Search Documents

By John A. Mathews

During the prosecution of the aircraft-production program in 1917 and 1918, the writer visited many plants engaged in the manufacture of motors, planes and parts, in carrying out his duties as chairman of the Committee on Aircraft-engine Forgings. On several occasions, when the question of expansion was discussed, it was noted that there was confusion in the use of the terms: the true coefficient of expansion, a physical constant, and distortion in hardening. One engineer, referring to a steel shown in the accompanying table, stated that he could not consider it for crankshafts because of its excessive coefficient of expansion, while another steel, also Iisted in the table, was said to be especially good because it had no coefficient of expansion, since it came out of the oil bath perfectly straight. Many years ago one of our employees designed a new oil furnace; when asked what became of the products of combustion, he replied: "There ain't any, we burn them all up." While the coefficient of expansion is not without its effect in volume changes in hardened steel, it is not a determining factor in the matter of distortion and going out of shape. Irregular heating, uneven furnace bottoms, and carelessness in withdrawing the part from the furnace, as well as the manner in which the part enters the quenching bath are of greater moment. Generally speaking, also, steels of relatively low hardening temperature will distort less than those requiring higher hardening heats. The coefficient of expansion must be considered in engineering design most frequently when different metals or alloys are used in the same construction. For example, the difference of expansion between a steel crankshaft and an aluminum crank case might be of real importance and a steel with no coefficient of expansion would be much less desirable than one with the normal coefficient. About 15 years ago, the writer made many determinations of the coefficient of expansion at low temperature ranges, usually between 20' and 100" C. Among the materials tested were: Pure forged electrolytic iron, 11.73 parts per million for l° C.; cast aluminum (99.93 per cent. AI.),

Jan 1, 1922

By AIME AIME

T HOUGH Ira B. Joraletnon has not had an eastern address since 1907, he is a New Yorker by birth, having been born at Antwerp, in the northern part of the state, on July 27, 1884. He got his scholastic training at Harvard, which gave him his A.B. degree in 1905 and an A.M. two years later. For the next fifteen years except for the war period, he was with the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., with headquarters at Warren, Ariz., being assistant man- ager when he left that company in 1922. During the first World War he spent a year and a half in France, where he achieved the rank of major in the signal corps, air division.

Jan 1, 1941

By Roshan B. Bhappu, Zeki M. Dogan

Two magnesite ores containing 3.15% and 8.73% SiO2 and a calcined magnesite product assaying 2.6% Si02 were first reduced in size to -20 mesh by roll crushing. 'They were then treated dry on a high intensity magnetic separator to reduce their silica content by rejecting iron-stained silicate minerals in the magnetic fraction and obtaining marketable magnesite or calcined magnesite as a nonmagnetic product.

Jan 1, 1975

By John E. Young

U.S. Steel Corp.'s Winifrede mine is operated by Lynch District in the mountainous region of eastern Kentucky. This region is characterized by narrow finger ridges and precipitous slopes, which present both an opportunity and challenge in the design and selection of coal-handling facilities for the movement of coal from the section belts to the railrod cars. Lynch District selected diesel-powered locomo¬tives and 100-ton articulated cars capable of negotiating sharp curves. The drop¬bottom mine cars are equipped with longitudinally hinged doors that are auto¬matically opened and closed. Lynch District selected a large-diameter steel-lined borehole for lowering the coal approximately 1000 ft from the seam level to the valley floor railroad load-out point. Taking advantage of gravity, the presized coal is "lowered" vertically approximately 720 ft to existing entries of a previously abandoned mine. The coal is then conveyed horizontally into storage. The coal¬handling facility from the mine-car dump to the railroad load-out point is fully automatic through use of tone control. TV cameras are installed along the facility to continuously monitor the strategic points. The diesel locomotives are either directly operated or remotely radio-controlled, depending on the functions Per¬formed. U.S. Steel Corp.'s Winifrede mine is operated by Lynch District in the mountainous region of eastern Kentucky. This region is characterized by narrow mountain ridges and precipitous slopes which present both an opportunity and challenge in the design and selection of coal-handling facilities for the movement of coal from the section belts to the railroad cars. The narrow finger ridges precluded use of under¬ground haulage and, thereby, presented the opportunity to use high-capacity equipment on the outside bench. The precipitous mountain slopes, steepest at the Wini¬frede seam horizon, presented a challenge to select a solution for lowering the coal approximately 1000 ft from the seam level to the valley floor railroad load-out point. It was evident from the start of planning that these two factors predominated; namely, rail haulage and coal lowering, and solutions to these would determine the final design of the Winifrede mine coal-handling facilities. The Winifrede mine derives its name from the Wini¬frede Seam which comprises the total reserve recov¬erable from this facility. The seam is 5 ft high with a good siltstone bottom and competent shale or sandstone roof. The seam is at an elevation of 2700 ft where the mountain ridges are long and narrow. This configuration of the reserve was ideal for conveyor belt installation to transport the coal from the working face to the outside bench. The preclusion of underground rail haul¬age permitted an opportunity to review the type of locomotive power and to select high-capacity equipment without the limitations associated with underground systems. Since the basic electrical design of the mine was al¬ternating current, with rectification to direct current for shuttle cars required only in the face areas, there was no point in bearing the burden of additional cost of dc trolley installation. And, since the haulage would re¬quire only a few tunnels to negotiate sharp points and to reach the back side of the reserves, diesel power was selected for the haulage locomotives. To provide stability on the almost continuously curv¬ing track and to provide the maximum width of haul¬age equipment, both locomotives and mine cars, stan¬dard railroad gage was chosen to offer the largest choice of equipment. The decision was made to select a standard 45-ton railroad diesel locomotive but to lower the cab height to reduce tunnel excavation requirements. The mine car was the next challenge. Past experience in Lynch operations indicated that drop-bottom cars would be a successful application with the free-flowing coal. The search was for a drop-bottom car within the dimensions of the locomotive to discharge the coal in the shortest time. Numerous types were considered and visits made to various sites to observe cars in operation.

Jan 1, 1972

By Mark Sheppard

DURING the winter of 1937, the writer visited a West Virginia stone, quarry at which the overburden is stripped hydraulically. The quarry is in a bed of limestone, about 200 ft. thick, which outcrops on a hillside above a small river; the quarry face is 175 ft. high. The top of the stone is cut in all directions by erosion channels, which are filled with a tough, red clay. Some of the larger channels are 30 ft. deep and 8 ft. wide, The thickness of the clay overburden ranges from a few inches to 10 ft., the average being estimated as less than 3 feet. The topography of the district is rugged, and the hillside above the quarry face is not suited to the use of the usual mechanical methods of moving dirt. Until hydraulicking was started 10 years ago, the over-burden was dug by hand labor, dumped to the quarry floor and trans-ported to the dump in quarry cars, Cleaning deep channels was a slow and expensive process. When hydraulicking was started, the top of the quarry face was over 200 ft. above the level of the river. The pipe line was carried in a semi-circle around the top of the quarry about 200 ft. from the face and about 50 ft, above it. As there is no adequate supply of water above the quarry, the water must be pumped from the river: As quarrying pro-gressed the pipe line was moved until the discharge points are now over 300 ft. above the river. Water is pumped from the river by a four-stage centrifugal pump having a 5-in. intake and a 4-in. discharge. It is direct-connected to a 200-hp,, 2300-volt, 1760-r.p.m. induction motor. At 1760 r.p.m. the rated capacity of the pump is 750 gal. per minute under a head of 600 ft. The pump is installed in a house of frame construction on the river bank, about 10 ft, above normal water level, which also houses the pump for the mill-water supply. Above the pumps are hoisting hays into which the motors are raised whenever the river reaches flood stage.

Jan 1, 1938

The eastern part of the state of Rhode Island on both sides of Narragansett Bay, including the island of Rhode Island, is underlaid with carboniferous rocks which carry veins of anthracite. This formation extends into the neighboring portion of Massachusetts, including the area from the state line, the towns of Mansfield, Brockton and Bridgewater,: and extending probably ten miles east of the latter two towns, to Middlesboro, and to Fall River. In Massachusetts the coal formation extends over nearly the whole of Bristol, and parts of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties. In Rhode Island and Massachusetts the area covered is about 400 square miles. In both states the exact limits of the coal measures cannot be determined on account of a thick layer of drift which overlays it. Along parts of Narragansett Bay, the coal measures outcrop in the cliffs on the west side of Rhode Island, and the presence of coal here seems to have been noted as early as 1760, and in 1768 a patent was granted to parties who "were about to dig after pit, coal or sea coal" at the back of the town of Providence. In 1807-08 Benjamin Silliman, later a geologist, visited some openings,' and in 1808 a mine was opened near Portsmouth, in the northeast part of Rhode Island. Work was done here until about 1814 when the mine was abandoned. No anthracite had been used in New England at that time, all coal used came from Nova Scotia, Virginia or England, and was high volatile bituminous; neither experience nor the means of firing favored the use of the local fuel? This mine was again working in 1827, was again abandoned and operations were resumed in 1847. In 1837 a note in a magazine mentions, "the immense coal mine in Cumberland-about six miles from the city of Providence" as having a shaft 14 ft. in diameter and 80 ft. deep, that the horses then used for hoisting the coal were to be superseded by a steam engine and another shaft was to be sunk. With these improvements 30,000 to 50,000 tons were to be produced the following year at a cost of $1 per ton and a sales realization of $6.1 Hitchcock's report refers to a number of localities in both states where definite knowledge of coal existed. These are:

Jan 1, 1942

By Joseph C. Platt

It is not the object of the present paper to give a description of the minerals found on Mine Hill, in Sussex County, N. J., nor even to touch upon all the forms of the ores named, but to place upon record and call to the attention of the Institute some interesting facts concerning them. In May, 1875, after the Dover meeting, some of the members visited this locality, and, no doubt, it is fresh in their memories, being one of the best known mineralogical points in our country. It will be only necessary to describe it very briefly. Mine Hill and Stirling Hill, in Sussex County, N. J.,—the former being at the village of Franklin Furnace, and the latter near Ogdensburg,—are the only localities in the State where zinc ores are found in workable quantities.* Mine Hill is the more northerly, and mineralogically differs from its neighbor, chiefly in having no hydrated ores to speak of, while at Stirling this deposit is considerable. At both points Franklinite, red oxide, and silicate of zinc occur in large quantities. Mine Hill lies on the east side of the Wallkill River, above which it rises to an extreme elevation of about 150 feet. On the summit the outcrop of the Franklinite vein appears, while the lowest worked points are perhaps 10 or 15 feet above the level of the stream. Cornmencing at the northern end, where the Hamburg Road crosses it, this outcrop runs along the northwestern brow of the hill a distance of about 2000 feet, in a general southwest direction, to a point where is a large, cavern-like opening, called the "Southwest Opening." " Double Rock," about the highest point on the hill, lies near the middle of this 2000 feet of outcrop, and over or near it passes a property line, to which allusion will hereafter be made. At the Southwest Opening the vein bends abruptly towards the east,—the angle between the two parts being perhaps 45°,—and this easterly branch continues some 700 feet. From the northern part of the Stirling Hill deposit to the southern part of the Mine Hill deposit is about two miles, and in this interval the vein carrying Franklinite

THE Annual Fall Meeting held in Chicago in conjunction with the celebration of a Centennial of Engineering brought forth a round of field trips and symposiums which did much to add to the store of information of the 240 who registered for the gathering. Instead of a scattered program, technical papers were grouped together in organized symposiums, where the particular importance of each report was enhanced by presentation in context. Despite the heavy accent on technical papers and informative field trips, those attending the meeting had ample time to enjoy the benefits of a visit to Chicago. The AIME dinner dance was held at the Palmer House, in the Red Lacquer Room. The Chicago Section played host Friday evening at dinner. The MBD held four sessions at the meeting headquarters, the Palmer House, September 4 and 5. Featuring the meetings was a review of taconite concentration and new theories on comminution. The first session opened with a paper on the Structural Features Which Effect the Concentration of Iron Formations, presented by F. J. Tolonen. The paper was centered upon the various members of the low grade iron formations of the separate Michigan districts. The study correlated macrostructure, microstructure, and concentration tests. [ ] Beneficiation Characteristics of Michigan Low Grade Iron Ores, presented by F. X. Tartaron, cochairman of the session, reviewed the work of his laboratory on the beneficiation of low grade ore taken from various strata of a deep shaft on the Marquette Range. The paper included data on flotation, gravity separation, magnetic separation, and combinations of these processes. The economics of low grade ore treatment generated great interest. Ty. Maki offered a compilation and correlation of field results with magnetic separators in ferrosilicon and magnetite medium recovery circuits. Following the morning session, 130 persons attended a luncheon, followed by a brief business meeting. Later, a film illustrating the grinding, separation, and pelletizing steps investigated by the Mines Experiment Bureau, was presented by H. H. Wade. T. E. Ban, and L. J. Erck gave a report on pelletizing which evoked much discussion. R. A. Limons presented a paper on the Mineralogy of Blast Furnace Sinter, for its author, H. M. Kraner. Friday sessions featured a new hypothesis for high speed drill rod milling and a new technical approach to comminution. Jack Myers commented that Consolidated's large rod mill was a hammer mill turned inside out. Steve Erickson described the use of Cyclones for Heavy Media Concentration of Iron Ore Fines. Bob Meaders gave a Progress Report on the Aerofall Mill. Shiou-Chuan Sun described an improved high frequency analyzer for studying the conductivity of suspensions of various minerals. L. A. Roe discussed a magnetic reflux condensor which enabled him to determine the degree of liberation of magnetic iron ores. Roy A. Johnson described a function of the hydroscilator in which the fan rake was eliminated in favor of a conical bottom. The Industrial Minerals Division sessions held September 5 and 6 and were well attended. The Friday morning session was particularly concerned with developments and advances in industrial minerals with special emphasis on the Chicago area. The first two papers dealt with transportation on the Great Lakes and fuel movement into the Chicago area. The third paper proved to be of great interest, turning the spotlight on the fairly new hydraulic mining methods introduced by a silica company in the Ottawa, Ill. field.

Jan 1, 1952

By Francis J. Dennis

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) MANY factors govern the value of dredging-ground, and much capital can be wasted by the mistaken policy of contracting for the purchase of property and the installation of machinery before a thorough, examination has been made. To the uninitiated investor the presence of gold is generally the criterion,, and very superficial evidence is necessary to satisfy him as to this point. He considers the comprehensive report of a competent engineer as a wasteful extravagance and cannot understand why the engineer requires so much time and money to ascertain the information on which to base his conclusions, when the promoter can furnish him such pleasing and satisfactory data with but little expenditure of time and money. The uninitiated investor will often optimistically risk capital for purchase and equipment, and not until the venture comes to grief does he learn that the conditions are wholly unsuited for dredging. In many instances, a short preliminary examination by a competent engineer would have disclosed these facts. The mere presence of gold is by no means sufficient; some of the other factors necessary to be ascertained in determining the value of placer-ground for dredging-purposes are : (1) character and distribution of gold, and how much can economically be recovered; (2) character of bedding underlying the gravel, its contour, and whether its gold can be recovered by ordinary dredging-operations; (3) area and depths of gravel, surface contour, over-burden, water-level, proportion of fine material and boulders, and the presence of any material which might interfere with the dredging-operations and the recovery of the gold; (4) water-supply, power available, labor, transportation, and supplies, and cost of these ; (5) climatic condi-tions; (6) title to property, cost and royalties, and legal obstacles to carrying on dredging-operations. A brief reconnaissance may be sufficient to determine that some of the essential conditions for successful dredging are

Apr 1, 1912

By Joseph C. Platt

IT is not the object of the present paper to give a description of the minerals found on Mine Hill, in Sussex County, N. J., nor even to touch upon all the forms of the ores named, but to place upon record and call to the attention of the Institute some interesting facts concerning them. In May, 1875, after the Dover meeting, some of the members visited this locality, and, no doubt, it is fresh in their memories, being one of the best known mineralogical points in our country. It will be only necessary to describe it very briefly. Mine Hill and Stirling Hill, in Sussex County, N. J., the former being at the village of Franklin Furnace, and the latter near Ogdensburg,-are the only localities in the State where zinc ores are found in workable quantities.* Mine Hill is the more northerly, and mineralogically differs from its neighbor, chiefly in having no hydrated ores to speak of, while at Stirling this deposit is considerable. At both points Franklinite, red oxide, and silicate of zinc occur in large quantities. Mine Hill lies on the east side of the Wallkill River, above which it rises to an extreme elevation of about 150 feet. On the summit the outcrop of the Franklinite vein appears, while the lowest worked points are perhaps 10 or 15 feet above the level of the stream. Corn¬mencing at the northern end, where the Hamburg Road crosses it, this outcrop runs along the northwestern brow of the hill a distance of about 2000 feet, in a general southwest direction, to a point where is a large, cavern-like opening, called the "Southwest Opening." " Double Rock," about the highest point on the hill, lies near the middle of this 2000 feet of outcrop, and over or near it passes a property line, to which allusion will hereafter be made. At the Southwest Opening the vein bends abruptly towards the east,-the angle between the two parts being perhaps 45°,-and this easterly branch continues some 700 feet. From the northern part of the Stirling Hill deposit to the southern part of the Mine Hill deposit is about two miles, and in this interval the vein carrying Franklinite * See New Jersey State Geology, 1868, p. 669.

Jan 1, 1877

By Waldemar Lindgren

Discussion of the paper of WALDEMAR LINDGREN and CLYDE P. Ross, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 106, October, 1915, pp. 2171 to 2190. WALDEMAR LINDGREN, Boston, Mass.-I happened to go down to Cuba rather unexpectedly in the winter of 1914, and spent a few very interesting days at Daiquiri and Mayari. To C. F. Rand and his associates I am greatly indebted for permission to visit the mines and for many courtesies received. A few months after that, I met Professor Kemp who informed me that he had just returned from a geological study of Daiquiri. We talked over what to do in a case like that. We both liked to publish our opinions, and so finally agreed to write two papers entirely separately, I not knowing any of Professor Kemp's conclusions,1 and vice versa. We were rather interested in seeing what would happen. Of course, as might be expected, we disagreed on some points; not, of course, that we ordinarily disagree, but simply because when two men work in the same field and with different ideas, probably they are apt to vary slightly in their conclusions. Some years ago A. C. Spencer went down there for the military interim government and published the results of his study. His view of the origin of the deposit differed from that of Professor Kemp and from mine. So here are three different results obtained by three different geologists. Such differences in opinion on obscure subjects sometimes tend to bring geology into disrepute. It is perhaps not surprising that different opinions have been expressed, for this occurrence of iron ore is one of the most difficult to explain that I have ever seen. MAX ROESLER, Great Neck, L. I.-I had the opportunity this summer of spending about two months down at the Juragua deposits, and studied them with the idea of writing a paper on them, which I hope will come out later. The interpretation of the occurrence at Ocania Mine is the thing which particularly struck me, in the last paper. At the Ocania Mine we may have these large blocks of limestone which have been utterly and entirely altered, to a remarkable extent.

Jan 5, 1916

Harry HaRkness Stoek, whose sudden death on March 1,1923, was a great shock to his friends in all park of the country, was a man of remarkable personal characteristics and mental ability. Through an acquaintance with him of nearly 35 years, during 12 yeam of which I was intimately associated with him both in business and socially, I learned to appreciate his many high qualities, his strict adherence to high professional and social ideals, and his lovable traits of character. In this appreciation I was joined by every one who was thrown in close personal contact with him. He was a conscientious student, not given to hasty judgments, but when he formed an opinion he was positive in upholding it. At the same time, he was most courteous and kindly in combatting that which he believed was erroneous. In fact, I never knew a person of his attainments more modest, forceful and kindly, or one who had a keener sense of clean humor. In his private life,he was a devoted husband and father, a consistent communicant and worker in the Episcopal Church, and was charitable in all things. In fact, his whole life was marked by helpfulness to others and a determined and successful effort to "make the world better by his having lived in it." Doctor Stoek was born in Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1866. His early education was obtained in the public schools of that city and he graduated from the Central High School in the first class to graduate from a high school in Washington. He entered Lehigh University in 1883, graduated in 1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Science, and after a year of post-graduate study in mining and metallurgy he received the degree of Engineer of Mines. During the summer vacation in 1885, he served as an assistant in the Department of Mineralogy in the National Museum at Washington, and during the summer of 1887 acted as U. S. Government inspector of dredging on the Tharnes River, Connecticut. From June, 1888, to January, 1900, he was assistant engineer for the Susquehanna Coal Co., at Wilkes-Barre, Pa. From January, 1890, to June, 1893, he was Instructor in Mining, Metallurgy and Geology at Lehigh University, and had charge of all courses in mining and metdlurgical design, and the visits of students to mines and metallurgical

Jan 1, 1923

Harry HaRkness Stoek, whose sudden death on March 1,1923, was a great shock to his friends in all park of the country, was a man of remarkable personal characteristics and mental ability. Through an acquaintance with him of nearly 35 years, during 12 yeam of which I was intimately associated with him both in business and socially, I learned to appreciate his many high qualities, his strict adherence to high professional and social ideals, and his lovable traits of character. In this appreciation I was joined by every one who was thrown in close personal contact with him. He was a conscientious student, not given to hasty judgments, but when he formed an opinion he was positive in upholding it. At the same time, he was most courteous and kindly in combatting that which he believed was erroneous. In fact, I never knew a person of his attainments more modest, forceful and kindly, or one who had a keener sense of clean humor. In his private life,he was a devoted husband and father, a consistent communicant and worker in the Episcopal Church, and was charitable in all things. In fact, his whole life was marked by helpfulness to others and a determined and successful effort to "make the world better by his having lived in it." Doctor Stoek was born in Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1866. His early education was obtained in the public schools of that city and he graduated from the Central High School in the first class to graduate from a high school in Washington. He entered Lehigh University in 1883, graduated in 1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Science, and after a year of post-graduate study in mining and metallurgy he received the degree of Engineer of Mines. During the summer vacation in 1885, he served as an assistant in the Department of Mineralogy in the National Museum at Washington, and during the summer of 1887 acted as U. S. Government inspector of dredging on the Tharnes River, Connecticut. From June, 1888, to January, 1900, he was assistant engineer for the Susquehanna Coal Co., at Wilkes-Barre, Pa. From January, 1890, to June, 1893, he was Instructor in Mining, Metallurgy and Geology at Lehigh University, and had charge of all courses in mining and metdlurgical design, and the visits of students to mines and metallurgical

Jan 1, 1923

By Thomas A. Hendricks

The object of this paper is to give a brief description of the coals in the different districts of Arkansas and Oklahoma, their present commercial classification, and the need for a scientific classification that shall be more nearly in accord with their physical and chemical properties and shall place them in their proper position in a general scheme of classification. The paper is based on two seasons of field work in the Oklahoma coal field in 1930 and 1931 and on several weeks spent in visiting most of the operating mines in Arkansas in the same years. Most of the productive districts of the Arkansas-Oklahoma coal field lie in an east-west trending belt immediately north of the Ouachita Mountains, but the northwestern districts in Oklahoma trend northward toward Kansas. With the exception of the Muskogee district, where very little coal has been mined, the coal beds of the last-mentioned districts are all younger than those of the districts in the east-west trending belt. Description of the Coal by Districts Lehigh District, Oklahoma (5).1—In the Lehigh district mining has been extensive, but only three or four mines are operating at the present time. Two coal beds of workable thickness, Atoka and Lehigh, are known in this field. The greater part of the mining has been in the Lehigh, or younger bed, and all analyses available for the field have been of that coal. The Lehigh coal is very tough and blocky, the moisture and ash contents are fairly high, 6.5 and 10.7 per cent respectively, the volatile content is 39.5 per cent, fixed carbon 43.4 per cent, B.t.u. value 11,525, and the fuel ratio 1.1 (average 15 analyses). So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, laboratory attempts to coke this coal have been unsuccessful and no attempt has been made to produce coke commercially. Tulsa District, Oklahoma (l).—All commercial mining in the Tulsa district has been by stripping from the Dawson bed, and production has never been very great. The coal is blocky, contains 6.5 per cent moisture, 36.8 per cent volatile matter, 48.4 per cent fixed carbon, and 8.3 per cent

Jan 1, 1932

By George Norman

A NUMBER of methods have been developed for the determination of the dust concentration in air, some of which have been reported as very efficient and for research may be more satisfactory than the method about to be described. In practical mine use, however, the accurate research equipment is unwieldy and requires a high degree of technical skill to manipulate it. Also, it gives less general practical information to the operator in the same length of time than the method described here. Moreover, it is doubtful whether at the present stage of affairs the results obtained from the precise methods have any more practical significance than those obtained with simpler and more portable appara-tus, which can rapidly give a sufficiently reliable indication of the rela-tive dust hazard.

Jan 1, 1937

By Rossiter Raymond

IT is scarcely necessary to augment or amend the "Appreciation" of Dr. Douglas, from the pen of Dr. Albert A. Ledoux, which appeared in January, 1916, in Bulletin -No. -109 of the Institute. The author of that admirable summary enjoyed the great privilege of expressing while Dr. Douglas was yet among us (though already marked for death) the love and esteem with which we all regarded him. But now that his earthly life has ended, the historian must still be the eulogist. No line need be added or deleted in the portrait of him already drawn; it has only to be accepted now as a true likeness, and hung in the gallery of the immortals, illuminated' by the crowning glory of another world. . James Douglas was born at Quebec, Canada, November 4, 18:37. His father, James Douglas, was a distinguished physician and surgeon, known in many lands, especially in the Orient, and famous in his own country for his philanthropy as well as his skill, having established and directed for many years the first retreat for the insane in the Dominion of Canada. One of the latest literary labors of the son was the editing and publishing of his father's journal and reminiscences-a fascinating volume, the review of which, though a tempting task, I must here forego. Nearly fifty years ago, I had the great pleasure of spending an hour with the elder. Douglas, who guided me through his collection of Egyptian and Asiatic treasures. I might almost say souvenirs; so many of them were connected with personal experiences and exalted personages. The veteran's memory had already begun to fail with age, but his vivacity and imagination glowed all the, more brightly; and his reminiscences of travel and adventure were embroidered with Oriental magnificence. I felt, after that hour, as if I had visited a stately, half-ruined edifice, overgrown with vines and flowers. The father's genius, adventurous spirit and generous philanthropy descended to his versatile, yet practical son. Like other men of such temperament, James Douglas tried many things before circumstances beyond his own control forced him into the line of his, principal lifework. At the age of 18, he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for two years. Returning to Canada,, he entered Queen's University, at Kingston, Ontario, where he was graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1858. Subsequently he studied medicine at Laval University, Quebec;

Jan 9, 1918

By R. W. Vander Laan

Conneaut has a long and illustrious history as a major Great Lakes port for coal and iron ore. The first dock was built in 1892 for unloading iron ore from the Mesabi Range for shipment to the Pittsburgh steel mills via the Shenango & Lake Erie Railroad, later to become the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad. The Pittsburgh & Conneaut Dock Company was incorporated in 1893. The world's first Hulett automatic ore unloader was constructed at Conneaut in 1899. Steam operated, it was the model for the giant electric Huletts used today, named after its inventor, George Hulett, who was a Conneaut resident.

Jan 3, 1974

By AIME AIME

THE revised program for the San Francisco meeting, with assignment of the various papers to the several sessions is now available and is printed below : MONDAY, OCT. 7 . General Meeting, 11-12 A.M. Chairmen: Frederick W. Bradley and E. A. Hersam. Opening of the session by the Chairman of the San Francisco Section-E. A. Heraam. Address of welcome by the President of the Institute- Frederick W. Bradley. Address: The Mining problems of the West--Charles W. Merrill.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME

AS the Petroleum Division rounds off the first quarter century since its evolution from technical committee status, there steps to the long line of notable men who have presided over its activities a young man, currently of Tulsa, one Herbert F. Beardmore by name. For one year, as Chairman for 1946, the Division will be his oyster. hi; baby, his responsibility. "Herb" Beardmore was born at Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1904, and lived there until he was thirteen. Then his family moved to Oklahoma City, and later sent him to the University of Oklahoma, where he graduated in 1925 with a B.S. in engineering geology. His final year in college was the first year in which a petroleum engineering course was taught at the school. Since his course of study so closely paralleled that of a petroleum engineer, he has frequently been spoken of as the first petroleum engineering graduate from the University of Oklahoma. Out of college he went to work as an oil-field roustabout in the Ranger, Texas, field for Jake L. Hamon. This work consisted of all manual labor phases of cable-tool operation and beam-pumping of oil wells. He moved in 1926 to Bartlesville, to become a gas engineer for the Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co., where he was employed in gas-well drilling, gas production, and transportation, mostly in Osage County, Oklahoma.

Jan 1, 1946

By William Hume-Rothery

I need not say how much I appreciate the honor of being asked to lecture to you, and how much I would thank you for your kind invitation. It is encouraging to feel that the abnormal restrictions of the war have been relaxed sufficiently to allow a free exchange of scientists between our two countries, and I hope that some of you will be persuaded to go to England, and to visit us at Oxford, so that I may repay a little of the kindness I have received from you. As this is one of the first lectures since the end of the war, I have thought it well to describe some of the advances in the theory of alloys which were made in the years between the two World Wars. From the point of view of theoretical science, these years have been of outstanding interest in the history of metallurgy. They have been years in which the development of new and more accurate experimental methods has led to the revelation of many new facts. At the same time, the theoretical developments have enabled some of these facts to be viewed as parts of a general scheme, and we may say that some of the foundations of metallurgical science have been laid. This work was naturally stopped by the Second World War, and it can therefore be reviewed as one definite stage in the development of our Science. To illustrate the new advances, I shall deal mainly with the alloys of copper and silver, since these have revealed many of the general principles. taken, and copper had been found to crystallize in the face-centered cubic structure (Fig I). The determination of this structure naturally was of immense importance in the understanding of our subject, because it meant that we were at last in a position to appreciate the underlying structure out of which the crystal of copper was built. The earlier science of metallography had shown that in many alloys of copper the addition of a second metal in not too large proportions resulted in the formation of a homogeneous alloy which was regarded as a solid solution of the one metal in copper. Fig 2, for example, shows the so-called equilibrium diagram of the copper-zinc alloys, and here you will see that there is a solid solution of zinc in copper extending to something of the order 35 to 40 at. pct zinc.

Jan 1, 1947