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By F. R. Lee

This publication lists permissible equipment approved by the Bureau of Mines during 1965 and 1966 (calendar years), except for breathing apparatus and explosives. The purpose of this publication is to inform the public about approved equipment for safe use in underground mines.

Jan 1, 1968

By H. A. Watson

This circular, which is a revision and combination of two previous publications,3 4/ presents information on the different types of equipment that may be used to analyze mine atmospheres, with particular reference to the application and limitations of each type. Such information is frequently requested by mining companies, State mining departments, and other agencies concerned with safety in mining who wish advice regarding methods of analysis of mine atmospheres and the equipment necessary for establishing laboratories for that purpose. Since the Haldane-type apparatus is particularly applicable to the accurate determination of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and combustible gases such as methane in mine atmospheres, that apparatus and the method of operation are described in detail. The circular presents results of a critical study of the accuracy attainable with the Haldane-type apparatus in the determination of methane in concentrations of the order of 0.25 percent, by volume. Analytical procedures involved in the other methods discussed are presented in publications referenced in this circular. Information is given also on the various accessory equipment needed in a laboratory for the analysis of mine atmospheres, and suggestions on laboratory design are included. INTRODUCTION 'The analysis of mine atmospheres plays an important part in promoting safety and maintaining safe conditions in mining operations, particularly in coal mining, where the flammable gas methane presents a continuous hazard in Nome mines and may be encountered unexpectedly in others.5/ Methane has been encountered also, often unexpectedly and with disastrous results, in noncoal mines and in tunnels under

Jan 1, 1956

By Boyd Guthrie

The current use of Mid - Continent crude oil for the manufacture of war products , such as aviation gasoline and lubricating cil , has caused an acute shortage of available supply from established sources . Therefore , refiners who heretofore have had no reason to use West Texas crude oils now are considering them as charging stock and need more information concerning their characteristics . The Bureau of Mines has published several reports3/ giving analyses of the most important of these crude oils . However, to make the applicable data in these publications readily available to refiners , the present compilation of analyses of West Texas crude oils has been prepared . Data showing the effect of catalytic desulfurization of naphthas from West Texas crude oils have been presented in a restricted Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations . These analyses were made under the general supervision of R. A. Cattell , chief, Petroleum and Natural Gas Division, Bureau of Mines , Washington, D. C. , and N. A. C. Smith, supervising engineer , Fetroleum Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines , Bartlesville, Okla . , and under the direct supervision of Harold M. Smith, senior petroleum chemist, Bartlesville , Okla .

Jan 1, 1944

By E. C. Lane

The motor gasoline that is being marketed in the United States this winter is in general, more volatile than that sold a year ago. This increase in volatility is shown by a lowering of the distillation temperatures, ranging from 2°F. at the average initial boiling point to 5°F. at the average end point. During the past eight and. one half years the Bureau of Mines has made semi-annual surveys of the gasoline marketed in the United States, the survey Just completed being the seventeenth in the series. The cities in which samples have been collected, have been chosen as representative of the more important marketing territories, as it is obviously impracticable to obtain a sample of every gasoline sold in the entire country. Samples were collected in Boston for the first time since 1919. It was believed advisable to include samples from that district in order to give a better balance to the survey for the country as a whole.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. C. Lane

The motor gasoline which is being marketed in the United States this summer is apparently more volatile than the gasoline sold a year ago. In fact the average volatility of this summer's gasoline is almost the same as the average volatility of the gasoline marketed last winter. During the past seven years the Bureau of Mines has made semi-annual surveys of the gasoline marketed in the United States, the survey just completed being the fourteenth in the series. The cities in which samples have been collected have been chosen as representative of the more important marketing territories as it is obviously impracticable to obtain a sample of every gasoline sold in the entire country.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. M. Stuve

Thermodynamic properties were determined by the Bureau of Mines for the intermetallic compound, TiA13. Heat capacities were obtained from 5 to 303 K by adiabatic calorimetry. The derived value of S2 1s is 22.08±0.07 cal/deg¬mole. Enthalpies relative to 298 K were obtained from 298 to 1,413 K by copper-block drop calorimetry. No anomalous thermal behavior was noted in the temperature ranges investigated. Low- and high-temperature data were combined with a known enthalpy of formation at 298 K to give values of enthalpy of formation and Gibbs energy formation, 0 to 1,400 K.

Jan 1, 1974

By C. L. Severy

The Reeder No. 1 well was drilled by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the Geological Survey as agents for the Defense Plant Corporation. The well is south of Crescent Junction near Thompson, Grand County, Utah. It was started May 5, 1942, and completed August 3, 1942, for the purpose of con-firming the presence of magnesium salts in a deeply buried bed. Drilling was done under contract by the Mack Drilling Co. This report contains an outline of the physical features of the well, a brief history of drilling, and a description of the deposits and occurrences of oil and gas encountered in the drill hole. The work performed by the Bureau of Mines is described in considerable detail, with particular emphasis on drilling procedure and sampling. The report is concluded with a brief description of core-sample preparation for analyses. Appendix A comprises a log of the drill hole, and appendix B is a tabulation of analyses of cores.

Jan 1, 1949

By Sidney Katell

This Bureau of Mines study estimates typical capital investments, operating costs, and selling prices for two bituminous coal strip mines in the Eastern and Interior provinces and a subbituminous coal operation in the Northern Great Plains province. The annual productions were based on tonnage required to fuel a 250-million-standard-cubic-foot-per-day, high-Btu gas plant. The annual tonnage for the Eastern province mine is 4.8 million tons; for the Interior province mine, 6.72 million tons; and for the Northern Great Plains province mine, 9.2 million tons. It is assumed that the mines have a 20-year life. Wages and union welfare payments are considered as of December 6, 1974, under the terms of the Bituminous Wage Agreement of 1974, and costs for material and equipment are based on 1975 indexes. Initial capital investment varies: $65,137,900 for the 4.8-million-ton-per-year (MM tpy) mine in the Eastern province, $78,514,600 for the 6.72-MM-tpy mine in the Interior province, and $42,050,100 for the 9.2-MM-tpy mine in the Northern Great Plains province. Total capital investments for the Eastern province mine, the Interior province mine, and the Northern Great Plains province mine are $86,969,900, $109,378,500, and $78,543,500, respectively. Corresponding selling prices for the coal, per ton, are $6.94, $6.03, and $3.39, assuming a 15-percent discounted cash flow rate of return after Federal income taxes. These studies are considered typical for the areas involved. Costs will vary depending on specific locations in these areas.

Jan 1, 1976

By K. P. Wang

SIGNIFICANT general developments took place in the Far East during 1964, with far-reaching repercussions on the mineral and industrial economies of individual countries and the region as a whole. Japan, during this, "the Year of the Open Door," ushered in the era of industrial maturity, greater independence in economic policy, and expanded technical assistance to less developed countries. Symbolic of its dynamic economic growth is the fact that Japan out-produced the Federal Republic of Germany in steel during 1964 to take over a third-ranking world position. Mainland China, recovering from the "Leap Forward" debacle, made significant gains in industrial output. Mainland Chinese trade with Japan was on the upswing, and discussions were held between the Chinese and the Soviets for possibly resuming Soviet aid in industrial and mineral development. Meanwhile, United States aid to Taiwan was being phased out because of progress achieved. Rapprochement between South Korea and Japan was imminent late in 1964, a factor which may well affect South Korean mineral development. The Indonesian-Malaysian confrontation created economic difficulties in both countries. The war in Viet-Nam seriously disrupted industrial activities, particularly in the south.

Jan 1, 1966

By D. W. Blaylock

I. The Lower Kittaning bed is the most important bed in Clarion County from the standpoint of present production, but the Clarion bed has the largest recoverable reserve. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minim thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 1,210 million short tons as of January 1, 1952. Of this total, 790 million short tons is in beds 28 inches and mare thick. Areas in some beds were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too wager for ding an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, they should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By R. R. Wells

This report summarizes the results of preliminary mineral-dressing studies by the Bureau of Mines on five samples of copper-bearing ore from various Alaska de-posits. The work on each sample was not extensive enough to warrant individual publication. The results, however, indicate the possibilities and limitations of concentration of the respective ores. The information therefore may be helpful in future development of these ore bodies. Four of the five samples tested were submitted to the laboratory by engineers of the Bureau of Mines as part of the examinations and survey investigations of strategic-mineral deposits in Alaska. This program is conducted to assist development of mineral resources in the Territory and particularly to aid economic exploitation of marginal or complex ores. The fifth sample was submitted by engineers of the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration.

Jan 1, 1956

By Suzann C. Ambrosio

Cameroon's mining industry continued to be dominated by crude petroleum. The value of petroleum output was estimated at $1 billion.2 The 1982 gross domestic product (GOP) was approximately $8.4 billion. During 1981, crude oil export revenues increased in value 30%, comprising approximately 56% of Cameroon's total export earnings. The 1982-87 5-year plan emphasized, hydrocarbon and agricultural development and targeted the exploitation of bauxite and clay deposits. New petroleum legislation was promulgated on November 26, 1982. Public Law No. 82-20 detailed hydrocarbon companies' obligations concerning oil and gas discoveries and exploitation. In general, the Cameroon Government has participated in joint ventures with private companies and has levied a 57.5% petroleum tax plus adjustable royalties. Exploration expenses were paid by concession holding companies, and the Government in the past has reimbursed 50% of expenses under certain conditions.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. G. Kirby, F. S. LOTT

The mmber of petroleum refineries in the United States decreased during 1949 from 375 to 367 while the total crude-oil charging capacity of refineries continued to increase. A gain in the through-put capacity of 257,305 barrels daily raised the total to a new high level 6,696,300 as of January 1, 1950. The capacity of the average refinery to process crude-oil increased during 1949 from 17,171 barrels daily to 18,246. The four coastal refinery districts accounted for 178,900 barrels or 70 percent of the total capacity increase and the Illinois-Indiana- Kentucky district 57,950 barrels, or 23 percent. Slight declines in capacity were reported in the Texas Inland and the Arkansas-Louisiana Inland districts. The capacity building on January 1, 1950, 145,600 barrels daily, was less than half the amount under construction a year earlier. Most of the new construction involved enlargement of existing refineries and was confined to the East Coast and Indiana-Illinois-Kentucky districts. Two new refineries, however, were under construction, one in Oklahoma and the other in Texas. The shut-down capacity increased for the first time since 1946, and the 473,302 barrels daily reported on January 1, 1950, was the largest recorded since January 1, 1938. The only refining district showing a decline in the shut-down capacity was the Appalachian No. 2 district. The largest increases were reported in the Texas Gulf, Indiana-Illinois- Kentucky, California, and East Coast districts. The operating ratio of the petroleum refining industry, as indicated by dividing the January 1950 runs to stills of 5,483,000 barrels daily by the total installed capacity January 1, 1950, was 81.9 percent, compared with a ratio of 87.8 percent at the beginning of 1949.

Aug 1, 1950

By A. L. Engel

This report describes results of laboratory-scale experimental treatment of nine ores containing gold and silver, including samples of products of previous plant treatment, from ore deposits in California and Nevada. The samples treated were taken by engineers of the Bureau of Mines during investigations of these ore deposits. The information reported is of interest for development of the mining districts represented or in future Investigations of similar ores from other sources. The treatment methods were as simple as possible. More complicated treatments were tried when required, The applicability of the methods and their limitations in treating the ores are shown by the data in this report. The following treatment methods were employed in the experiments described: Screen analyses were made to determine distribution of values in various screened-sized portions of crushed ore, or to determine optimum size to which a particular ore should be crushed or ground to liberate values, and some-times to determine residual values in various-sized portions of treated material.

Jan 1, 1961

By E. G. King

THIRD-LAW entropy data for zirconium-containing compounds are sparse. Kelley a lists entropies at 298° K. for the oxide, tetrachloride, nitride, and silicate, as well as for the metal. The present paper presents heat capacities between 51° and 298° K. and entropies at 298.15° K. for the zirconates of the alkaline-earth metals-calcium, strontium, and barium. The authors believe magnesium zirconate does not exist as a stable compound at room temperature. Entropies of formation from the constituent oxides also are given. MATERIALS The materials used in this investigation were synthesized and analyzed in the Berkeley Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines. Calcium zirconate was prepared by heating an intimate mixture of reagent-grade calcium carbonate and pure zirconia for 30 hours between 1,200° and 1,300° C. and for 32 hours between 1,400° and 1,500° C. As part of the heating schedule, the sample was ground and mixed seven times. Periodic analyses and minor adjustments of composition were made. Analysis of the final product gave 31.19 percent calcium oxide (theoretically 31.28 percent) and 68.67 percent zirconia (theoretically 68.72 percent). The X-ray diffraction pattern agreed with that in the ASTM catalog.

Jan 1, 1960

By William A. Beck

The K.T. Dome Mine in Owen and Henry Counties, Ky., has been operated intermittently under several different owners since the early nineteen hundreds. No record of total production is available, but it is said that during 1943 and 1944, while being operated by the Twin Valley Mining Co., 30 cars of zinc concentrates and 10 cars of lead concentrates were shipped. The vein can be traced for about 10 miles along the strike from Lockport, Henry County, to Big Twin Creek in Owen County. It pinches and swells both vertically and horizontally and is reported to average 20 inches in width. In order to develop additional reserves on the property, the Bureau of Mines drilled four holes on the south extension of the vein. Drilling disclosed that the vein dips to the west on the south side of the Kentucky River and is continuous along the strike and in depth. However, the extent of mineralization in the vein varies widely.

Jan 1, 1949

By Stanton L. Tainter

When the disruption of gold mining stopped the usual source of siliceous flux needed by copper smelters , sandstone copper deposits in northern Arizona offered possibilities as a source of the flux during the war emergency . The Federal Geological Survey , while making a comprehensive survey of sandstone copper deposits , investigated the Warm Springs mining district in northcentral Coconino County in August 1943. A month later , J. H. Hedges , chief of the Tucson Division , Mining Branch , Bureau of Mines , examined the operations in connection with an application for an access road . Both investigations concluded that the district , as an emergency source of copper-bearing siliceous flux , had considerable merit , provided high prices for copper continued in effect . Early in 1944 , V. M. Ryan and S. B. Atherley requested assistance from the Bureau in exploring various deposits on their property . The Bureau / drilled 152 holes , aggregating 3,756 feet , on the Petoskey and Mackin groups of claims . This report is based upon churn drilling done under contract from October 7 to November 25 , 1944 .

Feb 1, 1947

By A. F. Cohen

When location guidelines are followed in choosing sites for fixed point velocity transducers for use in underground coal mine monitoring, mine air turbulence intensities <11% are generally expected at those sites. The objective of this Bureau of Mines investigation to determine the effect of turbulence intensities <11% on vortex shedding sensors and transducers. Measurements were made at velocity levels of interest for underground coal mine monitoring use (?200, ?500, ?1,000, ?1,500 ft/min). The effect of grid-produced turbulence intensities (2% to ?14%) on the output of vortex-shedding air-velocity transducers was less than ±10%.

Jan 1, 1985

By David C. Oyler

Methane-drainage holes must be completely filled by grout before mining to prevent the emission of large quantities of gas during mine-through, which would constitute an explosion hazard. In November 1980, seven horizontal holes at the multipurpose borehole, a small-diameter shaft drilled as a Bureau of Mines coalbed methane-drainage installation on the property of the Federal No. 2 Mine, Monongalia County, WV, were plugged using a sodium silicate gel grout. This report de- scribes the grout mix and the use of the grout at the multipurpose borehole, and discusses the results observed upon mine-through of the holes in early 1981. Cost data for the sodium silicate grout are also presented.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. H. King

"INTRODUCTION The manganese deposits of the Drum Mountain area were investigated as two separate projects. The first was begun in November 1940 and completed in August 1941, and the second began in January 1945 and ended in May of the same year. The first project was initiated as part of the Bureau of Mines program for development of strategic minerals for national defense. Subsequent operations disclosed conditions somewhat different than were expected, and it was decided that additional drilling should be done to delimit the ore bearing horizons further.The more promising manganese deposits in the Drum Mountains are situated on properties known as the Staats manganese mine and the Pratt manganese mine. The property controlled by the Pratt interests is under lease to the Ward Leasing Co. The 1941 project investigated the deposits on both properties, whereas the 1945 project was planned to explore further the oxidized ore bodies of the Pratt mine, although one hole was drilled in an attempt to extend the carbonate ore body on the Staats property (fig. 1).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests."

Jan 1, 1947