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Jan 1, 1953

By W. N. Logan, P. Simpson

There was less activity in the petroleum industry in Indiana in 1933 than in previous years, owing largely to adverse market conditions. The only development of any consequence was for oil in Perry and Vander-burgh counties in southwestern Indiana, a few gas wells being brought in in Jay County in northeastern Indiana. Indications are that there will be more activity in southwestern Indiana in 1934. Little change may be expected in northeastern Indiana. One hundred and sixty wells were drilled in Indiana in 1933, of which 57 were dry, 44 produced oil, 38 produced gas and 21 either were not completed or information on them was lacking. There were 153 wells abandoned and plugged in 1933, as compared to 205 in 1932. Southwestern Indiana This area centers about Gibson County and is the principal source of oil and gas production in the state. Production is from the Lower Pennsylvanian and Upper Mississippian formations. Oil production for 1932 was approximately 847,000 bbl. and for 1933 was 804,000 bbl. Gas production for 1933 was 942,000,000 cubic feet. The Siosi field, in southwestern Vigo County and northwestern Sullivan County, discovered six years ago, produced approximately 244,000 bbl. in 1932 and 223,000 bbl. in 1933. Production is from Devonian and Silurian formations. The oil is high gravity, but contains considerable sulfur. The Shelburn and other small pools in central Sullivan County produced approximately 68,000 bbl. in 1932 and 2,000 bbl. less in 1933. Production is from one or more of five horizons in the Pottsville and is obtained at 600 to 800 ft. This area also produces approximately 19,000,000 cu. ft. of gas a year, supplying the city of Sullivan. The field is over 20 years old. The Gibson-Pike County area, made up of many small pools, including several in southern Knox and southwestern Daviess counties, produced approximately 486,000 bbl. in 1932 and 450,000 bbl. in 1933. This production is from the Mansfield sandstone of Pennsylvanian and/or

Jan 1, 1934

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Jan 1, 1938

By Coleman D. Hunter, George M. Straughan

Oil and gas development as well as extensive leasing in Kentucky during 1940 has shown a marked improvement over the past three years.$ The most noticeable improvement is the gas development in eastern Kentucky and the deep tests being drilled by major oil interests. In western Kentucky, 406 wells were drilled, of which 173 were oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 221 were dry or abandoned. The number of dry tests was large, because no important, new oil or gas pool was discovered and many of the dry holes could be considered wildcat tests. However, with either oil or gas possibilities from Pennsylvanian formations on through Mississippian, Silurian, Devonian, and Ordovician, this percentage of dry holes seems rather high. Many of the dry tests possibly should have been tested in deeper horizons before being abandoned: namely, Silurian and Ordovician ages. In eastern Kentucky, 213 wells were drilled, of which 113 were gas producers, 61 were oil wells, and 39 were dry holes. Of these wells, 117 were drilled in the most important Big Sandy gas field, in Floyd, Pike, Knott and Martin Counties, and of this number 103 were gas producers, 5 were oil wells, and 9 were dry holes. In the Big Sinking oil field of Estill, Lee and Powell Counties, 70 of the remaining 96 wells were drilled, j6 being oil producers. During 1940, four deep tests were drilled in eastern Kentucky. One test penetrated the Knox dolomite in Knox County and was dry; no St. Peter sand was encountered. Another test in Lee County had some gas in what might be called St. Peter sand, according to the State Department, and also some gas deeper in the Knox dolomite. In Wolfe County, a small oil well was completed in the Ordovician, which was undoubtedly of Trenton age. ilt the present time, four deep tests are being drilled, all of which will go to the Knox dolomite. In Elliott County, on the Burke dome, the Inland Gas Co, is drilling at 3650 ft. In Magoffin County, on the Paint Creek uplift, the Cumberland Petroleum Co. is drilling at 3800 ft. In Clark County, in the Ruckerville fault area, W. 0. Allen is drilling at 1800 ft. In Laurel County, on the Sinking Creek dome, the Globe Oil and Gas Co. is drilling at I750 ft. If production is encountered in the Trenton, St. Peter, or Knox dolomite in any of these tests, eastern Kentucky will experience a marked increase in deep development.

Jan 1, 1941

By George M. Straughan, Coleman D. Hunter

Oil and gas development as well as extensive leasing in Kentucky during 1940 has shown a marked improvement over the past three years.$ The most noticeable improvement is the gas development in eastern Kentucky and the deep tests being drilled by major oil interests. In western Kentucky, 406 wells were drilled, of which 173 were oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 221 were dry or abandoned. The number of dry tests was large, because no important, new oil or gas pool was discovered and many of the dry holes could be considered wildcat tests. However, with either oil or gas possibilities from Pennsylvanian formations on through Mississippian, Silurian, Devonian, and Ordovician, this percentage of dry holes seems rather high. Many of the dry tests possibly should have been tested in deeper horizons before being abandoned: namely, Silurian and Ordovician ages. In eastern Kentucky, 213 wells were drilled, of which 113 were gas producers, 61 were oil wells, and 39 were dry holes. Of these wells, 117 were drilled in the most important Big Sandy gas field, in Floyd, Pike, Knott and Martin Counties, and of this number 103 were gas producers, 5 were oil wells, and 9 were dry holes. In the Big Sinking oil field of Estill, Lee and Powell Counties, 70 of the remaining 96 wells were drilled, j6 being oil producers. During 1940, four deep tests were drilled in eastern Kentucky. One test penetrated the Knox dolomite in Knox County and was dry; no St. Peter sand was encountered. Another test in Lee County had some gas in what might be called St. Peter sand, according to the State Department, and also some gas deeper in the Knox dolomite. In Wolfe County, a small oil well was completed in the Ordovician, which was undoubtedly of Trenton age. ilt the present time, four deep tests are being drilled, all of which will go to the Knox dolomite. In Elliott County, on the Burke dome, the Inland Gas Co, is drilling at 3650 ft. In Magoffin County, on the Paint Creek uplift, the Cumberland Petroleum Co. is drilling at 3800 ft. In Clark County, in the Ruckerville fault area, W. 0. Allen is drilling at 1800 ft. In Laurel County, on the Sinking Creek dome, the Globe Oil and Gas Co. is drilling at I750 ft. If production is encountered in the Trenton, St. Peter, or Knox dolomite in any of these tests, eastern Kentucky will experience a marked increase in deep development.

Jan 1, 1941

By A. L. Holley

The three principal mines from which the celebrated Salisbury iron ores are obtained are called respectively the "Old Hill," "Davis," and "Chatfield" ore beds, and are situated in the town of Salisbury, Litchfield County, Conn., on the eastern slope of the Tocconuc range of hills.* The Old Hill Ore Bed is a tract of land of 100 acres, originally granted by the General Court in October, 1731, to be laid out by Daniel Bissell of Windsor. It mas Boon after surveyed and located by Ezekiel Ashley and John Pell. The descendants of Ashley are still proprietors in the mine. The supply of ore has been very abundant, and for many years was easily obtained, but latterly the cost of raising has been greatly increased. Up to about 1840 the average yield was estimated to be about 4500 tons per annum. The production has gradually increased until the average yield at present is estimated at 15,000 tons annually. The largest production in any one ymr was about 20,000 tons. The proprietors of this mine were incorporated many years ago under the style of " The Salisbury Ore Bed Proprietors." The Davis Ore Bed, named after an early owner, was originally called Hendricks Ore Bed, and was owned before the organization of the town of Salisbury by Thomas Lamb, one of the first settlers

Jan 1, 1879

By Eric R. Jette, Earl S. Greiner

The constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600ºC. has been determined by X-ray crystal structure methods. If the results are represented isothermally by a conventional equilateral triangular plot, the single-phase solid solution (body-centered cubic structure) of the iron-rich alloys at 600°C. is bounded by four two-phase areas. Three three-phase areas separate the respective two-phase areas. Three of the phases in the polyphase areas have the same structures as the corresponding phases in the binary iron-nickel or iron-silicon alloys. There are two phases, however, that have not been reported previously and whose structures have been tentatively identified in the present investigation. The solid solubility limit of the iron-rich solid solution at 600°C. was determined by comparing the lattice constants of this body-centered cubic phase in the single and polyphase areas. It has been shown that the lattice constants of ternary alloys may be represented by surfaces whose distances above the ternary plot (representing atomic composition) are proportional to the lattice constants of the respective alloys. Then the intersections of the surface for the single-phase alloys with those for the corresponding phase in the polyphase alloys, at the respective temperatures, are the solid solubility limits of the single-phase alloys at these temperatures. The data of the present investigation were evaluated by this method, although by a system of orthographic projection it was possible to represent the three-dimensional model in two-dimensional diagrams. This investigation has shown that the solid solubility of nickel in the body-centered cubic phase of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. changes from 3.7 weight per cent (Owen and Sulley) in the binary iron-nickel alloys to 5.0 per cent in the ternary alloys containing 4.8 per cent silicon. Further additions of silicon increase the solid solubility limit of nickel to 16.0 per cent at 12.6 per cent silicon. From this point the limit decreases to 9.5 per cent nickel at 15.5 per cent silicon and is, of course, zero at 15.3 per cent silicon in the binary iron-silicon alloys.

Jan 1, 1943

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

The constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600ºC. has been determined by X-ray crystal structure methods. If the results are represented isothermally by a conventional equilateral triangular plot, the single-phase solid solution (body-centered cubic structure) of the iron-rich alloys at 600°C. is bounded by four two-phase areas. Three three-phase areas separate the respective two-phase areas. Three of the phases in the polyphase areas have the same structures as the corresponding phases in the binary iron-nickel or iron-silicon alloys. There are two phases, however, that have not been reported previously and whose structures have been tentatively identified in the present investigation. The solid solubility limit of the iron-rich solid solution at 600°C. was determined by comparing the lattice constants of this body-centered cubic phase in the single and polyphase areas. It has been shown that the lattice constants of ternary alloys may be represented by surfaces whose distances above the ternary plot (representing atomic composition) are proportional to the lattice constants of the respective alloys. Then the intersections of the surface for the single-phase alloys with those for the corresponding phase in the polyphase alloys, at the respective temperatures, are the solid solubility limits of the single-phase alloys at these temperatures. The data of the present investigation were evaluated by this method, although by a system of orthographic projection it was possible to represent the three-dimensional model in two-dimensional diagrams. This investigation has shown that the solid solubility of nickel in the body-centered cubic phase of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. changes from 3.7 weight per cent (Owen and Sulley) in the binary iron-nickel alloys to 5.0 per cent in the ternary alloys containing 4.8 per cent silicon. Further additions of silicon increase the solid solubility limit of nickel to 16.0 per cent at 12.6 per cent silicon. From this point the limit decreases to 9.5 per cent nickel at 15.5 per cent silicon and is, of course, zero at 15.3 per cent silicon in the binary iron-silicon alloys.

Jan 1, 1943

By E. J. Schmitz

This trip, beginning at Springfield, August 12, 1897, and ending at the same place fourteen days later, extended south and southeast through Christian, Ozark and Taney counties,

Jan 1, 1899

Jan 1, 1945

By J. W. Turrentine

SECONDARY fertilizer minerals include borax, gypsum and sulphur and such compounds as the sulphates of copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc; also the carbonate and oxide of magnesium. Potash, phosphates and nitrogen are generally considered to be primary fertilizer materials. The growing plant, under the average conditions of growth, is able to get from the soil the mineral elements required for the completion of its life cycle. The elements taken up are numerous and the vital functions of some of them yet remain to be determined. However, in the commercial growing of the plant (farming) something much more than the mere completion of a life cycle is required. There the maxi- mum possible growth of plant or yield of seed or fruit are the objective and for that objective the average soil is deficient in some elements, and additions from artificial sources are desirable. Commercial fertilizers (15,000,000 tons in 1946) are designed to supply those deficiencies. Long experience has taught that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the elements most apt to be required and in a greater degree, and to supply them is the-basic function of the fertilizer industry. Thus nitrogen, phosphate, and potash are designated as the major plant-food materials. But other mineral crop nutrients may likewise be deficient in varying degrees as determined by diagnostic techniques, soil tests, plant analysis and foliar symptoms,3 calling for their addition from artificial sources if maximum crop yields are to be obtained. Because used in lesser amounts and frequently in relatively minute amounts as compared with the major three, they are designated either as "minor elements," or, if used in larger amounts, as "secondary elements." Thus, included under the two designations, in alphabetical order, are: borax; copper sulphate; magnesium carbonate, oxide and sulphate; manganese sulphate, and zinc sulphate. Obviously, the sulphates of the metals copper, manganese, and zinc cannot be considered as "industrial rocks," but they are given brief mention for whatever interest may pertain there to.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. A. Holmes

Venezuela has continued during 1929 to demonstrate that it is destined for many years to come to be one of our most important sources of crude petroleum. The producing fields of the Bolivar Coastal district along the east side of Lake Maracaibo have continued their phenomenal production, and two new fields have reached the near producing stage, while the results of deep test wells have strengthened the predictions and expectations that oil will be found and produced from many other pools and from several different geological formations. The finding of these new oil pools is not going to be easy, because the surface evidences of geological structure are scanty, and the subsurface problems are difficult, but intelligent effort backed by ample resources may be counted upon to overcome these obstacles and lead to a continued increase in the number of producing fields in Venezuela. During 1929 the total production of Venezuela was approximately 135,953,000 bbl., an increase of nearly 30,000,000 bbl., or 28 per cent., as compared with the preceding year. During 1929 oil in steel storage in Venezuela decreased from 13,000,000 to about 11,000,000 barrels. Tables 1, 2 and 3 briefly summarize Venezuelan production by fields and by years, and show the trend of production since its establishment on a commercial basis. Table 1.---Production of Crude Oil in Venezuela by Years, 1917 to 1929 All Figures in Barrels of 42 Gallons Total PRodUction Total PRoduction Year VeneZUela, Bbl. Year Venezuela, Bbl. 1917....................... 227,000 1927.................... 63,181,000 1918....................... 368,000 1928.................... 106,000,000 1919....................... 258,000 1929.................... 135,953,000* 1920..................... 548,000 Grand Total Since Ineep- 1921...................... 1,544,000 tion................... 380,791,000 1922....................... 2,448,000 Increase, 1929 over 1928.. . 29,953,000 1923..................... 4,170,000 Per cent. Increase......... 28.2 1924....................... 9,234,000 Per cent. 1929 Production 1925....................... 20,219,000 of Total............... 35.7 1926....................... 36,641,000 * Includes estimate for closing period of 1929.

Jan 1, 1930

By Henry D. Hibbard

Henry D. HibbaRd, Pittsburgh, Pa,: This is a most interesting and instructive paper, some of whose lessons should find immediate application. It points out how fuel-consumption is to be decreased in open-hearth practice, by changes in the plan of the furnace. To look first at the greatest item of loss, radiation, it is seen that thicker brick-work is advisable to lessen this. Especially is this true of the roof, made at present, almost universally, only 9 inches thick to prevent cutting. Now that high roofs, well above the course of the flame, are becoming general, and the average melter is better able to judge the temperature of his furnace, that reason has less force; and we may build roofs 18 inches thick, or perhaps better cover the usual 9 inches with an equivalent layer of sand, which has the advantage of following the arch as it rises and falls with the different degrees of heat. The side-walls of the hearth, usually 131/2 inches thick, may also he thickened up to 18 inches, and the door-linings to 7 inches; and the heat thereby saved will be valuable, while its absence from the working-platform will be much appreciated by the workmen.

Jan 1, 1892

By Earle E. Schumacher, W. C. Ellis

For the purpose of developing combinations of higher strength and conductivity than are obtainable by heat treatment alone in the age-hardening copper alloys, an investigation has been made of the effects of combinations of heat treatment and strain hardening on the properties in question. The investigation was limited to a study of the alloys containing nickel and silicon; nickel, silicon and cadmium; and cobalt and silicon. The experiments made in the course of the study arc described in this paper in three groups: 1. The effect of hard drawing subsequent to heat trcatment on the mechanical and electrical properties of the alloys. 2. The effect of low-temperature aging on the properties of heat-treat,ed and hard-drawn alloys. 3. The effect of strain on the rate of aging of quenched nickel-silicon-copper alloys. Preparation and Compositions or the Alloys The alloys were prepared by melting cathode copper in an electric resistance furnace and adding sufficient of the hardening elements to bring the compositions to the desired values. The purities of the hardening elements were as high as could be obtained in commercial practice. The metals were what are designated in the trade as electrolytic nickel, cobalt rondelles, commercial stick cadmium and fused silicon. The alloys

Jan 1, 1931

By G. Hasenfus, M. Karmis, G. Goodman

Surf ace subsidence is rapidly becoming an important environmental consideration of active as well as abandoned mining operations. The damages attributed to this phenomenon have been witnessed in both rural and urban areas and include land settlement and fracturing, structural damages to surface buildings or facilities and disruption or contamination of ground water supplies. The problem of mining subsidence has gained considerable emphasis in the Appalachian coalfield. The increased mining activity over the past few years and the particular topographic conditions, lithologic and structural environment, mining methods and hydrological patterns are all factors which have contributed to specific subsidence characteristics in this region. The objective of this paper is to discuss and review the most widely accepted methods of subsidence prediction above longwall as well as partial extraction systems in Appalachia. These include an accurate and easy to apply empirical method, which has been developed entirely from field information pertaining to the Appalachian coalfield and incorporates both geometrical and geological information of the panel in question. The second method is a development of influence functions and is founded on the zone area approach. Both methods, originally derived for longwall mining, have been expanded to include room and pillar applications and have been widely used by the mining industry in the Appalachian coalfield.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. H. Terhune

THE enormous production of pig-iron, together with the many difficult and interesting problems with which its manufacture is fraught, has secured to this industry the exclusive attention of scientists with reference to the chemistry of iron, while some of the minor departments of its metallurgy have suffered neglect. Particularly is

Jan 1, 1873

I HAVE now traversed for you in the small and fragile bark of my writing all the shores of the deep and spacious sea embracing the uses of material fires, drawn on by my own desire to enrich you with more learning and with the procedures of these things, as much as to satisfy your demands. Having through the grace of God arrived at the appointed end of my voyage and neither knowing nor perceiving a way of going farther, I had decided to furl the [167] sails and cast die heavy anchors into the water in order to enjoy in tranquillity respite from my sailing, when I was warned by my pilot that before I could disembark I should turn my glance backward and reexamine my work in detail to see if there were any part that had by chance remained undescribed in the obscurity of silence. When I did this there immediately appeared in my mind's eye the many sublimates and smoky tinctures that had been made by the burning and most powerful fire of love. I need not say that I knew of it in far-off countries or from the knowledge of others, but I knew it in my own breast and as my very own and can therefore surely esteem it as hotter than all the other fires that the world calls by that name. Although today its sparks and living flames are spent because of my cold and hoary season, nevertheless it is true that the memory of acts of love of long ago still remains with some smoke and warmth. Therefore, since in this work of mine I wish to describe for you the effects and powers of fires, I should logically have spoken of this before any of the others, because of its actual nearness and the great acquaintance I had with it. But since I have had the glance of my intentions directed at distant things, I have behaved as one does who does not see where he places his feet because he is looking at the sky, or as one who thinks about the affairs of others and forgets his own. But now I do not wish to pass over this thing and I wish to correct my error, particularly in order to provide a happier ending to my written work than by remaining among the horrible uproar of guns, powder, and saltpeter, which would be a harsher ending than speaking of love. Never-

Jan 1, 1942

By James R. Piper

Jan 1, 1985

Jan 1, 1962

By H. M. Katz, J. L. Speirs, F. B. Hill

Jan 1, 1961