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By B. C. Craft

Louisiana experienced deeper and increased drilling during 1934, resulting in the discovery of five new fields: Bosco, Acadia and St. Landry Parishes; Lake Hermitage, Plaquemines Parish; Roanoke, Jefferson Davis Parish; Gillis, Calcasieu Parish; and Four Isle, Terrebonnc Parish. New sands were discovered at New Iberia, Iberia Parish; Lake Washington, Plaquemines Parish; Sligo, Bossier Parish; and in the Rodessa gas field, Caddo Parish. Other miscellaneous events worthy of mention are the continued leasing of prospective oil and gas lands in North and South Louisiana, extensive geophysical work in the Gulf Coastal area, and increased interest in the development of flank production on piercement type domes, resulting in the acquisition of flank acreage and the leasing of several shallow domes in the Gulf Coast and Interior salt-dome areas. The total oil production for Louisiana during 1934 was 32,529,082 bbl., an increase of 6,929,280 bbl. over 1933. The total daily production at the end of the year from 2421 wells was 102,752 barrels. North Louisiana During the year, 144 oil wells and 68 gas wells were completed in North Louisiana as compared with 111 oil wells and 47 gas wells during 1933. The North Louisiana oil production was 9,274,050 bbl. as compared with 10,023,580 bbl. during 1933, a decline of 749,530 bbl. The normal decline in the old fields and especially in the Zwolle area was partly offset by increased production in the Converse field, Sabine Parish, and by acid treatment of wells in the Zwolle, Converse and Caddo fields. There were no new fields discovered during 1934. During the year R. W. Norton enlarged the boundaries and reserves of the Rodessa gas field. A series of gas-bearing sands, was discovered in J. B. French, No. 1-B, sec. 34, 23 N. 16 W., below the oolitic lime found at 5500 ft. in which formation all previous wells had been completed. The total depth of this well was 5825 ft. Subsequent drilling has resulted in

Jan 1, 1935

By V. F. Marsters

Peru has produced petroleum since the early seventies, the first work being in the Zorritos field, in the Province of Tumbes, adjoining Ecuador. In the early nineties, the Negritos field, in the Department of Piura, came into prominence, and by 1905 had attained an annual production of 335,160 bbl. The early development of the field was under the general direction of the London & Pacific Petroleum Co., but it is now handled by the International Petroleum Co. In 1900 and 1901, the Lobitos field became the seene of marked activity. In 1905, its total production amounted to 75,000 bbl.; it has continued to increase, as has Negritos. From 1897 to 1902, there was prospecting in the region of La Brieta (or Fernandex), on the Mancora River, about 25 to 30 km. from the coast. Small production of a heavy oil was obtained from three different sands. So far as the author knows, no work has been done in that locality since 1902. There are thus four distinct fields in the north end of the Peruvian coasta1 plain. The remaining productive locality of Peru is the Pirin or Pusi field, at the northwest end of Lake Titicaca, Department of Puno, in southern Peru. The first prospecting near Pusi was done by Brown Brothers, of Los Angeles, Calif., who obtained modest production about 1906; according to reports, activities ceased about 1914 or 1915. The maximum annual production was obtained about 1908, estimated at 76,000 barrels. Peru possesses two distinct geographic provinces in which we may look for the development of a larger oil industry; namely, the coastal plain province, and the inter-Andean plains. Coastal Plain Province The coastal province is most prominently developed in the Province. of Tumbes and the Departments of Piura, and Lambayeque.l It 1 For details concerning the geology of this part of Peru, see Bol. No. 50, Cuerpo de Ingenirros de Minas "Informe preliminar sobre In Zona Petrolifera del Norte del Peru," par V. 1". Marsters.

Jan 1, 1923

By Robert H. Richards

While yet in correspondence with the heads of the several mining schools for the purpose of bringing the details of my Address into the best form for publication, a severe illness overtook me, and before I had recovered sufficiently to turn my attention to matters of this character the Address had been printed in its imperfect form for volume xv. of our Transactions, and the type had been distributed. The incorporation of the later corrections, in the form of a Supplement, became a necessity. To simplify the corrections as much as possible to the reader, every paragraph which has been revised in any way is here reprinted in full.

Jan 1, 1887

By R. E. Grace, H. W. Schadler

DARKEN1 has established the theoretical relation between the self-diffusion coefficients and the Boltzmann-MatanO Or interdiffusion coefficient: D is the Boltzmann-Matano or interdiffusion coef-

Jan 1, 1960

By L. G. Laureau

This paper is presented to call the attention of steel-manufacturers to the need of further reform in the manner of casting and handling ingots. The problem of making the work usually performed in and around the casting-pit less dangerous to the men and less costly to the management is one which has occupied the minds

Jan 1, 1885

By Ronald D. Hill, Roger C. Wilmoth

The neutralization of acid mine drainage is becoming a common practice in the eastern United States. Over 200 plants are now in operation. Lime is the neutralizing agent utilized in most treatment plants; however, limestone may have an economic and practical advantage. Current research efforts of the Federal Water Quality Administration, both inhouse and through grants, to develop and demonstrate the use of limestone are reported. In essence, a state-of-the-art review is presented.

Jan 1, 1972

By Joseph S. Malesky

As essential as the discovery of coal was to our state of advancement, the discovery and development of explosives marks one of the most important findings in the history of civilization. For this reason explosives are rightfully referred to as the forerunner of progress. Without explosives our vast economic enterprise concerning the mining of coal, copper, iron, aluminum, and various other ores could not function. Explosives are used in all kinds of construction works, in the razing of old buildings, blasting of trenches, driving of tunnels, and in many other instances common to our everyday life. An explosive may be defined as a substance (usually a mixture) that, where flame or shock is applied, yields readily to rapid combustion or oxidation, accompanied by the formation of such relatively large quantities of gases as to produce much violence and pressure which, in turn, react against their surroundings and cause what is termed an explosion. By their very nature the action of explosives is destructive and disruptive of adjacent materials. Decomposition of explosives can occur through deflagration, which is rapid burning or combustion, as in the case of black powder, or through detonation, which is an almost instantaneous disruption, as in the case of dynamites and blasting agents. HISTORY OF BLASTING WITH EXPLOSIVES At one time workmen obtained stone blocks for building by grooving the rock with crude picks, driving wooden wedges into niches in the rock, and pouring water on the wedges; the swelling of the wood forced out the blocks. As late as the 17th century, fires were placed against the face of rock to crack it, and water was sometimes dashed on the heated rock to shatter it by sudden cooling. The progress of our country is synonymous with advancement of the improved manufacture and extended use of explosives. Coal had been

Jan 1, 1973

By C. D. Keen

In the latter part of the summer of 1913 the Conservation Commission of the State of Louisiana, under presidency of M: L. Alexander, decided to stop the waste of natural gas going on at the "burning gas-well," Located about 2 mile southeast of Oil City, La. On several occasions, both in newspapers and in reports, comment had been made on the condition of this well, its harmful effect on the Caddo gas field, and the considerable loss, estimated at several thousand dollars each month, caused by the escape of the valuable fuel., But nothing had been done to bring the well under control and prevent further waste of gas until the State Conservation Commission took the matter in hand. The gas fields of Louisiana are among the greatest in the country. So far most of the gas has been found in the Caddo field proper, although considerable development has been done in and around the city of Shreveport and near the town of Mansfield in DeSoto parish. To extend the life of the gas fields and to prevent the quick exhaustion of the supply of the natural fuel are matters of vital importance for this section of the country. Four gas companies have entered the Caddo field and supply the surrounding towns and cities With gas. The Arkansas Natural Gas Co. has pipe lines to Little Rock, Ark., and supplies gas to the following cities and towns in that State: Texarkana, Hope, Garland, Emmet, Prescott, Boughton, Beirne, Gurdon, Arkadelphia, Gum Springs, Mal-vern, Dsnaldson, Gifford, Perla, Beaton, Beauxite, Mabelvale, Bryant, Sheridan, Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Argenta, Pulaski Heights, and Hot Springs. The Southwestern Gas & Electric Co. transports gas to Mooringsport, Blanchard, Caddo, Rodessa, Oil City, Vivian, Bloomburg, Hosston, Ida, Dixie, Belcher, and Shreveport. The Marshall Gas Co. supplies gas to the town of Marshall, Texas. The Louisiana Co. has a line to Shreveport. In, the oil field the gas is used for drilling purposes, and the operators either have their own gas system or buy from the gas companies. At the present time the surrounding territory depends for its fuel supply on the Caddo field, and the importance of the conservation of the natural-gas

Jan 1, 1915

The Institute would he glad to purchase from any Member a copy of the Bulletin for May, 1914.

Jan 5, 1917

By John E. Miller

The Miller Number System is a well established method of measuring the relative abrasivity-friability of slurries, resulting in data that can be used in the selection of pump type and in forecasting wear-life of pumps and pipelines in slurry service. 1,2 Then after the pump type is selected, a Flow Analysis is determined by computer using pump design and operating parameters. This is used to determine pulsation control, suction requirements and stabilization, etc.

Jan 1, 1977

By Luis A. Fierino, M. Ashraf Mahtab

This paper reviews the background of, and solution techniques for, the major geomechanics problems affecting caving operations, including prediction of cavability, defining size distribution of or fragments, stability and support of production openings, and control of rock bursts and subsidence. Further research is also suggested in the solution of the various geomechanics problems.

Jan 1, 1984

By E. O. Wagner, V. F. Parry, J. B. Goodman

C. P. HEINER*—If you take out 35 pct of the total weight of the coal in the form of moisture, would that be about what it was in the case of North Dakota lignites ? V. F. PARRY (authors' reply)—That is about it. C. P. HEINER—That will be about a 35 pct loss and the final product will be about 11,000 Btu? V. F. PARRY—That is right. The heating value of the dried lignite is 10,000 to 11,000 Btu. C. P. HEINER—And the thought is not, then, to produce a commercial coal with that heavy loss, but to make other products—that is, synthetic fuel base, is that it? V. F. PARRY—The principal thought is to upgrade the coal, making it a more favorable raw material for industrial purposes, both for shipment and direct use. You see, the trouble in these lignites is that their moisture penalizes their

Jan 1, 1950

By F. V. Tideswell

THE suggestion, which appears to find increasing favor, that the elementary composition of coals should be used as the basis of their classification, makes it important that our methods of expressing this elementary composition should be refined. It is doubtful whether many published ultimate analyses of coals are accurate within 1 per cent. carbon. Many are probably as much as 3 or 2 per cent. in error in carbon. It is, perhaps, not always realized that the extreme variation in carbon content over the range of bituminous coals is but 16 per cent. An error of 1 per cent. in carbon on analysis corresponds therefore with one-sixteenth of the whole range, an amount which is unjustifiable even for the application to commercial needs of a system of classification based on ultimate analysis. For the purposes of scientific research such limited accuracy is of little value. The object of this paper is to examine one important source of error in ultimate analysis, that due to the occurrence in coal of inorganic material, and to emphasize the need for the quantitative measurements (of carbon more particularly) on coals to be rendered independent of their contents of such material.

Jan 1, 1928

By Harvey S. Chase

During the recent great depression in iron, little has been done in the magnetic separation of iron-ores; and previous to the present decade the art was in its infancy, so that there were few, if any, successful separators on the market, and but scanty practical data could be obtained as to the industry itself. Moreover, the recent development of the great Mesabi Bessemer beds, coincident with the intense depression in business, has discouraged active attempts to solve the problems presented in the crushing and separation of the refractory magnetites of the South. Experiments have been carried on, however, upon a practical scale in separating these ores magnetically, at the well-known Cranberry mines, in Mitchell county, N. C., with results which are encouraging. The magnetites of the Blue Ridge, in the South, have been known, and the soft ores of the region have been used in Catalan forges, since very early times. The original settlements in East Tennessee were made along the Watauga river by Daniel Boone, William Bean, John Sevier, and other stalwart pioneers; and this valley lies parallel with the " Cranberry " lead, which is undoubtedly the most celebrated and the most extensive deposit of workable magnetic ore in the Southern States. This lead I have personally traced along the outcrop, be-

Jan 1, 1896

By H. C. George

THE Wisconsin. Zinc District, or the Upper Mississippi Lead and Zinc District as it is often called, lies in the southwestern corner of Wisconsin, in, Grant, Iowa and Lafayette Counties, and it includes adjoining parts of Illinois and Iowa. The district is about 70 miles long, north and south, and about 40 miles wide, east and west. It lies wholly within what is geologically known as the non-glaciated area of the Upper Mississippi Valley. HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT The district was first opened up as a lead producer in 1822. From this time until 1860, about 205,000 tons of cog lead (galena) and washed lead (galena) was produced from shallow crevices and openings. From 1860 to 1900, about 74,500 tons was produced, and since that time, from 5000 to 7000 tons has been produced annually. Since-1900, most of the lead concentrate produced has been as a byproduct of the zinc mines. The first zinc ores were mined about 1862. These were the carbonate ores, locally known as " drybone." Very little zinc blende was mined in the district, previous to 1875. The zinc blende ores mined from 1875 to 1900 were mostly of the high-grade, hand-cobbed, sheet-ore class, which usually contained from 45 to 60 per cent. metallic zinc. Such nines as the "Sallie Waters," ? Quinlin," "Lead Mine," "Benton Blende" and "Ida Blende," located near Benton, Wis., were mines which produced ores of this type, during this period. The mines located at Highland, the "Coker Mine" located at Livingston, Wis., and the "Opencut Mine" located at Shullsburg, Wis., were mines that were heavy zinc carbonate producers, previous to 1900.

Jan 12, 1917

EDITORIAL comments on the anthracite report of the Federal Fact-finding Coal Commission, which became public on July 5, together with an analysis of its more important conclusions, will be found on another page of this issue. In this place, only a few extracts from the report, bearing more directly on technical matters, can be quoted, for lack of space. COST OF MINING Mining cost, as it stands on the books of each mining company, represents the average cost of the total output, all sizes, of anthracite. Egg coal has at least five times the market value of barley, but these' sizes are mined together and their costs can not be separated. Mine costs directly reflect the conditions under which these deposits of coal are recovered. Even within the few counties in which anthracite is found there is a conspicuous range of natural conditions. The distinc-tion between the Northern, Middle, and Southern field, or, as they are also termed, the Wyoming, Lehigh, and Schuykill regions, is primarily geologic and topo-graphic, but the effects of the natural conditions largely control costs. The contrast is great between Some of the level-lying beds of moderate but fairly constant thickness under the broad Wyoming Valley, where mining and underground haulage present relatively simple problems to the engineer, and the steeply pitching or overturned and faulted beds of variable thickness in the Schuykill field, where crushed coal' and treacherous roof multiply the difficulties of mining; and increase the unavoidable waste. Even more direct is the connection between geologic processes and the, differences in the character of the coal as mined, the varying proportions of large and small sizes demanding differences in preparation and resulting in different average prices realized for the product of the mines.

Jan 8, 1923

By S. Mukai, Y. Shah, T. Zshikawa, T. Wakamtsu

In order to recover coal concentrate of low ash and low iron content, the electrostatic separation of coal was studied. It is more successful in the corona discharge field to recover the coal concentrate of low ash and low iron content than in the field without corona discharge. The effect of humidity on the electrostatic separation of coal was then studied. From the experimental results, it was clear that the electrostatic separation was excellent in about 60% relative humidity of atmosphere. Thus, the separation of vitrite from coal is practicable by electrostatic separation. In recent years the demand for high quality coal containing low ash, low iron, and low sulfur has increased. To fulfill this requirement, a higher grade coal concentrate must be produced. Study on the electrostatic separation of coal has been performed for several years in the author's laboratory. From the results of this research, it was considered that the behavior of coal particles in the electrostatic field relates closely to the ash and iron content in coal. In the present paper, the electrostatic separation of coal in corona discharge field was studied in order to recover the high quality coal concentrate and then the effect of humidity on the electrostatic separation was investigated. PREPARATION OF COAL SAMPLES The coals from the Akabira mine, the Kushiro mine, the Miike mine, and the Oshima mine which are famous coal mines in Japan were used in this study. The ash contents of these coals are shown in Table I. From the results of the analysis of the coal samples by the Norelco X-ray diffractometer, it is recognized that the Miike coal includes mainly pyrite, quartz, kaoline, calcite, and epidote; the Kushiro coal: kaoline, quartz, and montmorillonite, and the Oshima coal: siderite, dolomite, and other substances. For the preparation of samples, the coarse pieces of coal were crushed to about 2 mm in diam and then ground in an agator mortar. The ground products were sieved and fractions of 10 — 14 mesh, 14 — 20 mesh, 20-28 mesh, and 28-35 mesh were prepared, respectively. APPARATUS OF ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION The principal part of the apparatus of the electrostatic separation used in the experiments is shown in Fig. 1. In order to generate the corona discharge field, a needle-shaped electrode combined with a pole electrode is installed as the high tension electrode. In the case of investigating the effects of the humidity on the electrostatic separation of coal, the needle-shaped electrode was combined with a plate electrode instead of the pole electrode as shown in Fig. 2. The pole or the plate electrode was installed to promote the repelling of the charged particles by producing the electrostatic field between this electrode and the grounded roller. It seems to be very useful on the coal separation to install these combined high tension electrodes. SEPARATION OF COAL PARTICLES IN CORONA DISCHARGE FIELD The separation testings on the coal samples in the corona discharge field were performed by the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. These experiments were carried out under the following conditions: feed size 20 — 28 mesh, room temperature, normal humidity and applied voltage 15-20 KV, and the combined electrodes including the needle-shaped electrode were negatively charged. The results of these testings are

Jan 1, 1968

PHILIP L. GILL, New York, N. Y. (written discussion*).There is one feature of the fire-refining of electrolytic copper which I believe should be mentioned when the relation of oxygen content to the "pitch" or "set" of refined copper is under discussion; that is, the segregation of impurities. Variation of "pitch" or "set" is frequently noted in castings of different shapes, cast at the same time from the same furnace, though the oxygen content remains identical. For instance, it is possible to cast two wire-bars in the same shaped molds from the same ladleful of copper, the one 2 in. thick showing a good level set, the other, 4 in. thick, being overpoled. Also, when two bars are cast of the same weight and at the same time from the same furnace, one bar in a copper mold at the proper temperature, the other in a mold that has been allowed to get overheated, the bar in the hot mold will show

Jan 8, 1918

By H. Krueger, H. N. Hersh

USE of autoradiography in diffusion studies offers the advantage that no repeated sectioning is necessary and that the analyses are performed in a simple manner over the continuous range of penetration depths. As part of a program of solid-state physics, it was desired to develop the autoradio-graphic method' quantitatively for use in diffusion studies. Results are reported here for the self-diffusion of silver. Silver was chosen because the existing data are good enough to evaluate the technique." The silver used in this investigation was obtained in the form of ¼ in. diam rods of polycrystalline material, 99.99 pct purity. The radioactive silver, Ag110 (ß, y), was obtained as the nitrate and converted to the chloride for use in a standard cyanide plating bath. The diffusion specimens were 1/2 in. lengths of the rod. They were mounted in bake-lite and the exposed circular face carefully ground and polished. Prior to electrodepositing radioactive

Jan 1, 1956

By F. L. Rip, B. C. Haydon

Manganese silver ores are well known to be refractory toward cyanidation. Roasting and sulfurous acid pre-leaching have been suggested for improving their amenability. This paper describes the development and implementation of the sulfurous acid pre-leach process for retreatment of manganese silver tailings at Tonopah, Nevada. The history of the material is summarized and the mineralogy is described. A brief review of an earlier application of sulfurous acid pre-leaching of a manganese silver ore is presented.

Jan 1, 1985