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By R. Ressel

Keywords: ferrovanadium, thermodynamics, phosphorus Recyclable material is rapidly gaining in importance as a source of raw materials in industrialized countries. This is also the case in the production of ferrovanadium, where, increasingly, materials such as discarded capacitors, spent catalysts, slag, dust and sludge are used. As the V-content in the raw material varies greatly, the demands on process technology are very high. The share of perturbing elements depends very much on the source of the raw materials, which, in turn, makes a corresponding optimization of the various refining steps necessary. The raw materials are mostly available as oxides, which means that carbon, silicon or aluminium are used as reducing agents. Thermodynamic calculations were used to show especially the behavior of vanadium and phosphorus at different process conditions.

Jan 1, 2005

By Patricia Freitas Rodrigues

Este trabalho visou compreender as características microestruturais de uma liga de NiTi rica em Ni na forma de discos com 10 mm de diâmetro forjados a quente, que foram submetidos a um tratamento térmico de solubilização com distintas temperaturas e tempos de encharque. Foram testadas as seguintes condições: 800ºC/10, 800ºC/120min, 850ºC/120min e 950ºC/120min. Foi observado através dos ensaios de DSC e DRX com radiação de synchrotron que o tratamento de solubilização com 950ºC/120min é o mais adequado para o tratamento de solubilização prévia ao processamento termomecânico a ser aplicado nesta liga afim de produzir no final deste processamento fios ortodônticos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Seth C. Scharfer

"As part of the Bureau of Mines effort to provide thermodynamic data for the advancement of mineral technology, the Gibbs energies of formation of MoS2 (molybdenite) and WS2 (tungsten disulfide) were determined with high-temperature galvanic cells employing stabilized Zr02 (zirconia) as the electro¬lyte. In the temperature range from 867 to 1,209 K, potential measurements were obtained for the cellPt, MoS2 , Mo02 , SO2 = 1 atm // Zr02 // 02 = 0.0112 atm, Pt, with the overall cell reactionMoS2(c) + 3 02(g, 0.0112 atm) = Mo02 (c) + 2 S02(g). (1)These results, combined with the best available values for Gibbs energies of formation (?G°f) of Mo02 (molybdenum dioxide) and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) from the literature, give the standard Gibbs energy of formation of MoS2, ?G°f, for the reactionMo(c) + S2(g) = MoS2(c) (2)?G°f = -96.681 + 43.76 x 10-3T±0.538 kcal/mole, (3)where temperature (T) is expressed in Kelvins.Similar measurements in the temperature range from 872 to 1,210 K were obtained for the cellPt, WS2 , W03 , SO2 = 1 atm // Zr02 // 02 = 0.0114 atm, Pt, with the overall cell reactionWS2(c) + 3.5 02(g, 0.0114 atm) = W03 (c)+ 2 S02(g). (4) Combination of these results with the best available data of ?G°f for W03 (tungsten trioxide) and SO2 from the literature gives the Gibbs energy of formation of WS2 in the temperature range from 872 to 1,210 K for the reactionW(c) + S2(g) = WS2 (c)(5)?G°f = -92.429 + 43.88 x 10-3T ± 0.280 kcal/mole. (6)A third-law analysis yields a standard enthalpy (?H°f) for the reaction298Mo(c) + 2 S(rh) = MoS2(c), (7)?H°f = -67.36±0.60 kcal/mole, (8)298where the standard states are pure crystalline MoS2 / and rhombic sulfur."

Jan 1, 1980

By J. E. Sepulveda, R. Morrow

"The Linear Wear Theory provides a reliable framework for the assessment of grinding media performance at full scale. This theory can be applied for analyzing grinding media consumption rates in any given grinding operation as well as the evaluation of alternative grinding media products, based on actual operational data, correcting for conditions like ore hardness, feed and product sizes, mill power and circuit throughput; all of them unrelated to the grinding media intrinsic quality attributes. A series of Moly-Cop Tools 3.0 applications have been developed to facilitate the calculations involved. Moly-Cop Tools 3.0 is available, free of charge, to all interested parties through the corresponding author.INTRODUCTION Mineral grinding circuit operators recognize the significance of grinding media (balls) consumption on the cost structure of any full scale grinding facility. The effective cost associated with this essential consumable depends on two factors: delivered price and durability (quality) of the grinding media. When evaluating alternative grinding media varieties, there is a well accepted evaluation criterion by which a given media type is considered to be “cost-effective” when its unit application cost – normally expressed in $/ton of ore ground – is shown to be lower than that of a nominal reference condition: Grinding Media Cost = Ball Price x Ball Consumption (1) ($ /ton ground) ($/ton balls) (ton balls/ton ground) Under this criterion, an alternative, higher-price grinding media product could be “cost-effective” if its associated consumption rate is sufficiently lower than the reference media, enough to yield a lower grinding cost, as dictated by Equation 1. For the proper application of the above criterion, evaluators must rely on representative indicators of grinding media quality, ideally independent of most mill operating conditions. In each particular case, ball price is always a known component; however, it is not so evident how media performance (quality) differences amongst alternative product types could be assessed with a reasonable degree of accuracy and precision."

Jan 1, 2014

By Whitmore R. L

The action of water on a number of Queensland shales which are associated with particular coal measures and oil shales has been studied. The results suggest that the disintegration of some of the shales could cause significant problems in mining and preparation operations. The extent of shale breakdown varies widely from deposit to deposit and from seam to seam but a suitable assessment procedure utilises the test described in AS 1661-1979, and an improved method of presenting the results is described in the paper.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Burger

In underground mines worldwide, a large number of short and small diameter slot holes need to be excavated. Herrenknecht has developed and built a new boxholeboring machine based on the well-proven Microtunnellingpipe jacking technology. The innovative Boxhole Boring Machine significantly increases work safety and requires only minimal drift dimensions. The high and consistent production rates that can be achieved result in enormous time savings compared to conventional drill and blast excavations. GENERAL ASPECTS In gold, copper and ore mines ventilation shafts are required to prepare block caving operations, to discharge ore onto the transportation level and to provide evacuation shafts. A high level of occupational safety and efficiency is the main objective when drilling vertical or inclined shafts. The faster and more safely shafts can be constructed, the earlier the actual production in the mine can start or be continued. Mechanized or conventional methods (drill&blast) that have been used to date only partially meet the required safety standards and fail to provide the requested production rates.

Jan 1, 2012

By Pedro Etchevarne, Santiago Margot, Oscar Baglivo, Roberto Musante, Daniel Costoya, Maria Soledad Oreggioni

Durante 2017, a operação do AF#2 da Ternium Argentina exigiu alterações da basicidade binária em uma ampla faixa entre 2.0 a 2.7 e no teor de MgO. Esta faixa de trabalho motivou o estudo das propriedades metalúrgicas do sinter e sua interação com outros componentes materiais da carga do Alto-Forno. Além disso, foi testado e analisado a influência de duas qualidades diferentes de granulado. Para entender os efeitos da composição química, um conjunto de testes de redução-desintegração foram desenvolvidos. Aliando com perfis isotérmicos (ISO 4696-1), perfis variáveis de temperatura e composição de gás, com intuito de simular a redução no AF. As propriedades sob alta temperatura também foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de amolecimento e fusão, compondo a carga sinter, pelota e minério granulado. Utilizando amostras de sinter de diferentes basicidades e teores de MgO. Os resultados obtidos e sua influência no comportamento dos altos-fornos são analisados no presente trabalho.

Oct 1, 2019

By S Sims, A Stradl, G Hope, B Lacouture

Column flotation cells have been installed in numerous base metal operations around the world. The majority of these cells utilise conventional air-only spargers to introduce air into the bottom of the column. The recent development of instruments to measure the bubble characteristics in these columns has provided a renewed understanding of column behaviour. These new tools provided insight into why the columns at Red Dog Mine had never performed up to expectations. After efforts to optimise the spargers failed to substantially change the bubble size and air efficiency, alternate sparger systems were investigated. The Metso Minerals CISA Microcel sparger system appeared promising and was selected for a full-scale plant trial. The Microcel sparger system was originally developed for the coal industry at the Virginia Centre for Coal and Minerals Processing. In October 2003, a Microcel was retrofitted into one of two 3.66 m diameter flotation columns in the zinc retreat circuit at Red Dog Mine. The operation of the two different sparger systems in parallel allowed a detailed comparison. This paper discusses the performance of the Microcel based on the data collected during several detailed surveys. Bubble size measurements carried out in the pulp zone using the McGill University bubble viewer showed a significant difference in bubble size. The mean Sauter diameter of the bubbles decreased from 3.4 mm for the jetting-type sparger to 1.9 mm for the Microcel sparger. The overall recovery and the recovery by size fraction for both valuable and gangue minerals were compared. Paired t-tests demonstrated that the Microcel column produced a higher concentrate grade (0.6 per cent zinc absolute) and a higher unit recovery (2.8 per cent zinc absolute) than the existing Canadian Process Technologies Inc (CPT) SlamJet column. These improvements provided a payback period of 1.5 months for the $109 000 investment.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. W. Paul, J. N. Geyer

"GENERAL STATEMENTThe purpose of this report, which is the first of a series of three covering mines in the Fairmont district of West Virginia, is to give the result of a' study conducted in seal mines to ascertain the nature of the safeguards employed to prevent injury to the workmen from falls of roof and coal. In presenting the subject matter, consideration must necessarily be given to factors, features, and conditions such as method of mining, timber regulations and practices, supervision and natural conditions; and, for comparative purposes, a certain amount of statistical matter bearing upon the relation of fatalities and injuries to their causes, tonnage produced, men employed, days worked, and time lost.Those features and practices found to promote safe protection are summarized and suggestions made for such additional safeguards and practices as appear to give greater protection against injury from falls of roof or coal.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study of falls of roof and coal in mines in Harrison County has been conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with R. M. Lambie, chief of the Mining Department of the State of West Virginia who assigned L. W. Brown, a district mine inspector, to assist in the field work and in the preparation of individual reports on each mine visited in this study. The writers acknowledge the helpful suggestions and cooperation given by these officials, the latter of whom assisted in the field work and prop red most of these sketches for the individual reports which wore submitted to the operator by the chief of the department. Thin report is a summary of the contents of the individual reports heretofore furnished the individual operator."

Aug 1, 1931

By Anderson de Farias Pereira

Estudos recentes sugerem que a produção de nanocompósitos de MgH2 com nanomateriais de morfologia 1D baseados em TiO2 produzidos via moagem reativa promovem aumento significativo na cinética de absorção-dessorção de hidrogênio deste material, o que favoreceria sua aplicação em tecnologias de armazenamento de hidrogênio em estado sólido. A proposta deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da energia de moagem na integridade das nanopartículas e seu desdobramento nas cinéticas de sorção do material. Para tal, amostras de MgH2 com 5%p. de nanobastões de TiO2 (NR-550) foram produzidas em moinho de bolas planetário a 100, 200 e 300 rpm, respectivamente. Difração de Raios X (DRX) foi utilizada para caracterizar a estrutura cristalina e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) associada com EDS para analisar o tamanho e morfologia dos catalisadores em meio ao hidreto. Os resultados até o momento indicam que o processo de moagem a 100 rpm não ocasionou variação significativa na distribuição de tamanho e razão de aspecto comparado ao aditivo puro (com valor médio de 35 nm e 2,70 respectivamente). Ensaios de cinética de sorção de hidrogênio ainda estão em andamento.

Oct 30, 2017

By W. L. Saunders

(New Haven Meeting, February, 1909.) This paper deals specifically with heading-driving as distinguished from the broader term tunnel-driving. A heading is a pilot or path-finder for the main tunnel. Some headings are complete tunnels in themselves; that is, conditions at times warrant driving a heading the full diameter of the proposed tunnel. A tunnel 10 ft. in diameter might be driven to advantage through a single heading, provided the nature of the material admits, but it usually pays to drive rock tunnels of large diameter through the heading-and-bench system. Much de-pends upon the material, as in soft ground tunnels of much larger diameter are driven in a single heading. In mines, the tunnels, drifts, cross-cuts, adits, etc., are usually of small diameter, hence the driving of headings applies to completed tunnels in minim-work, except, of course, in cases like drainage-tunnels and main entries leading into coal-mines, where conditions call for tunnels of large diameter, approximating those driven for railway-service. In building aqueducts the tunnels are driven from 6 to 8 ft. in diameter up to 15 or 20 ft., while in railway-service the dimensions vary from 18 to 30 ft. in diameter. There is no department of rock-excavation so difficult as that of heading-driving. This work. also belongs to the most expensive class in rock-excavation. A heading is driven .directly in the solid. There are no lines of lesser resistance towards which to direct the energy of the blast, but. the material must be blown out by main force. The completion of the heading simplifies all the rest of the work of excavation. It is easy, for instance, to enlarge a heading either from above, below or oil the sides, by breaking towards the open face through holes approximately at right angles to the axis of the heading; or the enlargement sometimes takes place by holes driven outside

Apr 1, 1909

By Walter C. Lorenz

In connection with its renewed study seeking solutions to problems created by release of acid water from bituminous coal mines, the Bureau of Mines recently surveyed reports already written on the subject. This publication is based on that search. The Problem Poor distribution of water is evident on an ordinary geographic map of the United States. The more abundant supplies of surface water appear to be centered in the northeast, the southeast, and the central humid areas of the country. It is in the midst of this abundant surface water, in the Ohio River Valley, that most of the bituminous coal is mined. Varied industry has located in the valley to use the coal and the river. The coal is a source of power and o raw material. The river provides transportation for raw and finished materials; equally important, it provides the water that is used for cooling and processing in manufacturing. It also serves as a vehicle for the disposal of waste.

Jan 1, 1962

By Tiago Ramos Ribeiro

Os processos de redução direta utilizam-se de gases redutores (CO e H2) para redução do ferro e produção do DRI. A geração deste gás se dá através de reforma de metano que pode ser feita em um reformador, ou dentro do reator de redução com o DRI como catalizador. O último caso ocorre nos processos auto reformadores. A cinética da reforma de metano com H2O catalisada por DRI foi estudada em temperaturas entre 875°C e 1050°C. Os resultados mostraram que até conversão de metano de 0,50, a reforma é controlada por reação química catalítica conforme mecanismo proposto por Münster e Grabke(3,4). Acima desta conversão, o mecanismo não foi determinado. O uso de gás com potencial abaixo do limite para carburação (CH4/H2O < 1) resultou em DRI sem carbono. Com gás de potencial igual ou acima do limite, a carburação do DRI ocorreu e no caso do gás similar ao do processo industrial a carburação impediu a reação catalítica de reforma.

Oct 30, 2017

The Application of Roasting Pretreatment for Antimonial Refractory Gold and Silver Ores

Sep 13, 2010

By Juno Gallego

A soldagem de peças de aço por arco submerso é um dos processos mais tradicionalmente usados na fabricação de componentes estruturais. A microestrutura do metal de solda é importante na definição das suas propriedades mecânicas, sendo a ferrita acicular um microconstituinte capaz de conferir à solda altos níveis de resistência mecânica e tenacidade. A nucleação da ferrita acicular depende da presença de inclusões não metálicas no metal de solda. No presente trabalho fez-se a caracterização microestrutural do metal de solda preparados com diferentes aportes térmicos. Lâminas finas foram observadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, que possibilitou determinar alguns parâmetros morfológicos e químicos das partículas e a sua relação com a nucleação das ripas de ferrita acicular. Verificou-se que partículas irregulares com maior tamanho, mais ricas em titânio quando formadas com maior energia de soldagem, apresentam maior probabilidade de servirem como sítio preferencial para nucleação da ferrita acicular, se comparadas às partículas mais lisas e menores.

Aug 7, 2018

By P. O. Sandstrom

"Atlas Copco is introducing a new patented method for full-face boring. This paper presents the basic principles of the boring action and discusses the present experience regarding performance and costs. The Atlas Copco ""Full-facers"" are designed for hard-rock applications, although they are successfully boring in soft ground without major changes. The unique patented boring principle referred to as the 'Undercutting Method' permits these machines to bore, economically, in harder ground than machines based on the 'crushing principle'. This is mainly due to considerably lower cutting-tool costs, as the tungsten carbide tips only are in contact with one-third of the bored volume. The remaining rock is 'undercut' and peels off from a slight back pressure.The undercutting method also permits boring of non-circular headings and Atlas Copco has already manufactured two machines for rectangular drifts. This concept could revolutionize development work in mines employing trackless equipment."

Jan 1, 1971

By Marcela Alves Silva

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex - AID são ligas de Fe-Cr-Ni com no mínimo de 10,5% de Cr, promovendo uma película superficial aderente de Cr2O3, com proteção a corrosão e proporção microestrutural de austenita e ferrita próximas a 50%, potencializando as propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão.Possuem boa soldabilidade, porém pode provocar um desbalanceamento microestrutural e a precipitação de fases deletérias, acarretando o declínio das propriedades, principalmente na zona afetada termicamente – ZTA. Desta forma o presente trabalho tem como objetivoavaliar à influência da energia de soldagem sobre a ZTA da junta soldada de AID, comparando soldas realizadas pelo processo TIG e FCAW levando em consideração o balanceamento das fases ferrita e austenita. Para tanto, foram realizadas soldas com parâmetros comumente utilizados nas indústrias em geral. As amostras apresentadas foram soldadas de acordo com o padrão da Thermon Indústria Mecânica, uma das colaboradoras deste projeto. Conclui-se que a comparação entre os dois processos distintos resultou em fatos já esperados, embasado na revisão bibliográfica, onde o corpo de prova soldado pelo processo TIG apresentou menor região propensa a fragilizações, menor ZTA. As frações de austenita e ferrita em cada corpo de prova foram similares nesta região.

Aug 17, 2017

By Leonard Weixler, Peter Halbach, Michael Jarowinsky, Johannes Post

Germany as an industrial nation is highly dependent on the import of mineral or metal resources. Sources which have not been considered until now are the marine mineral resources (MMR), which in recent times are enjoying more and more increasing interests and which might provide in the future a considerable contribution to the supply security on metal resources not only for the industrial countries. Backed up by the German government’s "National Masterplan Maritime Technologies" (NMMT) and corresponding industrial R&D-activities, the idea and the advantages of deep-sea mining is gaining more and more interests and supporters with respect to industrial and political considerations on strategic raw material resources as well as on the development of deep-sea mining technologies. The NMMT aims to initiate growth and increase the competitiveness of the German maritime industry on international markets and covers about 10 different marine and ocean technology sectors including deep-sea mining.

Sep 1, 2014

By D. I. Bleiwas

Bureau of Mines personnel evaluated the potential availability of nickel from 151 deposits in 18 market economy countries and selected 126 for detailed analyses. An evaluation was made of tonnage-cost relationships indicating the quantity of nickel available at various total costs of production expressed in dollars per pound nickel, including a 15-pct rate of return on the invested capital. The 126 deposits studied contain approximately 73 million metric tons (t) of nickel. An estimated 52 million t is available from laterite deposits, of which less than 2 pct could be produced at $3.50/lb Ni, about equal to the average published price of nickel in 1981. Approximately 21 million t of nickel is available from sulfide deposits, of which about 10.0 million t can be produced at $3.50/lb. Sensitivity studies performed for both laterite deposits and sulfide deposits indicate that the total cost of nickel from laterites is most sensitive to increases in energy costs, and that sulfides are most sensitive to increases in labor costs; sulfides are also sensitive to changes in byproduct revenues. In 1983 the Nickel Mountain mine in Oregon was the only U.S. producer, though development continued on the Gasquet property in California. Of the total 5.1 million t of recoverable nickel in the United States, about 20 pct is available at or below $3.50/lb.

Jan 1, 1984

By P Fullagar

Automated multi-sensor core loggers (MSCL) measure petrophysical properties of diamond drill cores, including gamma density, P-wave velocity, electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. A Geotek MSCL system has been used to record petrophysical data on archival drill core from Cadia East Au-Cu porphyry deposit, New South Wales, Australia, for correlation with metallurgical parameters. P-wave modulus, calculated from density and P-wave velocity, exhibits a correlation with small-scale crushability (A*b) test results, and hence offers a means for æcontinuousÆ characterisation of ore crushability at Cadia East. Magnetic susceptibility has proved to be a good indicator of alteration styles, and is a possible indicator of crushability.

Jan 1, 2009