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By R. F. Mehl, M. Gensamer

THE stresses which initiate deformation processes in metals are fundamentally important in the study of the mechanical properties of metals. A point of inflection in the load-elongation curves obtained for single crystals1 has been rather too readily interpreted as a true yield point, and the critical resolved shearing stress on the plane of slip taken as a material constant. Even early work showed that the stress at this point varies with rate of loading, but it has not been generally appreciated that creep tests under static loads alone are suited for determining the existence or nonexistence of a yield point.2 It has now been shown by Miller that single crystals of zinc3 when loaded statically begin to yield at loads too small to measure; as a result there is no case now known, apart from that cited in the present paper, in which a true critical stress for yielding has been demonstrated for single crystals of metals. The case of iron has especial interest: the existence of an upper and lower yield point and of an elongation at the yield point in ordinary iron and steel marks this substance as unusual, though the effects have been found to a very minor degree in other metals and alloys. ‡ Most alloys do not show such marked phenomena when appreciable yielding begins, and accordingly modern practice is to speak of the yield strength of such materials, a stress read from the load-elongation curve after elongation has begun, rather than yield point. The special behavior of iron suggests that it is more likely that single crystals of iron should have a true yield point than other metals. The study of the mechanical properties of metals and alloys requires a determination of the crystallographic mechanism of deformation, whether deformation proceeds by slip, twinning, or cleavage, or a combination of these, and a determination of the stresses that induce these modes of

Jan 1, 1938

WHEN the new sulphide plant started to roll at Chuquicamata last July, we broached the matter of looking in on this historic event to Burr Wheeler, then executive vice president of Chile Exploration Co. (Chilex executive offices are housed with the parent company, Anaconda, at 25 Broadway which is 23 hours and 15 minutes closer to the AIME office than the mine, counting air and automobile travel). Mr. Wheeler was at Chuqui when they turned the first shovelful of earth, has an understandable pride and affection in the mine, and kindly offered to make all arrangements. As a guest of Chilex, physical exam, injections, police clearance, passport, and airline reservations on the crack Panagra airline are procured swiftly and almost painlessly. Winter clothes were advised by Mr. Wheeler and D. M. Dunbar, who is the former's assistant and a seasoned Chuqui-ite. Both of these gentlemen obviously prefer Chuqui climate, with 364 days of sunshine, 1 ½ -in. rainfall, rare atmosphere of 10,000 ft elevation, Christmas-time earthquakes, and howling winds through June and July to the vicissitudes of New York weather. Panagra's de luxe DC-6 noses in toward land at Antofagasta, Chile, the supply and embarkation port for Chuquicamata. The Coastal Range, completely barren of green, thrusts a spur far out into the Pacific creating a crescent-shaped and protected harbor at Antofagasta. Beach gives way to pampa, to hills, and the only variation in scenery is in topographic relief. Chilex's reception committee in the person of the alert and amiable Bob Condit, assistant port agent, takes care of everything: immigration, interviews by the local press, baggage, transportation, and introduction to Chilean cuisine. The drive up to Chuqui takes about three hours, on the only two lane highway in northern Chile; hard surfaced, with a few kilometers of repair work in progress. We were fortunate to make the trip with manager Charles Brinckerhoff, who arrived the same day at Antofagasta from the seat of government at Santiago where he goes frequently to keep in touch with the company's Santiago office.

Jan 1, 1952

By W. T. Thom

In previous classifications of coal, it has been customary to regard moisture eliminated from coal samples between 20 and 100 C. as extraneous matter, rather than as a constituent part of the coal. It seems, however, that the physical character and use properties of the low-rank coals are directly related to the amount of such moisture present, and recent chemical work has shown' that such coals contain unstable groupings which decompose between 20 C. and temperatures somewhat above 100" C., with the splitting off of moisture. According to this view, the moisture eliminated from air-dried coal below boiling point is similar in all essential respects to moisture eliminated above 100" C., and is produced by analogous reactions; and inasmuch as the moisture given off above 100" C. has always been treated as a constituent of the volatile matter of coal, it would seem that consistent usage would include as a part of the volatile matter all moisture present as an essential component of the coal as it occurs in nature. As a matter of experience, it seems clear that the general physical and chemical characteristics of the low-rank coals are largely determined by or related to the moisture, whether chemically or physically combined, present in air-dried coal; it is also demonstrable by trial that the low-rank coals cannot be satisfactorily classified on a purely chemical basis by using the moisture free form of analysis. The low-rank coals of the western United States include numerous well-defined types, many of which were referred to in a classification proposed by Ashley,2 in which the physical and use properties of the coals were made the primary basis for their systematic grouping. When testing this classification by replotting analyses of these type coals according to the Seyler scheme of classification,3 a satisfactory parallelism between use properties and chemical constitution of the dry coal was found among

Jan 1, 1925

THE CHALRYAN.--I think that we have set the stage for the balance of the sym- posium. Most of the emphasis has been placed on the immediate value of every- thing we can do and everything we can learn for the furtherance of the war effort. I believe that ought to be first, but I also believe that this is the time for us to con- sider very seriously not only what these improved methods and techniques do to form a closer approach to ideal segregation but what effect these great quantities of scrap metals and alloys that are going to be produced this year and next, are going to have-what their impact will be-on post- war industry in general and in particular ,, on the primary metals fields. In some cases we have been hearing in the last month or two of the law of diminishing returns coming to the fore. We find alloy simplification growing and certain alloys being produced in great quantities, which will perhaps drop out of the picture some- what as the war ends but never to the lower ( stage they had before. We have I think a pretty good cross- section of the producers, the refiners, the reclaimers and ingot makers, the ultimate users here, and there ought to be some good and helpful discussion. The papers are open for discussion. Mr. Beattie, do you want to make any 1 comment? H. J. BEATTIE.*-To start the discussion I might ask Mr. Deitz what they do with manganese bronze turnings? We segregate the manganese bronze turnings from the other bronze turnings. The value of it seems to be much out of line with the price of ingot, that is, as compared to some of the other alloys like 88-10-2 or 85-5-5-5. I assume it is because they can only use a

Jan 1, 1943

By L. D. Jaffe, D. C. Buffum

EARLIER the authors and coworkers had pre sented data on isothermal temper embrittlement of an SAE 3140 steel?' In that work, however, attention was concentrated on embrittlement at 575°C and below. Preliminary measurements showed that embrittlement at 675 °C was much mote rapid than would be expected from the data at the lower temperatures: and indicated the need for further work above 575°C. The possibility of an upper nose in the time-temperature embrittlement diagram above 575°C was pointed out. Procedure The same heat of SAE 3140 steel was used as in the previous work, and experimental methods were the same. All blanks were austenitized 1 hr at 900°C and water, quenched. Groups were then tempered 1 hr at 675"C, water quenched, and given embrittling treatments for times of 5 min to 240 hr at 675" to 600 °C, as shown in Table I. Other groups, after the temper and quench, were embrittled 48 to 1440 hr at 550°C. Another series was tempered 240 hr at 675"C, quenched, and held for various times at 650" to 375°C (Table 11). For comparison, a series was tempered for these same times at 700°, 675", and 650°C (Table 111). The Ae, temperature for this heat of steel had been determined as approximately 690°C;1*a the treatments at 700°C were introduced to determine the effects of tempering in a range where a little austenite would fonn. A large number of other treatments, involving holding at two temperatures in succession after the temper, and occasionally slow cooling or heating, were also studied. These treatments are listed in the tables. Austenitizing was done in air; all subsequent treatments were in salt. Blanks were always water quenched after the last treatment. The heat-treated blanks were machined to standard V-notch Charpy specimens. A transition curve for each group was obtained by breaking the specimens at various temperatures on a 217 ft-lb impact machine having a striking velocity of 16.8 fps, and plotting the observed percentage of fibrous fracture vs the test temperature. From this plot, the transition temperature was taken as the lowest temperature at which the fracture appeared 100 pct fibrous; its accuracy is estimated as +5"C. Generally, hardness was measured on every bar. Since a decrease in hardness itself seems to decrease the transition temperature somewhat, a correctiona of —0.28"C per Bhn was applied to permit comparison of the transition temperatures on a uniform basis of 24 Rc. The transition temperature and hardness results are given in Tables I through VI. Where overlap of earlier work1.' occurred, data were combined.

Jan 1, 1958

By Roy A. Hardy

THE Getchell mine is a comparatively recent discovery in the old Potosi mining district, Humboldt County, Nevada, a district organized in the seventies and eighties, in which some prospecting was done in several metamorphic zones along a monzonite-sedimentary contact. The district had no production in the early days and no further work was done until the same metamorphic zones were prospected for tungsten (scheelite) in 1917 and 1918, when a few small lots were shipped. It again lay dormant until 1934, when prospectors investigated a large siliceous escarpment at one end of the old district where outcroppings were a prominent feature of the topography. Undoubtedly, during the early prospecting of the district, the outcroppings had been investigated for mineral, probably by panning, with negligible results because the gold later found is invisible in the concentrate and is refractory. A fire assay revealed the presence of sufficient gold to warrant development work. The outcroppings were easily prospected by short tunnels having their portals in the siliceous material on the hanging-wall side, with a maximum distance to crosscut to the footwall of 135 ft., or a distance at right angle to dip of 60 to 90 ft. Development work, reaching a depth of over 600 ft. on the dip of the vein, was done by means of various crosscut tunnels, winzes and laterals. A churn-drill hole was also sunk, which intersected the vein at a depth of 1100 ft. on the dip. Sufficient development work of this character was completed by 1937 to justify the erection of a reduction plant to roast the sulphide ore and cyanide the calcine, and to treat the oxidized ore by straight cyanidation, to make a doré bullion for shipment to the mint. The erection of the plant was started that year and finished early in 1938, with a combined capacity of about 800 tons per day. It has operated continuously since erection and recently was enlarged to handle 1000 tons per day. The vein dips with the slope of the mountain, and by stripping the hanging wall the ore may be mined by power shovel for several hundred feet below the outcrop. Thereafter underground methods will be necessary.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. M. Ohm, C. M. Bunker

Two special tools for recovering gamma-ray probes and logging cable from drillholes have been designed by Ohm and Bunker and constructed by Ohm. Though intended specifically for U. S. Geological Survey equipment, they may be used with other equipment of the same general type. Fishing Tool for Probes: A fishing tool of the overshot type (Fig. 1) was designed to retrieve logging probes (sondes) that become disconnected from the logging cable and are trapped in the drillhole. When the tool slides over the top of the gamma-ray probe, studs on the bottom engage the shoulder near the top of the probe (Fig. 2), which is then pulled to surface. The barrel can be constructed from brass or steel tubing. Wall thickness is not a critical dimension, but the tool should be heavy enough to sink through mud or water in the drillhole. The internal length of the tool must be enough to prevent interference with the upper end of the probe head as the tool slides over it. The design of the probe head used by the USGS required a minimum free space of 2 1/2 in. inside the fishing tool, which was made 7 1/2 in. long to increase the weight. The lower end, which engages the shoulder of the upper end of the probe, contains three studs placed at 120" around the circumference of the tool and held in the engaging position by the tension of a spring wire. The studs can be made of any metal, such as steel, having high tensile strength. As the tool slides over the probe the studs are pushed outward from the center against the spring tension, allowing the tool to slide into position below the shoulder of the probe head. The spring tension forces the studs inward into the engaged position after they pass the shoulder. When the tool is raised the studs stop against the shoulder, preventing the tool from sliding up over the top of the probe. Once it engages the shoulder of the probe it cannot be freed until both probe and fishing equipment are recovered from the drillhole.

Jan 1, 1960

By Anthony Anable, J. V. N. Dorr

When separate treatment of sand and slime by cyanidation was the rule rather than the exception, as now, and when gravity concentration, rather than flotation, was the accepted method of dressing copper, lead, zinc and other base ores, classification was a separate step in ore treatment. Today, however, the picture is much different. The trend toward all-slime treatment in cyanidation and flotation has made fine closed-circuit grinding essential, and the mechanical classifier is of equal importance with the mill in the preparation of an ore for its treatment. Actually, a mill and classifier are a unit, a variation in either affecting the desired results. In developing this thesis—the mutual interdependence of the rotary mill and the classifier in modern fine-grinding practice—it would be well to consider first the different types of classifiers and mills in use today, their scope and limitations and the factors governing their selection. From such a basis as this a logical approach may be made to modern closed-circuit fine grinding, the evolution of multiple-stage grinding practice, the relation of the classifier to the mill and, finally, the trend to higher and higher circulating sand loads in the mill-classifier circuit. Such data as are germane to the subject will be given to support the thesis advanced. Mechanical Classifiers Theory.—Stokes' law, applicable to the uniform slow motion of a rigid sphere in a viscous fluid of infinite extent, states that the velocity of a particle settling under the influence of gravity is a function of the square of its radius: _ 2 g(ds - de)?2 v =9 S Where V = velocity of particle in cm. per see. g8, acceleration due to gravity d8, density of particle de, density of fluid ? = radius of particle S = viscosity of fluid

Jan 1, 1935

By Walter Miller

During no similar period in the development of petroleum refining technology has so much progress been made in methods and equipment for the economical utilization of heat. Drastically severe commercial and economical conditions controlling the refining industry during 1927 gave a great impetus to improved efficiency and more economical operation in all departments. I think it is fair to say, however, that more progress has been made in the department of heat utilization than in other branches. I use the word utilization advisedly in the dual sense of better primary generation and application of heat and of saving by recovery methods. It was because of this trend that the subject, "Economical Application of Heat," was made the keynote of the refinery engineering sessions just completed. No new, outstanding elemental discoveries can be claimed for the year along this line. Some of the progress made has been in the development of better furnaces and distilling equipment embodying the more modern principles of boiler practice in obtaining complete combustion of the fuel, low excess air requirements and high transfer rates through the heating surface. Transfer rates of 3000 to 6000 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per hr. were considered good some time ago in the older type of equipment. Today a transfer rate of 25,000 to 35,000 B. t. u. is an actual accomplishment in commercial installations and engineers are talking of the feasibility of 50,000, 75,000, even 100,000 R. t. u. per sq. ft. per hr. Contributing most to bringing this about have been the rational use of the velocity factor on both the oil and firing side of the heating surface, and the study and application of the principles of radiant heat in furnace design. Vapor Heat Economy The principle of heat exchange, especially against oil vapors, has been applied to a greater extent than ever before. The recovery of heat from oil vapors is not new. This was practiced 20 years ago or more in Europe,

Jan 1, 1928

By Donald L. Katz

Charts for predicting the pressure to which natural gases may be expanded without hydrate formation have been prepared for gases of even gravity. Pressure-temperature curves for hydrate formation were established for gases having gravities from 0.6 to 1.0. These curves and the thermal behavior of the gases during free and adiabatic expansion were used to prepare the charts for estimating the permissible expansion of natural gases without hydrate formation. The problem was solved by L. F, Albright, W. T. Boyd, J. J. McKetta, G. Martin, P. Poettman. and A. P. Snyder.-, who are first-year graduate students in the department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Michigan. This paper is essentially a summary of their results. Prediction of Conditions for Hydrate Formation in Natural Gases Each natural gas under a given pressure will form solid hydrates at a corresponding temperature provided sufficient water is present.1-5 The temperature of natural gases below about 5000 lb. per sq. in. decreases when the gases are expanded freely.6,7 This decrease in temperature may cause the expanding gas to enter the region of temperature and pressure at which hydrates will form' The final pressure to which a natural gas may 'be expanded without hydrate formation depends upon the initial temperature and pressure and the gas composition. This paper presents charts that give the final pressures to which gases of gravity 0.6 to 1.0 at given initial temperatures and pressures may be expanded without formation of hydrate. Hydrate-forming Temperatures and Pressures as a Function OF Gas -Gravity Experimental data of pressure versus temperature at which solid hydrate will form, provided sufficient water is present, are available for a series of gases.2,3 A method of predicting the pressure-temperature curve for a given gas composition has been reported.' The solution to this problem requires that these curves relating pressure to temperature be established for gases of given gravities.

Jan 1, 1945

By I. R. Kramer

A study was made of the effect of surface-active agents an copper, gold, and zinc single crystals as well as polycrystalline aluminum. The study on coppw showed that the maximum effect of the surface -active agent occurred at the same concentration of the solution as that at which the rate of solution of the copper soap was the greatest. Surface -active agents did not affect the creep behavior of gold or freshly polished zinc specimens. The creel-, rate of zinc specimens in a solution containing a surface-active agent zoas always lower than that of freshly polished specimens. In previous papers1'2 it was reported that the surface played an important role in the plastic deformation of metals. By removing the surface layers of a crystal of aluminum by electrolytic polishing dur- ing tensile deformation, it was found that the slopes of Stages I, 11, and In were decreased and the extent of Stages I and I1 were increased when the rate of metal removal was increased. The results of the investigation of surface-active agents showed that changes in the slopes and extents of Stages I and II occurred when single crystals of aluminum were deformed in tension in a bath containing solutions of paraffin oil and stearic acid. The amount of change was a function of the concentration of stearic acid and the maximum effect occurred at a concentration of 0.002 mole per liter. These results were interpreted2 in terms of the rate of solution of metal soaps which form as a result of the chemical reaction between the surface-active agent and the metal. According to this interpretation, the "weakening" effect is controlled by the rate of solution of the soaps which depends upon the concentration of surface-active agents. At low concentrations, the number of metal soap molecules formed is low; at high concentrations, the rate of solubility is low, because of the high degree of saturation.

Jan 1, 1963

By J. H. Nead

The subject of this paper is one to which there are many references in the literature but on which few actual data have been published. Such data are here presented showing the absorption of sulfur from producer gas in two open-hearth heats. This absorption occurs during the melting-down stage. Results of analyses of slag and metal samples taken simultaneously from the bath are given. THE subject of this paper is one to which there are many references in the literature on the manufacture of steel in the open-hearth furnace, but few actual experimental data have been published. For that reason, the presentation of results obtained from two open-hearth heats where attempts were made to measure the sulfur absorption will be of considerable interest and value. The two heats on which the experiments were made were Armco ingot-iron heats and differ from the usual open-hearth heat of medium- or mild-carbon steel in that the refining is carried further; in this product the carbon and manganese are reduced practically to traces. Inmost other respects, and especially in respect to the absorption of sulfur from the producer gas, the two heats are typical of usual open-hearth practice. The object of the experiments made on the first Armco iron heat was to determine the fluctuation of the composition of the metal bath and the slag throughout the course of the heat, with especial reference to the variations in sulfur. It was hoped to, determine whether there was an increase in sulfur in the bath from the producer gas and if so at what stage in the process the increase occurred. The experimental method consisted of charging analyzed scrap and pig iron, so that the sulfur in the charge could be calculated. Then, throughout the duration of the heat, metal and slag samples were taken every half hour, beginning as soon as there was enough molten metal to take a sample. These samples were analyzed; the results are given in

Jan 2, 1924

By S. R. Krom

IN Mr. Hoffman's papers, and in the discussions attending them, the claim is apparently made for the Sturtevant mill that it produces

Jan 1, 1893

By D. K. Grubbs, A. B. Moose

A brief overview of domestic sources of anorthosite in Oklahoma and Wyoming is presented, including drilling data on anorthosite and limestone exploration.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. H. Adams

I doubt if many of our engineers know of the existence of coalfields extending over hundreds of miles of territory bordering on and lying contiguous to the Rio Grande River in Mexico. Essential as these facts are to those contemplating the starting of industrial works along our frontier, 1 have not been able to learn that any surveys or examinations have been made of these deposits, arid I trust the preliminary and unofficial investigations lately made by myself may be found of interest, especially to those of our members whose experience has been with poor fuel, or in districts remote from railway facilities. While it is true that Northern Mexico is generally bare of charcoal-making timber, yet no greater mistake can be made than to condemn the light, quick-growing woods found in profusion, and which cannot be excelled in flame or heat-pruducing qualities for boilers, reverberatory furnaces, or hearths. No country could be surer of a full supply of wood if wise legislation in regard to irrigation and preservation of young timber were adopted and enforced, but the beneficiation of the low-grade ores of Mexico demands a more dense fuel for furnace work, and, fortunately for metallurgists, who will hereafter make this frontier a base of operations, there have been disclosed, near the surface, seemingly inexhaustible beds of semi-anthracite and bituminous coals. No extensive openings have as yet been made, and my own workings at the Cedral mines are all that can yet be said to prove the quantity and quality of the coal, other openings furnishing only corroborative evidence. Our location (one hundred and ten miles west of the Rio Grande River) is on the western line of the depository basin, as it has existed since the period of activity along the volcanic line. The region farther inland I have not examined, but the elevations, as a rule, are much greater, though from the nature of the formation, they are not necessarily barren ground. Beginning at the base of the Santa Rosa Mountains (location of the Cedral mines), we find very interesting breaks in the foot-hills, disclosing the stratified rocks from the volcanic centres to the valleys.

Jan 1, 1882

By Felix Shay

THE Agua Fria mine is in eastern Honduras at Lat. 140° 06' N., Long. 86° 36' W. Danli, the seat of the local municipal government, is the nearest town. The property is approximately 44 miles east of Teguci-galpa, the terminus of a truck road from the Pacific coast. The mine lies at an altitude of 3300 ft. with surrounding elevations as high as 6000 feet. For 20 years the oxidized croppings of the Agua Fria vein had been worked intermittently when in 1927 an attempt was made to open the property. A shaft was sunk 300 ft. and considerable ore was blocked out, but before a mill could be installed financial difficulties arose and the mine reverted to the original owners. Erle P. Halliburton, of Los Angeles, purchased the property in 1934. At that time a careful consideration of all factors involved showed that air transport was the only practical method of moving the equipment and machinery necessary to commence production. The other alternative was by muleback, which required sectionalizing all equipment to a maximum load of 200 lb., and during the rainy season this type of freighting was subject to serious delays. It was decided to purchase a trimotor Ford powered by three Pratt and Whitney Wasp B motors developing 400 hp. each. There were several reasons for the choice: (1) this type of plane was available at a reasonable price, owing to its replacement by faster models on most of the airlines in the United States; (2) the ship was capable of carrying a pay load of 3000 lb. over the required distance; (3) since this airplane had been widely used there would be no difficulty in securing competent personnel or in purchasing spare parts. It was necessary to rebuild the plane for cargo service. The windows were removed and the fuselage was entirely covered. A hatch was cut in the top of the fuselage to receive heavy crane loads and pieces of freight that were too large or too long to go through the rear door. The seats were removed and the interior of the plane was lined with Duralumin sheets. A heavy-duty landing gear was installed and the floor was reinforced.

Jan 1, 1940

By W. H. Adams

I DOUBT if many of our engineers know of the existence of coal-fields extending over hundreds of miles of territory bordering on and lying contiguous to the Rio Grande River in Mexico. Essential as these facts are to those contemplating the starting of industrial works along our frontier, I have not been able to learn that any surveys or examinations have been made of these deposits, and I trust the preliminary and unofficial investigations lately made by myself may be found of interest, especially to those of our members whose experience has been with poor fuel, or in districts remote from railway facilities. While it is true that Northern Mexico is generally bare of charcoal-making timber, yet no greater mistake can be made than to condemn the light, quick-growing woods found in profusion, and which cannot be excelled in flame or heat-producing qualities for boilers, reverberatory furnaces, or hearths. No country could be surer of a full supply of wood if wise legislation in regard to irrigation and preservation of young timber were adopted and enforced, but the beneficiation of the low-grade ores of Mexico demands a more dense fuel for furnace work, and, fortunately for metallurgists, who will hereafter make this frontier a base of operations, there have been disclosed, near the surface, seemingly inexhaustible beds of semi-anthracite and bituminous coals. No extensive openings have as yet been made, and my own workings at the Cedral mines are all that can yet be said to prove the quantity and quality of the coal, other openings furnishing only corroborative evidence. Our location (one hundred and ten miles west of the Rio Grande River) is on the western line of the depository basin, as it has existed since the period of activity along the volcanic line. The region farther inland I have not examined, but the elevations, as a rule, are much greater, though from the nature of the formation, they are not necessarily barren-ground. Beginning at the base of the Santa Rosa Mountains (location of the Cedral mines), we find very interesting breaks in the foot-hills, disclosing the stratified rocks from the volcanic centres to the valleys.

Jan 1, 1882

THE great event in American affairs was the sudden death of President Harding, on Aug. 2, in San Francisco. A few hours later Vice-Presi¬ dent Coolidge took the oath of office while in his father's farmhouse in Vermont and forthwith proceeded to Washington as the 30th president of the United States. The French and Belgian governments' replied to the British refusing the proposed discussion of the German offer and declaring that they would pursue their policy in the Ruhr until the German government abandoned its resistance and surrendered unconditionally. The economic collapse of Germany .appears to be nigh. Chancellor Cuno and his cabinet resigned the govern-ment of Germany on August 12, and Gustav Strese-mann, head of the People's party, accepted the task of forming a four-party coalition government. Coinci-dentally, there were food riots throughout Germany, and many persons were killed and wounded. The , National Assembly of the Turks at Angora ratified the Lausanne treaty, in the latter part of August, whereupon the retirement of the military forces of the Allies from Constantinople and the Straits began. Thus, Turkey was fully reinstated as a European power. The Greek government also ratified the Lausanne treaty and commenced to put its army on a peace basis. The number of unemployed persons in Great Britain is again increasing, which is causing much concern. The flood of crude oil and gasoline, which is severely taxing storage capacity, had its natural economic effect. Some small refiners were constrained to liqui-date in distress. The Governor of North Dakota, having acquired a supply of such cheap gasoline, insti-tuted a drastic cut in price, deliberately egging on the big refiners to do likewise. The Standard Oil Co. of Indiana accepted the challenge with enthusiasm, say-ing that it had always been its policy to sell as cheaply as any competitor. There was a humor in this situation which paved the way for the Standard to extinguish its small competitors and do by invitation of the State exactly what the muck-rakers had always charged as its greatest crime. The gasoline war spread to other states and reductions in price were made even on the seaboards. All of this was purely economic.

Jan 8, 1923

By Ole Singstad

THE legislatures of New York and New Jersey, determined in 1919 that a vehicular tunnel should be built under the Hudson River. On July 1, 1919, an engineering staff was organized with the late Clifford M. Holland as chief engineer, and this staff was given a number of problems to solve, such as location, size, type of tunnel, method of construction, method of ventilation and cost. After a period of preliminary investigations and studies it was decided to build the tunnel at Canal St., New York, connecting 12th St., Jersey City. This is the center of the heaviest traffic across the Hudson River. It was also decided to build two tunnels-one for west-bound traffic and one for east-bound traffic-the tunnels to be of cast iron, built up of segments and bolted together, each tunnel to have a roadway 20 ft. wide and a clear heat room of 13 ft., 6 in. This is to provide for two lines of vehicles in each direction. The tunnels have an exterior diameter of 29 ft., 6 in. The interior lining is of concrete, the sidewalls tiled with a vitreous white tile and the roadways paved with granite block. The entrances and exits at both ends are separated by two blocks so as to reduce traffic congestion. BASIS OF VENTILATION It was recognized very early that one of the most important problems confronting the engineers was a proper ventilation system. It was estimated that each tunnel as planned would have a traffic capacity of 1900 vehicles per hr. The tunnels are 8500 ft. long between portals, and it was considered that the ventilation should be based on all of these vehicles being operated by gasoline engines. That presented a problem in ventilation unlike any other either in magnitude or character.

Jan 8, 1926

By Marvin Lee

Kansas retained, for the eighth consecutive year, the fourth position in the list of oil-producing states. The total crude-oil production during 1934, as reported by purchasers to the State Corporation Commission, was 45,538,564 bbl. on 97 per cent tank table calculations of the purchasers, or 46,946,973 bbl. as carried on 100 per cent measurement in U.S. Government reports. The corresponding figures for 1933 are 40,008,940 and 41,236,021, respectively. The increase of production over 1933 was due to the rising demand for oil from Kansas, caused principally by three factors: the continued regulation of the producing branch of the industry by Federal and State authorities, which had the effect of reducing illegal production that has been so destructively competitive with Kansas crude and refined products; the normal decline of production in other areas; and, last and best, general increased demand of the public for petroleum products. The price level remained unchanged for the first time in oil history for so long a period. Kansas 36" gravity crude remained at $1 per barrel from September, 1933, and throughout 1934. Price stability and the confidence in the regulation of production to meet the consumer demand, which is increasing, brought greatly renewed interest in Kansas fields. Drilling activity has been largely in the western part of the state where expiration of leases, on large blocks of acreage, assembled before the depression, is forcing either action or loss of the lease investment carried for a long period. The drilling of these many blocks of acreage, previously assembled on geologic information, has caused the opening of more fields than during any previous year of Kansas oil history and is proceeding faster than anticipated a year ago. Interest grows within a successful enterprise, and the momentum caused by the successes of 1934 will continue in 1935 unless unusual conditions arise and end the apparently good opportunity for financial return. Geological exploration methods used in new field discoveries are shown in the tabulation of new discoveries (Table 3).

Jan 1, 1935