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George Ellery Hale, Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory and Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences, who has been for the last ten years a Correspondent of the Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, has received the unusual honor of election as Associe Etranger, taking the place of Adolph von Baeyer, declared vacant by the Academy. The Foreign Associates are limited to twelve, and the high distinction has been held by only two Americans-Simon Newcomb and Alexander Agassiz. The National Research Council upon the presentation and acceptance of. Dr. Hale's resignation as its Chairman and the election of James R. Angell as his successor, created and bestowed in perpetuity upon Dr. Hale the title of Honorary Chairman in recognition of his services to the National Research Council and to Science and Research by indefatigable efforts that have contributed so largely to the organization of science for the assistance of the Government during the war, and the augmentation of the resources of the United States through the newly intensive cultivation of research in the reconstruction and peace periods that follow.

Jan 8, 1919

At the close of the current academic year, there will be eight vacancies to be filled in research graduate assistantships which are maintained by the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. In addition to these assistantships, there are available two research graduate assistantships in gas engineering, which are supported by the Illinois Gas Association. These assistantships, for each, of which there is an annual stipend of $500 and freedom from all fees except the matriculation and diploma fees, are open to graduates of approved American and foreign universities and technical schools who are prepared to undertake graduate study in engineering, physics, or applied chemistry. An appointment to the position of Research Graduate Assistant is made and must be accepted for two consecutive collegiate years, at the expiration of which period, if all requirements have been met, the degree of Master of Science will be conferred. Not more than. half of the time of a Research Graduate Assistant is required in connection with the work of the department to which he is assigned, the remainder being available for graduate study.

Jan 3, 1919

Earnings of engineers in the period 1956 to 1958 continued the upward trend observed in the previous survey interval, 1953 to 1956. The overall median (all graduates) was $6500 in 1953, $7750 in 1956 (a 19 pct upstep or about 6.5 pct annually), and $8750 in 1958 (up 13 pct from 1956 or 6.5 pct average yearly). The latter represents an increase from mid-1956 to mid-1958. For this same two-year span the Consumer Price Index rose 1.5 pct and the Average Gross Weekly Earnings for Production (Manufacturing) climbed close to 10 pct. Median earnings for the major classifications studied are presented in Table I. The increase in engineering earnings are not distributed equally among the various activity classifications or among the experience levels of the survey. Summary results of the changes of the median lines for the major divisions are presented in Table 11. Data in this table are approximations- dollars are rounded to the nearest $50 unit and percentages to the nearest full percentage.

Jan 1, 1959

By Sir John Cadman

IN THE changed circumstances which now confront the world, an international open-door policy is the only way to keep pace with the world's demand for oil. You may rest assured that as far as the British Empire is concerned, American capital for the develop-ment of oil resources is welcome, and little obstruction will be found in the way to permit the use of foreign capital in the group of countries which constitute the British Empire. In the war days we worked in close cooperation and harmony, but in disbandment of the Petroleum War Service Committee, when the war ended, I feel that it left its task unfinished. In the wake of war there appeared a ghost of war-time conditions in the form of belief that Great Britain was straining to corner the petroleum resources of the world. I am certain that if the war-service committee had continued its work in the period of reconstruction the real story would be known and this sinister ghost would have long since vanished before the truth.

Jan 2, 1922

I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Secretary for the year 1915 showing the principal activities of the Institute: Meetings.-The 110th Meeting, including the Annual Business Meeting, was held in New York City, Feb. 15 to 17, 1915. The full report of this meeting is given in Volume LI of the Transactions. The number of papers presented was 53, and the attendance was 357 members and guests. The 111th Meeting was held in San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 16 to 19, 1915. Sixty-eight technical papers were presented, and the attendance was over 400 members and guests. The full report of this meeting is given in the Bulletin for December, 1915. Local Section.-A new, strong Local Section of the Institute, with head-quarters in Arizona and known as the Arizona Section, was formed during 1915. Affiliated Student Societies.-Three new Affiliated ,Student Societies were recognized in 1915 consisting of the Pick and. Hammer Club of the University of Oklahoma, Mining and Metallurgical Club of the Univer-

Jan 2, 1916

By Erwin Zodrow

An elaborate model for the magnetite distribution and genesis in the Smallwood mine, Labrador, based on factor analysis with orthogonal and oblique rotation of the factors, was proposed in an earlier paper. However, it is implicit in that model that variances of one variable shared with all others (communality) are estimated. To avoid the problem of communality estimation in the present investigation, a different type of factor analysis is used which (1) emphasizes the shared variances, and (2) attempts to eliminate, as much as possible, errors associated with the estimation of communality and sampling (unique variance). The samples for the present analysis are not the commonly employed oxide percentage variables, but counts of mineral species in specified areas of thin sections from drill core in the Smallwood mine: quartz, magnetite, calcite, and specular-hematite minerals. The counting procedure for mineral species is similar to modal analysis differing from it principally in the aspect of texture recognition. The constant area in which mineral species are counted is dependent primarily on

Jan 1, 1975

By J. F. Wolff, Anson A. Betts

The following correspondence relating to a paper bearing the above title, presented by J. F. Wolff, at the New York meeting in February, 1917, and published in the Transactions, Volume LVI, page 142, has passed between the author of the paper, and Mr. Anson G. Betts, and is interesting, although it was received much too late for incorporation in its proper place in Volume LVI. Anson G. Betts, Asheville, N. C.—1. I should like to ask Mr. Wolff if he finds from analysis of the iron formation and of the iron ore, and from the relative amounts of each in each unit area of the formation, unleached and after leaching, that the iron remains entirely insoluble and the total quantity still remains present; or whether he finds that some of the iron is removed, or possibly even added by deposition from the water passing through the formation. 2. The water that passed into the iron formation had to go somewhere; was it absorbed by underlying formations through hydration, or, after passing through the ore formation, did it come to the surface in springs at a lower elevation, or how did it escape from the ground? 3. I should like to ask Mr. Wolff whether he finds that the iron formation in the sedimentary series does not come next to the quartzites and generally between the quartzites and slates. J. I?. Wolff, Duluth, Minn.—1. In common with others, you appear to have some hesitancy in accepting the fact of the removal, by solution, of the enormous quantity of silica which has been leached out of portions of the Biwabik iron formation, thus forming orebodies of merchantable iron ore. I believe that even Dr. Waldemar Lindgren once hesitated to accept this fact. However, the evidence is so simple and absolutely conclusive that the fact is established beyond all question. At the contact of orebodies with their rock walls, the bands of iron ore in the orebody can be seen in contact with the corresponding bands of original iron oxide in the rock wall, and the chert layers in the rock wall can be seen to give place to fine granular material (fine silica and iron oxide) and pore space. This is especially noticeable where slumping at the rock walls has not been so great as to displace the layers in the orebody from their contact with their corresponding layers in the rock wall. Although complete analyses of the entire original rocks in the iron series have not been made in any place, to my knowledge, from the best data at hand as to the average analysis of the Biwabik series and the

Jan 1, 1920

By Ralph Arnold

LESS than eight months ago at the annual meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, attention was called to the demoralizing effect of the abnormal oil production of Mexico on the oil situation in the United States, and it was predicted that this unstabilizing influence would probably become impotent in 18 to 24 months through ' the exhaustion of the principal producing fields of Mexico, unless new fields were found in- the meantime. When this statement was made, the daily production of Mexico was about 600,000 bbl. of crude oil; now it is about 350,000 bbl. No new pools of consequence have been opened, although extensions have been made to two old pools. Over 200,000 bbl., or more than half of the present daily production, comes from Los Naranjos, Amatlan and North Zacamixtle fields, in which practically every well is so affected by salt water that the potential production dropped 50 per cent. in the month of September, clearly indicating that these fields are moving rapidly toward extinction. How much longer the one remaining important pool will last is a matter of conjecture.

Jan 1, 1921

Members Dues Resignations, Suspensions and Expulsions Institute Meetings Board of Director?s Meetings Directors and Officers Duties of Officers Committees Nomination and Election of Officers Publications Divisions, Local Sections, Affiliated Societies Amendments [As REVISED FEBRUARY 21, 19281 ARTICLE I MEMBERS-QUALIFICATIONS AND ELECTION , SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise six classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Associates; 6. Rocky Mountain Members. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that Junior Associates, and all Members and Associates whose residence shall be outside of the United States of America, Mexico and Canada shall not be entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the class of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which he must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain members.

Jan 1, 1928

Bureau of Mineral and Topographic Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Arthur C. McFarlan, State Geologist The Kentucky Geological Survey was abolished by a recent legislative act and the Bureau of Mineral and Topographic Survey at the University of Kentucky was created in its place Publications of the former Survey are distributed by the present Bureau Several series of papers and volumes have been issued but only those of Series 3, 4 and 6 are now to be had in whole or in part Of Series 4, (1912-18) only one group of papers is available Vol: 1, pt. 2, Miscellaneous papers on fire clays, limestones and coals of parts of the state (1913), $125. Of Series 3 (1904-1912), the following bulletins are pertinent and may be had. Bulletin 3, Coals, clays, etc., of Kentucky (1905), 50 cents, 14, Coals of the Pineville Gap region (1912), $1.25, 16, The Waverlain formation of east central Kentucky (1912), 50 cents, 17, Coals of the Tradewater region (1912), 50 cents, 18, Coals of Quicksand region (1912), 50 cents; 19, Geology and coals of the Central City, Madisonville, Calhoun, and Newberg Quadrangles (1912), 50 cents

Jan 1, 1933

By R. J. Wysor

Discussion of the paper of R. J. WYSOR, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 106, October, 1915, pp. 2161 to 2170. LEONARD WALDO, New York, N. Y.-Will Mr. Wysor kindly give us more information as to the pyrometers used and the temperature measurement? R. J. WYSOR, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-We used standard Bristol pyrometers with bare fire ends. These were standardized both before and after the tests with salt and pure aluminum. We also interchanged the pyrometers. J. W. RICHARDS, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-Did you attain any results which gave you approximately the value of the heat insulation at any of the furnaces? R. J. WYSOR.-In the first installation we were afraid to put in the insulation throughout the hot-blast main for the reasons mentioned in the paper, but we used the insulating brick in two 8-ft. sections in straight lengths of our hot-blast mains. Owing to the high conductivity of the steel shell, the temperatures which were taken on the outside were not representative of the two temperatures resulting from heat flow through the insulating brick. I believe that when a hot-blast main is insulated

Jan 5, 1916

By Robert M. Abrams

The passage of an ore pulp through the froth flotation process results in the production, after dewatering, of a finely divided concentrate. This intermediate product must be handled to the subsequent process facilities via beit or other types of conveyors, hoppers, bins, chutes and feeders, and the like. Flotation concentrate has some difficult handling properties such as abrasiveness, sluggishness when moist, or fluidity when dry. These characteristics require the judicious selection or design of handling equipment and the careful engineering of transfer chutes. It is to the special problems which are encountered in this in-plant handling procedure that this paper is addressed. The methods which will be discussed have been developed primarily for the handling of the froth flotation concentrates of copper, lead, and taconite iron ores, but may be generalized, with appropriate modifications, to apply to other similar metallic concentrates. The controlled feeding of concentrates from bins and hoppers is covered along with some of the techniques used to transfer concentrates from one belt conveyor to another. Methods are described for unloading belt conveyors into bins or storage piles. The reclamation from storage piles is also treated.

Jan 1, 1979

By R. H. Heinen

Introduction Drilling is the initial operating step In open pit mining. It goes hand-in-hand with the blasting operations to ensure adequately broken material for the excavation equipment employed. The drilling effectiveness is highly dependent on the quality of the drill evaluation. This discussion will center on the parameters that are needed to evaluate drill requirements for a new mine The procedure that is generated can, however, be used to evaluate whether to expand existing operations and replace existing equipment. Methods of breaking ground, other than blasthole drilling and blasting, such as ripping, will not be discussed. The importance of correct drill evaluation extends to the other facets of open pit mining. Inadequate fragmentation, the direct result of poor drilling and blasting techniques, results in oversized, hard digging for the excavating equipment. The result is higher secondary blasting costs, reduced excavation efficiencies, higher excavation costs, higher road repair costs, and higher haulage equipment costs. The main objective of evaluating drill fleet requirements, therefore, is to determine the equipment needed to minimize the operational constraints, caused by blasthole drilling, on other facets of open pit mining at the lowest cash flow costs.

Jan 1, 1979

The suggestions of the members of the Institute are very much desired by the Committee on Nominations prior to deciding upon its nominations to fill the places of those officers who retire early in 1917. The Committee must make its final report to the Board of Directors early in October. The members are, therefore, asked to send in promptly their suggestions for Directors as well as for Vice-Presidents and President. The Committee hopes to hear from a large number of the members. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1917, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director. The attention of members is called to Articles V and VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law XIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to be considered by the Committee on Nominations shall be as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board. District No. 1. New England, New York, and New Jersey, excepting New York City and district, which is provided for in the Constitution. (N. B.-New York City and district is designated District 0.) District No. 2: Pennsylvania.

Jan 6, 1916

By G. Hergert

SUMMARY Three gradients have been identified in regard to the average horizontal ground stress increase with depth. [S (0-900 m) = 9.86 MPa + 0.0371 MPa/m SHa (900-2200 m) = 33.41 MPa + 0.0111 MPa/m SHae (extreme)= 12.36 MPa + 0.0586 MPa/m] The extreme stress values are not caused by mining geometry and are of limited extent only. In some cases geological disturbances like faults and rock type boundaries suggest an explanation but in other cases the unusually high stresses cannot be explained readily. It is interesting to note that in the same locations the vertical stress components are very much higher than those derived from overburden weight and that the vertical stress gradient is similar to the gradient obtained from the extreme horizontal stress components. INTRODUCTION Ground stress determinations have been carried out in mines in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada, over more than a decade (Herget, 1980). Most of the sites are located in the Superior and Southern Tectonic Province of the Canadian Shield, which consist of Archaen and Proterozoic rocks comprising volcanics, metamorphosed sediments and granites. The youngest orogenic deformation occurred during the Grenville Orogeny (955 million years ago).

Jan 1, 1982

By E. A. Rychkun

The transition from Larger word type computers to the small byte oriented micro-computers has allowed specialized software to be placed directly under the control of the people requiring solutions. In addition, with the advent of interactive graphics, many complex geological and mining engineering problems can be solved graphically, thereby further forcing obsolescence on larger computers. Although the industry has not yet caught on or taken full advantage of this fact, some companies have begun to move in this direction. One such case is the Coal Evaluation System presently in use at Manalta Coal Ltd. in Calgary, Alberta. This system, designed to allow interactive analysis of simple to complex coal deposits, leads one from geophysical/core log data, to geological modelling, strip or open pit design, equipment selection, cost estimation, and cash flow analysis. The micro-computer system used is portable, stands alone, and costs less than $120,000. It is the purpose of this paper to present the coal evaluation system and its development methodology which maximizes the use of the newest computer technology. Further, in order to illustrate the practical application of the system, an example application based upon a large operating coal mine will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

Our merchant marine is rapidly outgrowing our consular service, according to Edward N. Hurley, Chairman of the United States Shipping Board, who urges that steps be taken immediately to provide facilities abroad for handling the millions of tons of shipping which will be afloat under the American flag in peaceful trade when the war is over. When peace is restored and our present tonnage is scattered over world trade routes, the consular service will be inadequate to handle our ships: Besides, it will have to work against the handicaps of obsolete shipping regulations and, in many cases, lack of experience. There are nearly 100 pages in the United States consular regulations dealing with shipping platters. . Many of these regulations are based on old treaties and many of them are obsolete. There are also differences between treaties with various countries. Our consuls often lack authority to handle matters involving the interests of our sailors and shipowners. Before we can operate a modern merchant marine we must revise, standardize, and simplify this whole mass of regulations and bring them up to the efficiency of other nations' practice.

Jan 12, 1918

LET us return and follow our first intention of discussing the art of melting. Since I have demonstrated to you how large works are made, you may have thought that the way to the small ones was also open to you, and you would not have been mistaken. But in order to avoid work and expense there are shorter and easier ways to be used, both because the things can be handled more easily and because it is not necessary to have so much regard for the forces of small materials. Therefore, wishing to make a distinction for you, I shall call this the small art of casting. Before speaking of this, I shall tell you of several methods of making powders for moulding. Then I shall also tell you of the methods of moulding in boxes and in frames, and how the said powders are to be prepared for casting either dry or green. Then I shall tell you some methods that are held as secret by the masters for handling the metals in melting and making them flow readily, so that you may easily fill the cavities of your moulds.

Jan 1, 1942

The 114th (New York) Meeting of the Institute will be held in the third week of February, 1917. The Committee on Papers and Publications has set Dec: 1, 1916; as the closing date for the receipt of manuscripts intended for this meeting. Manuscripts must be received by the Secretary on or before this date. If they are sent through members of the technical committee they must be sent to those committees enough in advance of the time to be forwarded and in the hands of the Secretary by the time specified. While Dec. 1, 1916, is the final closing date, it is a great advantage to get papers in as much before that time as possible as it enables them to be submitted in proof form to their authors. Papers received on or before Nov. 1, 1916, will, as far as possible, be published in the January Bulletin or earlier, thus giving good distribution among the members in advance of tile meeting. The Institute's records show that the discussion of papers is very rnuch better when they are distributed somewhat in advance of the meeting instead of in the Bulletin which goes out immediately preceding the meeting.

Jan 9, 1916

By Jerry B. Newby

In the central Ohio area well completions and new production each increased 60 per cent. in 1928 over the previous year. Gas wells increased only 27 per cent. The ratio of dry holes to total completions was unchanged. Ashland County led with 113 completions; a new pool in the shallow Berea sand near Jeromesville stimulated activity. Licking County in the Clinton deep sand territory, however, lead in new production with 972 bbl. Two other deep sand counties followed closely, Coshocton with 831 bbl., and Muskingum with 718 barrels. The Trenton rock or Lima field of northwestern Ohio declined sharply in oil well completions to 130 for 1928 from 210 for the previous year. New production increased from 3000 to 6100 bbl., the increase coming from the Murphy pool in Liberty township, Seneca County. The total of gas wells was unchanged as compared with 1927. The ratio of dry holes to total completions rose from 13 per cent. in 1927 to 27 per cent, in 1928. The largest producer in the Murphy pool made 1200 bbl, in the first 24 hr. The total depth of the wells in this pool averages 1475 ft.; average initial production, 125 barrels.

Jan 1, 1929