of the Geological Survey, 1866-69, published in 1870 (pp. 211-244), together with accounts of various unsuccessful borings in the neighborhood, analyses of the brines from the various wells (including one analysis by Dr. Goessmann), with many details of the salt-manufacture at Goderich, at Syracuse, New York, and at Saginaw, Michigan. The geological character of the region was there discussed at length, and it was shown that the salt here occurs in the Onondaga or Salina formation, which

By T. Sterry Hunt

THE deposit of rock-salt which is known to exist along the eastern shore of Lake Huron, in the province of Ontario, has lately been more completely explored than before, by a boring with a diamond drill, put down by Henry Attrill, Esq., of New York City, and the results obtained are so important in every way that I make no apology for presenting them to the Institute of Mining Engineers. I may be permitted to preface an account of this remarkable exploration, and of its results, with a historical sketch of the discovery and development of this salt-region. It was in December, 1865, that a boring was begun near the town of Goderich, in the hope of finding petroleum. In this the adventurers were disappointed, but, after passing through about 800 feet of limestone, they encountered a series of variegated marls, in which, at a, depth of 964 feet from the surface, a bed of rock-salt, 30 feet in thickness, was met with in May, 1866. The boring was carried to a depth of 1010 feet, ending in hard rock, and yielded, by pumping, a very pure saturated brine when examined by me in August of the same year. In the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1863-66, published early in 1867, I described this salt-well, with many geological details, and gave an analysis of the brine. In the next three years a considerable number of wells was sunk in and around Goderich, and numerous trials were made in various other parts of the region. Salt was found at Kincardine, thirty miles north-northeast from Goderich, at a depth of about 900 feet, and also at Clinton, thirteen miles southeast, at 1180 feet. Records of these wells, with analyses of the brine from them, were given by myself in a subsequent report of the Geological Survey, 1866-69, published in 1870 (pp. 211-244), together with accounts of various unsuccessful borings in the neighborhood, analyses of the brines from the various wells (including one analysis by Dr. Goessmann), with many details of the salt-manufacture at Goderich, at Syracuse, New York, and at Saginaw, Michigan. The geological character of the region was there discussed at length, and it was shown that the salt here occurs in the Onondaga or Salina formation, which

Jan 1, 1877

By H. F. Ameen, F. M. Hamilton

Results of a laboratory investigation of some sintering variables are presented. The effect on physical properties of mix component variation and rate of cooling of the sinter is illustrated by crush and tumbler test results and data of reducibility tests and microscopic examination of sinters are shown. The results of using solid additions in the mix to improve bed permeability are given.

Jan 12, 1950

By W. C. Winegard, C. J. Simpson

BNINGESSNER et al.1 have shown that the solidification substructure in dilute cadmium alloys persisted after repeated deformation, recrystallization, and annealing treatments. On the basis of this and similar evidence, Whelan has suggested in a recent publication' that the solidification structure might affect the mobility of grain boundaries even after primary re-crystallization. This suggestion is important, since the technique used by previous investigators3-5 to fabricate grain growth specimens consisted only of casting, deforming, and recrystallizing prior to the grain growth anneal. Usually no attempt was made to homogenize samples with prolonged annealing. Experiments. To test the Whelan hypothesis, grain growth experiments were performed with samples in which the degree of solute segregation was altered by controlling the solidification rate of the alloys. The initial experiments were performed on the Pb-Ag system. Alloys containing 0.01 at. pct Ag were produced from 99.9999 pct Pb and 99.999 pct Ag. Cylindrical samples, 40 cm long and 12 mm in diam, were solidified in graphite-coated Vycor tubes by lowering them through a vertical furnace at varying rates with the furnace power settings constant. Six-centimeter sections were discarded from each end, and the 28-cm section from the center was cut into sections 25 mm long for grain growth experiments. These samples were deformed with the aid of a drophammer to a uniform thickness of 5.7 mm. After almost instantaneous recrystallization, the samples were given a grain growth anneal for various times at 260°C in a salt bath. Experimental results are shown

Jan 1, 1970

By D. A. Hinckfuss

The large and compact but simple Bougainville Copper Limited flotation circuit has been in operation for 3-1/2 years. Discussion of problem areas encountered since start-up and remedies that have been implemented or proposed, form the main basis of this paper. Full current operational data is also provided.

Jan 1, 1976

By Arnulf Muan, Klaus Schwerdtfeger

Activity-composition relations in Pt-Cr and Pd-Cr alloys of low chromium concentrations UCr < 0.3) have been determined in order to ascertain quantitatively the extent of reactions to be expected between Cr2O3-containing oxide phases and platinum or palladium crucibles used as containers in studies of oxide equilibria at low oxygen pressures. This work is a continuation of similar work previously

Jan 1, 1965