Search Documents

By T. Cantwell, N. C. Rasmussen, H. E. Hawkes

Beryl is a mineral that may be difficult to distinguish from quartz by casual field inspection. The easily recognized green color and hexagonal crystal form of coarse-grained beryl are by no means universal, even in beryl from pegmatitic deposits. If it occurred as a fine-grained accessory mineral in an igneous rock, it would almost certainly escape detection unless samples were submitted for petrographic or chemical analysis. There may be substantial deposits of some beryllium mineral, other than beryl, that has been overlooked because that mineral also closely resembles the common rock-forming minerals. A reliable and simple method of identifying beryllium minerals and determining the beryllium content of a rock would be helpful in exploration. This article describes preliminary experiments in applying nuclear reaction to the qualitative identification of beryl and to the semiquantitative determination of the beryllium content of rock samples.

Jan 9, 1959

By Robert F. Mehl

EXTENSION of physical and chemical methods of research in the study of metallic behavior continues rapidly, particularly in the correlation of behavior with crystal structure, and in the analysis of elastic and plastic properties. The growth of the science of metals during 1933 calls for special comment; the need for special reviews and for textbooks and monographs is now acute, as might he supposed from the number of references appended to this article, a list which is much abbreviated.

Jan 1, 1934

NORTH AMERICA ALASKA Anchorage.-Strandberg, H. Tuck, R. Coal Creek.-Moore, E. G. Spencer, W. W. College.-Hance, J. H. Henricksen, R. Henton, H. M. Comet.-Albertson, F. E. Cordova.-O'Neill, W. A. Douglas.-Cahill, W. E. Fairbanks.-Crawford, J. D. Earling, R., B. Fowler. D. A.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. W. Davis

THE name fuller's earth, which was derived from its early use in "fulling" or removing grease from woolen goods, is a term that is generally considered to designate mineral matter, containing hydrous aluminum silicates of the clay group, which has a high capacity for removing colors from oils, whether of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin. Fuller's earths are usually dried and may be "tempered" by heating or may be treated with water or reagents to improve their efficiency. For our purpose the term "acid-treated earths" will include those products from the partial decomposition of mineral water by acid which are equal to or more efficient than an untreated fuller's earth from Quincy, Fla., when used in bleaching mineral oil by the "contact" process. In general, the contact process for treating oils consists of heating and agitating a mixture of oil and finely divided adsorbent, the latter being subsequently removed by filtration. The term "adsorbent" is used because, although there has been a great deal of controversy over the mechanism of removal of impurities from oils by mineral matter, there is no doubt that adsorption, which involves the surface of the solid, plays a major part.1 The properties that make fuller's earth useful in the treatment of petroleum products by "percolation" and in the purification of edible oils by the contact process have long been studied, but the comparatively recent adaptation of the contact process to the bleaching of petroleum products has made desirable the further investigation of fuller's earth and other adsorbent earths.

Jan 1, 1929

UNITED ENGINEERING TRUSTEES, INC. James L Head, '55 E C Meagher, '52 Gail F Moulton, '53 Advisory Committee to Real Estate Committee Cleveland Dodge Herbert Hoover J Paul D Merica THE ENGINEERING FOUNDATION E. R Kaiser, '54 W. M Peirce, '52 E C Meagher, ex officio as President, UET Research Procedure Committee E. R Kaiser ENGINEERING SOCIETIES LIBRARY BOARD James L Head, Chairman Frank T Sisco, '54 E M Wise AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION Mining Standardization Correlating Committee Otto Herres, '53 J K. Richardson, '53 H H Otto, '53 E W Bullard, '53 - Alternate

Jan 1, 1952

United Engineering Trustees, Inc James L Head, '55, E C Meagher, '56, Gail F Moul¬ton, '57 Advisory Committee to Real Estate Committee Cleveland Dodge, Herbert Hoover, Paul D Merica The Engineering Foundation W M Peirce, '56, A M Gaudin, '58 Research Procedure Committee A M Gaudin, March '54 Engineering Societies Library Board Frank T Sisco, '54, E M Wise, '56, James L Head, ex officio Engineering Societies Personnel Service Board of Directors E J Kennedy, Jr, E H Robie

Jan 1, 1954

Jan 1, 1967

By Forest Mintz

Many oil and gas producers find it advantageous to borrow against the value of their hydrocarbon re- serves. This paper considers the requirements for a reserve based loan and the calculations that a bank would perform to arrive at a loan amount. Three of the most common loan structures, i.e. a term loan, a production payment, and a revolving credit/term loan will be discussed. A typical outline for each type of loan is presented. Finally, a comparison of major considerations in the three financing techniques is shown.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. B. Pulsifer

THIS paper outlines a method for rapid production of flat, granular surfaces on many of the medium hard- alloys. Grinding wheels and fabrics on wheels are not used; the purpose is accomplished by rubbing on emery papers and on fine abrasives heaped on hand boards. The advantages of chromic acid in the solutions for etching nickel and copper alloys are explained. Steels may require an additional step in the mechanical smoothing owing to the lack of an ideal etchant. Chloric acid is a. rapid etchant for steel. Thirty-six photomicrographs illustrate the steps in smoothing and the clearness with which structures can be rapidly exposed. New structures in low-carbon steels are announced. After a little practice, many materials can be finished within two or three minutes. CUPRONICKELS In the previous papers on the metallography of copper and magnesium which the author has presented to this Institute there has been an attempt to demonstrate the advantages of minimizing the mechanical work of surfacing and depending more on chemical means; the present paper continues the research into a still wider field. It is obvious that the success of a chemical method for smoothing and etching depends almost entirely on the use of a suitable reagent. The etchant must remove the surface granulations and outline the structures. A very special type of reaction between reagent and metal must be displayed. Promiscuous corrosion or the intensification of the attack about local couples -formed by impurities or components must not be in evidence. There are several reagents that etch highly polished nickel and copper alloys very well. Acidified ferric chloride solutions, concentrated and dilute nitric acid solutions, and nitric and acetic acids in acetone have -been used to good advantage for the purpose. However, if they are expected to etch rather deeply-that is, smooth as well as characterize-the results may be far from satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1928

By Alan M. Bateman

Before World War II we proudly considered that we were the nation of all the world most richly endowed in mineral resources. We knew it was no accident that those countries abundantly supplied with mineral resources became the great manufacturing nations, and the politically and militarily strong ones; and that our own great industrial cities sprang up where coal and iron met. We all reallized, especially we of the mining profession, that the energy of fuels and the solidity of metals spelled industrial growth and in turn industrial might and that other nations came to regard mineral self-sufficiency as one of the chief goalsof economic nationalism.

Jan 1, 1949

By Leon Borgman, Michael P. Lipkewich

Orebodies at or near the surface are generally amenable to open pit mining. The development of a mining program involves designing an ultimate pit and a production schedule. This pit maximizes total profit while the production schedule maximize6 the present value of the property. Optimum pit limits can be approximated by two-and three-dimensional numerical techniques. These techniques presuppose that the mineralized area has been sufficiently sampled to allow a reasonably accurate prediction of grade at any spatial location.

Jan 1, 1969

By AIME AIME

M ODERN metallurgy properly belongs to this century. The great advance made in this science is directly attributable to the discovery of the Roentgen rays. Application of the results of this discovery, together with the more recent corroborating studies in electronic diffraction have definitely and for all time established this science. Metallurgists today speak with familiarity of the atoms of the different metals in terms of their orientation, atomic volumes, lattice structures, dimensional lattice constants distance of nearest approach, and the like. One matter of profound interest, which is quite staggering to the imagination of the human mind, is the enormity of the number of atoms even in a small particle of metal. As an illustration, let us compute the number of atoms in the volume of one cubic centimeter in a single grain of absolutely pure copper. Eighteen and a fraction cubic centimeters equal the volume of one cubic inch.

Jan 1, 1940

By James Gayley

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) THE paper presented to the Institute in 1910, by H. 0. Hofman, on Recent Progress in Blast Roasting,1 has called the attention of the iron industry to the adaptability of these processes to the reclamation of by-products such as flue-dust and blue billy, and the better preparation of concentrates and fine ores for use in blast-furnaces. The waste of valuable iron-ore through the production of flue-dust has increased at an enormous rate, and much of it has in reality been wasted as far as future recovery is concerned. Only in recent years has a possible future value been recognized, and the material stored. The increased use of Mesabi ores, which carry considerable fine ore, is principally responsible for the great increase in the production of flue-dust. The amount of fine material that is carried over depends on the fineness of the material and the velocity of the gases, and also to a very great extent on the regularity or irregularity of the working of the furnace. Attempts to recover a part of this loss have been made by recharging a portion of the production into the furnace, but as this material has been once carried out from the furnace, it is naturally in good shape to be carried out again. A recent practice at some works, is to soak the flue-dust thoroughly with water to give it more cohesiveness, but by many this is considered of doubtful advantage in the furnace, and the gases are in consequence heavily laden with moisture. There are vast deposits of magnetic iron-ores in the United States and Canada that are too low in iron for use at the present time, but which can be economically concentrated into very rich material ; in many cases the fineness of crushing necessary to secure proper concentration has prevented their

Aug 1, 1911

By Thomas A. Simpson, Tunstall R. Gray

The Birmingham district first produced steel from Alabama hematite ores in 1899. Since then, the district generally produced more than 6.0 million gross tons of ore a year to the late 1950's. Production has declined since then to an annual rate of about 1.5 million gross tons. Reserves calculated for the district are sufficient to last many years. Mining in the district is now confined to Woodward Iron Company's Vance and Pyne mines. The rocks exposed consist of about 15,000 feet of consolidated Paleozoic sediments with a thin veneer of unconsolidated Cretaceous sediments in the Vance area. The district is characterized by a distinctively parallel and subparallel, slightly arcuate series of faults and joint systems. In view of available information, it seems reasonable to conclude that the Birmingham red ores are of sedimentary origin, modified to a small extent by diagenetic replacement after original deposition.

Jan 1, 1968

[NORTH AMERICA ALASKA Anchorage.-Strandberg, H. Chlchagoff.-Russell, J. C. College.-Barber. R. J. Dorsh, J. B. Fox, E. F. Joesting, H. R. McAnerney, J., M. Douglas.-Cahill, W. E. Fairbanks.-Beistline, E. H. Crawford, J. D. Earling, R. B. Greves, J. H. Harris, Q. P., Jr. Henton, H. M. Herbert, C. F. Hester. W. B. Hopkins, J. E. Kreitlow, E. J. MacDonald, D., III March, J. P. Mathews, T. C.]

Jan 1, 1940

By R. F. Domagala, M. Hansen, D. J. McPherson

On the basis of metallographic analysis, incipient melting data, thermal analysis work, and X-ray diffraction, phase relationships in the 0 to 50 atomic pct alloy content were carefully resolved. Phase relationships in the higher alloy content regions were outlined. A single intermediate phase, peritectically formed, of the form ZrX2 was established in each system. A eutectic and a eutectoid were found in the zirconium-rich region of both systems. Appreciable solubility of molybdenum and wolfram was found in ß zirconium, but only a slight solubility in a zirconium. PREVIOUS work on these systems was limited to X-ray investigations of the intermediate phases1, 2 and preliminary surveys of the zirconium-rich alloys." The diagrams presented were determined principally by metallographic, thermal analysis, and incipient melting techniques. In accordance with the Atomic Energy Commission contract requirements, phase relationships up to 50 atomic pct molybdenum or wolfram were carefully resolved, while only a limited amount of work was done to outline the 50 to 100 atomic pct alloy region. A description and analysis of the metals used in the preparation of alloys for this study are included in Table I. A "low-hafnium" zirconium crystal bar, produced by the decomposition of a volatile iodide onto a hot filament, was employed for these studies. Westinghouse "Grade 3" crystal bar was used for all alloys. The zirconium, as received, was coated with corrosion product from a standard autoclave test by which its grade designation is determined. This was removed by a sand-blasting and HF-HNO, pickling technique developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. The bars were cold rolled to approximately 1/32 in. sheet, pickled for iron removal, sheared to 1/4 in. squares, washed with acetone, and stored for furnace charge. Molybdenum sheet. 0.003 in. thick, 0.001 to 0.005 in. wolfram wire, and M in. wolfram rod crushed to granular form, from Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., were used as alloying stock. Melting Procedure A nonconsumable electrode arc furnace identical to that described in detail by Hansen et al.4 was used. The source of power for melting Zr-Mo alloys was a 400 amp dc welding generator, while a 900 amp dc generator was used for preparing Zr-W alloys. Electrode tips of the same material as the alloy addition were employed in both systems, i.e., molybdenum tips were used for Zr-Mo alloys, and wolfram tips for Zr-W alloys. This precluded any possible electrode contamination during arc melting. Ingots of 20 to 30 g of Zr-Mo alloys were melted under high purity helium in the cavity of a copper block insert in a spun copper crucible. Homogeneity was insured by remelting all ingots four to six times without opening the furnace. Due to the large difference between the melting points of wolfram and zirconium, direct melting of the charged metals as above generally yielded ingots containing unmelted wolfram particles. This was overcome, after many variations in technique, by melting a pure wolfram charge at high power levels (700 to 900 amp) and slowly adding zirconium to form a master alloy. Such master alloys were sectioned and remelted several times, then crushed to serve as melting stock for alloys of lower wolfram content. Master alloys containing 26, 50, 52, 70, and

Jan 1, 1954

By L. Mair

A STUDY by J. R. Low, Jr.1 on the effect of quench aging on the Charpy-impact specimens of semikilled 1020 steel disclosed that a decrease in cooling rate from 1275°F raised the transition temperature. This was demonstrated in his investigation by controlling the cooling rate of impact specimens to duplicate that of a heavier plate and com- paring the properties with air-cooled specimens and quenched specimens. The transition temperature of the samples that had been cooled at a rate estimated to be similar to that of an air-cooled 3/4 in. plate was approximately 45ºF higher than the quenched samples. The transition temperature of the air-cooled series was between that of the slow-cooled and the quenched series. On the basis of this work, it appeared that the cooling rate of plates after rolling in a hot mill would have a bearing on the brittle fracture of the

Jan 1, 1955

By C. H. Lieb

ONE astounding fact in the production of petroleum is the comparatively recent realization by producers that flowing production is the cheapest crude produced. About 1910 or even later, operators actually endeavored to get a producing well to pumping as quickly as possible after completion. A well was not really considered to be completed until it was operating on the pump. Remarkable progress has been made since then. It was not until about 1920 that producers began to take a serious interest in pressures and to think a little about proper methods of handling oil wells. Pressure gauges were installed, and records of pressures maintained, which was quite an innovation. Desultory experiments were made with tubing of different sizes, as well as experiments with placing the bottom of the tubing string at different levels in the well. Probably the first important departure from customary procedure was about 1926, during the Seminole development, when gas lift

Jan 1, 1936

By J. F. Abel, F. T. Lee

Subsidence is controlled by a complex com¬bination of mining and geologic factors. For example, a compilation of worldwide data shows that, as the percentage of shale in the overlying rock mass decreases and the amount of sandstone increases, the angle of draw (and the area affected by subsidence) decreases. Limestone in the over¬burden appears to cause a more than twofold decrease in the angle of draw compared to a like amount of sandstone. Increased amounts of sandstone were accompanied by a greater surface subsidence relative to the mining height. The total thickness of overburden did not appear to influence the subsidence magnitude above super-critical panels. The greater the thickness extracted, the smaller percentage of that thickness shows up at the surface as subsidence. The greater the percent of the seam extracted, the greater the subsidence reaching the surface. The maximum subsidence above room-and-pillar panels de¬pends on the pillar height and minimum width as well as the other factors listed.

Jan 1, 1984

By P. A. Beck, M. V. Nevitt

All binary and a number of ternary u alloys formed by first long period transition elements were examined and found to be ferromagnetic at low temperatures. The Curie temperatures for these alloys were measured. It was found that the correlation of the Curie temperature with composition may be described qualitatively in terms of the contributions of the various component atomic moments to the saturation moment of the alloy. Ternary Fe-Cr-Mo u phase alloys were also found to be ferromagnetic, with a Curie temperature dependent on the iron content and largely independent of the unit cell dimensions. Similar relations were found for the Co-Fe-Cr and the Co-Cr-Mo a alloys, where the Co + Fe content appears to determine the Curie temperature. RECENTLY, it has become increasingly evident that the u phase is some kind of an "electron compound." Several papers1-' discussed the empirical correlation between the composition of the various u phases in alloys of the transition elements and the distribution of electrons in the partially filled d-levels of the component atoms. However, a picture of the latter can be formed only in a more or less intuitive manner, as in the Pauling theory," and the rigorous treatment of these problems is at present prevented by lack of adequate knowledge of the electronic structure of the transition elements in the metallic state. It appeared reasonable to expect that investigation of the magnetic properties, which are related to d-shell electrons, may help in clarifying the physical nature of the foregoing empirical correlation. Qualitative tests of samples of various compositions have shown that certain u alloys become ferromagnetic at liquid nitrogen temperature." The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not low temperature ferromagnetism is characteristic of a large variety of u alloys and to establish how the Curie temperatures of ferromagnetic u alloys are influenced by changes in composition and in lattice parameter. In the first portion of the in- vestigation, Curie temperatures were measured for a series of u alloys containing either vanadium or chromium with one or two of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel. In the second phase of the work, data were obtained on the Curie temperature of ternary (Fe, Co, Cr)a, (Fe, Cr, Mo)a, and (Co, Cr, MO)U alloys, as a function of composition and of interatomic spacing. Experimental Procedures High frequency vacuum melting in high purity re-crystallized alumina crucibles was employed in the preparation of the u alloys, using metals whose lot analyses are given in Table I. Approximately two-thirds of the alloys were analyzed chemically, the analytical results being in acceptable agreement with the intended compositions, as seen in Tables I1 and 111. The specimens were annealed for homogen-ization in an atmosphere of purified 92 pct He and 8 pct H, mixture or in evacuated and sealed Vycor tubes at temperatures from 780" to 1300°C, depending on the temperature range of the u phase field for the particular composition. The annealing temwerature and time for kach alloy are given in Tables 11 and 111. Curie points were determined by an induction method; the change with temperature of mutual inductance between two coils was observed when the i-u specimen was inserted into the flux path between the coils. The transformer consisted of three coils each containing 1200 turns of 0.0050 in. diam enameled copper wire. The center coil, P in Fig. 1, served as the primary coil, and was linked magnetically with each of the two secondary coils, S, and S? which were connected in series opposition. The primary coil, P, was energized by an audio-oscillator, set at a frequency of 500 cycles per sec, while the signal from the transformer secondary circuit,

Jan 1, 1956