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By J A. van Niekerk, J G. Jardine, J W. Olivier

The Runruno Gold Project is located on the island of Luzon, approximately 200 miles north of Manilla in the Philippines. The mine is an open cut operation and uses the proven BIOX® and carbon-in-leach (CIL) processes to recover gold, and the ASTER™ process for detoxification of the CIL residue prior to discharge to the Residue Storage Impoundment (RSI). Work to date has defined a mineral resource of 1.39 million ounces (Moz) of gold, and the operation will produce 96 700 oz of gold per annum over a mine life of 10.4 years. The BIOX circuit is designed to treat 140 000 t/y of concentrate with a design capacity of 404 t/d of concentrate at a design sulfide sulfur grade of 17% S2-.The Runruno BIOX Plant is the first application of the Outotec BIOX Generation III design principles, focussing on ease of operation and maintainability. During development and implementation, the project team focussed on identifying opportunities to optimise the capital efficiency while not compromising on the operability or overall efficiency of the process or the equipment. The BIOX plant also incorporates the latest developments in the design of the BIOX agitators for more efficient mixing and gas dispersion. This paper will discuss some of the critical aspects and decisions taken during the development and implementation of the BIOX Process at the Runruno Gold Project. The paper will highlight some of the factors affecting the commissioning process as well as the improvements seen through the introduction of the Generation III BIOX design principles. CITATION:van Niekerk, J A, Olivier, J W and Jardine, J G, 2017. Implementation of the BIOX® process at the Runruno Gold project, in Proceedings MetPlant 2017, pp 218–228 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 11, 2017

By Robert J. Anderso

Few elements have received more attention and developed greater interest in the last ten years than titanium. The substantially pure metal has been din...ie. cult to isolate, and so far has been little employed oommercially, but the use af alloys and chemical compounds of titanium has increased markedly in recent years. The earlier attempts at preparing pure titanium resulted in various impure forme which, from their metallic appearance, were always mistaken for the metal. Hunter in 1910 isolated pure titanium by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with sodium. This brief statement is issued by the Bureau of Mines in response to numerous inquiries which have been received concerning titanium. More complete in. formation on the metal may be had by consulting the referenpes appended. The Literature is voluminous and only the more important references are Riven. It has been drawn upon freely in preparing this report; also information was supplied by M. g. Hunter, Arthur Braid, M 1. Schmid, C. M. Johnson, N. B. Hoffman, and de Courny Browne. The pioneer investigator in titanium is A. IL Rossi.

Oct 1, 1922

By M. S. Davis

The Tek Process can produce masonry products such as bricks, roof or wall tiles, and block from virtually any inorganic waste. In the process the aggregate raw materials, portland cement, water and common chemicals are first mixed together; then mechanically subjected to several thousand pound pressure per square inch. This causes a novel chemical reaction between the cement, chemicals and water; producing the "patented" Tek adhesive binder which holds the aggregate together in a stone-like mix. Simultaneously, the desired product shape is formed. The building modules can have strengths of 8000 p.s.i. (pounds per square inch) with completely sound aggregates utilizing air curing for a period of 28 days. With most aggregates, 3000 p.s.i. is achieved within 24 hours. Eventual strengths usually exceed 5000 p.s.i. with almost any raw material. Water absorption ranges from 5-7.5 percent. Both absorption and strength figures are superior to the most rigid of any and all A.S.T.M. specifications for the highest quality bricks. In most locations, the product (when brick shaped is called Tekbrik) can be produced significantly more economically than can comparable grades of clay or other bricks, be- cause almost any inorganic waste materials or pollutant can be used as a raw material. The process results in a lower manufacturing cost as compared to clay bricks; fuel cost to operate a clay kiln represents a substantial portion of the total cost. Capital expenditure for a Tek plant also is lower due to the large investment in clay kilns. Transportation savings also are important, clay brick factories must be very large because the kilns are uneconomical unless they are large. Most bricks are manufactured at the sites of clay deposits in relatively uninhabited areas. The cost of transportation to the job site represents a considerable percentage of the selling price.

Jan 1, 1974

By T. M. Garland

This report presents a Bureau of Mines assessment of crude oil and associated gas production and reserves that would result from different drilling efforts in the lower or contiguous 48 States during the 1972-85 period. The drilling effort was based upon five growth rate assumptions from the 1971 level. Additions to crude oil reserves were computed for nine cases resulting from the use of three equations for findings per foot drilled and three constant revision factors. The results indicate that the United States will not become self-sufficient in crude oil production by 1985 and also illustrate the lead time required to reverse the decline in oil production. Discussion is limited to three of the nine cases to provide high, intermediate, and low results. More emphasis is on the intermediate case because it is indicative of the most probable trends. The methodology and statistical data are included in the appendices.

Jan 1, 1974

By Ryo Kawarabuki, Atsushi Shibayama, Masato Kosugi, Masanobu Fujita, Kohei Mitsuhashi

An investigation on improving copper and iron recovery by removal of organic carbon and carbonaceous gangue mineral through flotation was carried out. The ore contains chalcopyrite and bornite as valuable minerals, and dolomite and calcite as carbonaceous gangue minerals. The chemical composition of the ore indicates that grade of 2.08 and 5.37 mass% for copper and iron respectively, while carbon was 3.70 mass%. The total organic carbon in the feed was recorded as 2.02 mass%. The presence of these gangue minerals is detrimental to copper and iron recovery during flotation. Therefore a two stage flotation study was carried out to remove hydrophobic carbon and carbonaceous material from ore and to improve copper and iron recovery. The objective of the study was to find effective and selective flotation conditions which can eliminate gangue minerals from valuable minerals and improve quality (grade) and recovery of copper and iron. The obtained results could be used to develop a flotation circuit for recovering copper and iron from carbonaceous sulphide ores.

Mar 1, 2018

By Bever M. B., Floe Carl F., Hung Liang

Data on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys are of practical interest, as hydrogen causes gas unsoundness and embrittlement in iron and steel and is also a factor in the metallurgy of cast iron. Zapffe and Simsl have recently demonstrated that in deoxidized iron and steel castings gassiness and bleeding are primarily functions of the hydrogen content of the liquid metal. These authors also suggested convincingly that ordinary melting and casting practice provides several sources of hydrogen for absorption by the metal. Norbury and Morgan2 and Boyles3 have shown that dissolved hydrogen affects the graphitization of cast iron. Schneble and Chipman4 included in a study of the effects of superheating on the properties of cast iron an investigation of the part played by hydrogen. Schwartz, Guiler and Barnett5 investigated the significance of hydrogen in the metallurgy of malleable cast iron. A complete interpretation of investigations of this kind calls for equilibrium values of the solubility of hydrogen in the liquid and solid phases. From the theoretical standpoint, the solubility of gases, especially hydrogen, may reveal some aspects of the nature of liquid metallic solutions. This was implied in the early work of Sieverts6 on the effect of alloying additions on the solubility of hydrogen in copper. Recent work by Bever and Floe7 has shown that in liquid copper-tin alloys the solubility of hydrogen changes abruptly at the composition of the intermetallic compound Cu3Sn. It is of considerable interest to determine whether liquid alloys of iron also have compositions at which the solubility of hydrogen exhibits a discontinuous or otherwise unique behavior. Among the various alloys of iron the iron-silicon system is important because of the presence of silicon in various structural alloy steels, transformer sheets, cast irons and special acid-resisting castings. The various grades of ferrosilicon, finally, cover almost the entire remainder of the composition range. Published information on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys is meager. The first values for pure liquid iron were reported in 1910-191 1 sieverts and Krumbhaar8 and by sieverts.9 They found that 100 grams of iron absorbs 28 c.c. of hydrogen at 1550°C and One atmosphere pressure, and 31 C.C. at 1650°C. In 1938 Sieverts, Zapf and Moritz10 published a value of 26.3 C.C. at 1550°C. Data on the solubility of hydrogen in liquid iron-silicon alloys and in liquid silicon are not available. Martin1' investigated

Jan 1, 1947

By Bever M. B., Floe Carl F., Hung Liang

Data on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys are of practical interest, as hydrogen causes gas unsoundness and embrittlement in iron and steel and is also a factor in the metallurgy of cast iron. Zapffe and Simsl have recently demonstrated that in deoxidized iron and steel castings gassiness and bleeding are primarily functions of the hydrogen content of the liquid metal. These authors also suggested convincingly that ordinary melting and casting practice provides several sources of hydrogen for absorption by the metal. Norbury and Morgan2 and Boyles3 have shown that dissolved hydrogen affects the graphitization of cast iron. Schneble and Chipman4 included in a study of the effects of superheating on the properties of cast iron an investigation of the part played by hydrogen. Schwartz, Guiler and Barnett5 investigated the significance of hydrogen in the metallurgy of malleable cast iron. A complete interpretation of investigations of this kind calls for equilibrium values of the solubility of hydrogen in the liquid and solid phases. From the theoretical standpoint, the solubility of gases, especially hydrogen, may reveal some aspects of the nature of liquid metallic solutions. This was implied in the early work of Sieverts6 on the effect of alloying additions on the solubility of hydrogen in copper. Recent work by Bever and Floe7 has shown that in liquid copper-tin alloys the solubility of hydrogen changes abruptly at the composition of the intermetallic compound Cu3Sn. It is of considerable interest to determine whether liquid alloys of iron also have compositions at which the solubility of hydrogen exhibits a discontinuous or otherwise unique behavior. Among the various alloys of iron the iron-silicon system is important because of the presence of silicon in various structural alloy steels, transformer sheets, cast irons and special acid-resisting castings. The various grades of ferrosilicon, finally, cover almost the entire remainder of the composition range. Published information on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys is meager. The first values for pure liquid iron were reported in 1910-191 1 sieverts and Krumbhaar8 and by sieverts.9 They found that 100 grams of iron absorbs 28 c.c. of hydrogen at 1550°C and One atmosphere pressure, and 31 C.C. at 1650°C. In 1938 Sieverts, Zapf and Moritz10 published a value of 26.3 C.C. at 1550°C. Data on the solubility of hydrogen in liquid iron-silicon alloys and in liquid silicon are not available. Martin1' investigated

Jan 1, 1947

By J. D. Law

The presence of long-lived radionuclides presents a challenge to the management of radioactive wastes. Separation of the radionuclides from the waste solutions has the potential of significantly decreasing the costs associated with the immobilization and disposal of the waste by minimizing waste volumes. Several solvent extraction processes have been developed at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory for the separation of transuranic elements (TRUs), 90 Sr, and/or 137 Cs from acidic radioactive waste solutions. The TRUEX and POR processes for the separation of TRUs, the SREX process for the separation of 90Sr, the cobalt dicarbollide process for the separation of 137Cs and and a universal solvent extraction process for the simultaneous separation of TRUs, 90Sr, and 137Cs have all been developed in centrifugal contactors using actual liquid radioactive waste solutions and simulated dissolved calcine waste solution. In addition, the behavior of metals with each of the solvent extraction processes was evaluated. This article summarizes the most recent results of the each of the flowsheet demonstrations and provides Information on the centrifugal contactor equipment used for the testing.

Jan 1, 1999

By G. E. McElroy

Tae purpose of this paper is to present types of charts adapted to aid in the graphic solution of fan-performance problems of selection and operation, and to urge the adoption of similar charts by the National Association of Fan Manufacturers as standard forms for presenting fan-performance data. As matters now stand, it is difficult for the average engineer to solve such problems because a laree number of variables are involved, and performance data are not presented in a manner that permits their direct application to many problems encountered in practice. The performance of any centrifugal machine is determined not only by the machine itself but also by the fluid-flow system on which it operates. Actual performance of centrifugal fans is therefore e matter of the type, size, and speed of fan, on the one hand, and of the relation of pressure to quantity of flow, as determined by the physical condition of the airway system, on the other.

Jan 1, 1936

By Y. M. Jubeli

"Abstract - Gamma-ray spectrometry, an effective tool in geological mapping, was used to define boundaries between various lithological formations in three adjacent areas of Central Syria, namely, the Syrian Desert, Ar Rassafeh Badiayat and the Northern Palmyrides mountains. This paper describes the role of an airborne gamma spectrometric survey which was orginally undertaken to assist uranium exploration. Interpretation of the total count data obtained through the survey has led to significant modifications and corrections to the previously published distribution map of the palaeogene phosphate rocks.Another important result of the survey is the discovery of four previously unknown phosphorite horizons in the Rasm Al-Aawabed area of the Northern Palmyrides. In addition, previously unknown phosphatic horizons are outlined in the other study areas. The importance of this technique as an effective prospecting method, not only for U but also for exploring for the economically important phosphorite formations in Syria, is emphasized. Furthermore, its role in geological mapping is stressed, especially in areas that lack sufficient geological data."

Jan 1, 1997

By Y. M. Jubeli

"Gamma-ray spectrometry, an effective tool in geological mapping, was used to de?ne boundaries between various lithological formations in three adjacent areas of Central Syria, namely, the Syrian Desert, Ar Rassafeh Badiayat and the Northern Palmyrides mountains.This paper describes the role of an airborne gamma spectrometric survey which was originally undertaken to assist uranium exploration. Interpretation of the total count data obtained through the survey has led to signi?cant modi?cations and corrections to the previously published distribution map of the palaeogene phosphate rocks.Another important result of the survey is the discovery of four previously unknown phosphorite horizons in the Rasm Al-Aawabed area of the Northern Palmyrides. In addition, previously unknown phosphatic horizons are outlined in the other study areas. The importance of this technique as an effective prospecting method, not only for U but also for exploring for the economically important phosphorite formations in Syria, is emphasized. Furthermore, its role in geological mapping is stressed, especially in areas that lack suf?cient geological data."

Jan 1, 1997

By H. S. Auvil

[Coals of low-volatile rank cannot be coked without admixing large proportions of high-volatile coal in the usual type of byproduct-coke oven, because they expand excessively and exert side thrust, which ruins the oven walls. Some medium-volatile coals also give trouble. Since high-rank coals produce a strong, blocky coke, it is desirable to have the rank as high as practicable, particularly in the manufacture of foundry coke. Accordingly, it has become the practice to mix or blend high-volatile shrinking, coals with as much low-volatile coal as possible and still have a mixture that will not deform the walls or cause difficulty in pushing the coke. Occasionally, the safe limit of low-volatile coal has been exceeded and ovens have been damaged. It is desirable, therefore, to rave a reliable method of determining the expanding tendencies of mixtures before they are charged into the ovens. Furthermore, coal charges somewhat in its properties as mining progresses, and therefore, mixtures found to be safe at one time may cease to be so subsequently, particularly if nearly the maximum allowable percentage of low-volatile coal is being used.]

Jan 1, 1938

By R. L. Every, A. G. Fonseca

"Sulphur deposition on the internal wall of a pipeline is caused by the temperature effect on the solubility of sulphur in the carrier fluid and is not due to particulate sulphur present. Deposition can be completely eliminated by proper insulation of the pipeline to prevent ""cold-spots"" and the resultant temperature gradient necessary for sulphur to precipitate from solution. Friction head losses for sulphur-condensate slurry systems are quite acceptable from a technical and economic standpoint and, in fact, are less than many present commercial slurry systems. Slurry transportation of sulphur in a hydrocarbon pipeline is a viable possibility and promises to have economic advantage over currently accepted transportation modes."

Jan 1, 1972

By R. E. Morgan, Barkleym J. F.

"INTRODUCTION Wood burned for commercial heat and power usually is waste material from some manufacturing process. The amount of it reaches substantial proportions. It is estimated that over 50 percent of the timber cut for lumber becomes ""waste"" in the process - sawdust, shavings, trimmings, slabs, and bark. Woodworking manufacturing processes also produce much waste. The incentive to use this waste has resulted in much development of wood-burning equipment to produce heat and power. To answer general inquiries received by the Bureau, this publication covering developments along these lines was written. There is included a bibliography of additional information on the subject.COMPOSITION AND BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF WOODThe approximate composition of moisture-free wood is, in even figures:PercentHydrogen 6Carbon 49Oxygen 44Ash 1Total 100This composition corresponds to about C6H1005. Moisture is essentially always associated with wood. Green wood contains approximately 30 to 50 percent moisture; air-dried or seasoned wood contains 15 to 25 percent and kiln-dried about 8 percent. Exposed to the weather, wood absorbs and gives off moisture depending on weather conditions and water contact.""Dry"" wood ignites relatively quickly and readily gives off volatile matter when heated. Long flames and smoke easily occur during burning. The burning action is substantially retarded, however, by appreciable moisture content; ignition is more difficult. When the moisture content is more than about 70 percent, an auxiliary fuel is required to maintain combustion. One of the main factors in the problem of the satisfactory and smokeless combustion of wood is its moisture content."

Sep 1, 1950

By R. T. Jones

"Technical publications in the field of mining and metallurgy have existed for a long time. Recent developments in electronic publishing on websites make it possible to disseminate information more widely and cost effectively than before. Professional societies have an opportunity to serve their members and their industry by publishing high-quality peer-reviewed papers on their websites as well as in printed form. Older publications can be scanned, and optical character recognition can be used to provide searchable text. Various business models exist around this process. This paper outlines the approach used by the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM) to provide free open access to their journal papers and conference proceedings, as well as the work being done by OneMine.org to collect technical papers from a number of international societies and make them available to subscribers via a large database. An approach is outlined that should be of benefit to authors, readers, and society at large.INTRODUCTIONGeorgius Agricola (1494-1555) was not the first writer on the subjects of mining and metallurgy, but is well known as the author of De Re Metallica (‘of things metallic’ or ‘on the nature of metals’), a book that documents and illustrates the observations he made in the course of his extensive travels in the 1500s. Agricola wrote extensively about mining methods and metallurgical processes that were in place in the Middle Ages. The original Latin version of De Re Metallica was published in 1556, the year after Agricola died. It was translated into English by Herbert Hoover, a mining engineer and later President of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, a geologist and classicist. The English version of De Re Metallica was published in 1912."

Jan 1, 2012

By Clermont Lavoie, Marc Filion, Marcel Vallée

"Les mineralisation d'or des gîtes de la SOQUEM - Silver Stack dans is canton Bousquet se situent dans une bands de roches pyroclastiques asides du groupe de Blake River, d'âge archéen, dans le même horizon géologique que lee gites aurifères de Thompson Bousquet et Dumagarni situés plus a rest. La propriété a été explores anterieurement a maintes reprises depuis les années 1930, parfois jusqu'aux travaux souterrains, notamment par les groupes Mooshla, Warrenmac et Westwood Cadillac ainsi que par Silver Stack Mines.Ces zones auriferes se situent a l'intérieur de larges halos (jusqu'à 1,000 m x 400 in) de pyrite disséminée (2-5%) dans des tufs a lapilli et des agglomerate acides montrant des concentrations locales de pyrite. La zone 1, découverte en vérifiant par sondage une anomalie E.M., coincide avec une de ces concentrations de pyrite et la teneur en or est ici proportionnelle a la pyrite. Ce secteur se distingue par l'intensité de l'altération en séricite. La zone 2, qui s'étend sur près de 600 m, se situe dans un agglomérat acids, avec une faible teneur en pyrite, et montre de fines veinules de quartz-carbonate.Du point de vue géophysique, aucune methods ne donne des résultats probants: la polarisation provoquée montre de tree grandee anomalies correspondant aux halos de pyrite, tandis que lee concentrations de pyrite détectées par les méthodes E.M. (VLF ou EMH) sont loin d'être toutes aurifères. Les relevés magnétiques aident a établir la structure la où un certain contraste de susceptibilité magnétique est present. Les essais minéralurgiques préliminaires indiquent que la concentration de Bette mineralisation aurifère ne présentera pas de problems majeur."

Jan 1, 1977

By G. E. McElroy

[The purpose of this paper is to present type: of charts adapted to aid in the graphic solution of fan-performance problems of selection and operation, and to urge the adoption of similar charts by the National Association of Fan Manufactures as standard forms for presenting fan-performance data. As matters now stand, it is difficult for the average engineer to solve such problems because a large number of variables are involved, and performance data are not presented in a manner that permits their direct application to many problems encountered in practice. The performance of any centrifugal machine is determined not only by the machine itself but also by the fluid-flow system on which it operates. Actual performance of centrifugal fans is therefore a matter of the type, size, and speed of fan, on the one hand, anti of the relation of pressure to quantity of flow, as determined by the physical condition of the airway s: stem, on the other.]

Jan 1, 1936

By G. E. McElroy

"while investigating the presence of heavy strata gases* in certain mines of the East Tintic mining district of Utah, a small, local body of light, very hot gas of high-nitrogen composition was noted in one of the mines. Observations and analyses indicate that this light gas was resulting from very rapid oxidation of finely disseminated pyrite, in lead-silver sulphide ore. The gas was actually mine air which had lost a large proportion of its oxygen content by reaction with the pyrite. This body of gas was hanging in a local high spot about 5 by 5 by 5 feet in size, caused by caving, at the end of a crosscut. Fifty feet from this spot, an air current of 6000 cubic feet per minute was entering the 5 by 7 foot cross-cat from a raise from below.On account of the vapor contained in the gas, the bottom level of the gas could be plainly seen and was practically a horizontal plane, but of slightly wavy appearance, coinciding with the point where an acetylene light was extinguished. This body of gas was visited on three occasions and samples obtained by means of evacaated bulbs and by water displacement. The temperature of the gas was ap¬proximately 175 degrees P. on all three occasions, so that sampling required thick gloves and quick action. Air three feet below the vapor line had a temperature of only 120 degrees F., and a relative humidity of 27 per cent. The stratification of the air and gas mixtures was so sharply defined that the sampler could hold his head a few inches below the vapor level for an appreciable period of time without any noticeable effect other than that due to the high temperature. At one foot below vapor level, it was 135 degrees F., and the relative humidity was 30 per cent. When a candle and an acetylene light were raised into the gas from below, the candle flame was extinguished at a point two inches lower than the acetylene flume, indicating a drop in oxygen content from about 16 per cent to 12 per cent (oxygen content of normal dry air 20.05 per cent) in the distance of two inches."

Sep 1, 1921

By Ludwig Schmidt

Steel tanks often corrode rapidly in oil fields where the gas produced with crude petroleum contains an appreciable quantity of hydrogen sulphide. In many instances working tanks have been discarded after only six months of service because of failure induced by corrosion. Aluminum has been used for some time in the fabrication of certain equipment incidental to the handling of oils containing hydrogen sulphide gas in solution, and has exhibited no serious corrosive action. These uses indicated that aluminum tanks might be equally effective in counteracting hydrogen sulphide corrosion. Consequently, in the spring of 1928, an all-aluminum stock tank of 500 barrels capacity and a "composite" tank of equal capacity, having a steel bottom and bottom ring and an aluminum top and top ring, were placed in service on the State-Lassiter lease of the Gulf Production Co. in Crane County, Tex. These tanks were under observation for one year, the test being sponsored by the Gulf Production Co., the Aluminum Co. of America, rind the Parkersburg Ric and Real Co. The results of this preliminary test sustained the belief that aluminum is highly resistant to hydrogen sulphide gas and likewise indicated the type or grade of aluminum which could be most economically used for lease tankage. However, in this preliminary test the Wake were not subjected to contact with the large quantities of highly concentrated brines such as often are associated and produced with crude oil. Therefore, it was suggested by representatives of .the Aluminum Co. that additional tests be made to include production conditions in which large quantities of brine would be handled, for past experience had shown that aluminum often is susceptible to the corrosive action of brines.

Jan 1, 1931

By Ludwig Schmidt

[Steel tanks often corrode rapidly in oil fields where the gas produced with crude petroleum contains an appreciable quantity of hydrogen sulphide. In many instances working tanks have been discarded after only six months of service because of failure induced by corrosion. Aluminum has been used for some time in the fabrication of certain equipment incidental to the handling of oils containing hydrogen sulphide L; as in solution, and has exhibited no serious corrosive action. These uses indicated that aluminum tanks might be equally effective in counteracting hydrogen sulphide corrosion. Consequently, in the spring of 1928, an all-aluminum stock tank of 500 carrels capacity and a "composite" tank of equal capacity, having a steel bottom and bottom ring and an aluminum top and top ring, were placed in service on the State-Lassiter lease of the Gulf Production Co. in Crane County, Tex. These tanks were under observation for one year, the test being sponsored by the Gulf Production Co., the Aluminum Co. of America, and the Parkersburg Rig and Real Co. The results of this preliminary test sustained the belief that aluminum is highly resistant to hydrogen sulphide gas and likewise indicated the type or grade of aluminum which could be most economically used for lease tankage. However, in this preliminary test the tanks were not subjected to contact with the large quantities of highly concentrated brines such as often are associated and produced with crude oil. Therefore, it was suggested by representatives of the Aluminum Co. that additional tests be made to include production conditions in which large quantities of brine would be handled, for pact experience had known that aluminum often is susceptible to the corrosive action of brines.]

Jan 1, 1931