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By D. K. Fountain

"High metal prices and advanced technology in open-pit mining methods have resulted in considerable interest in the development of large, low-grade mineral deposits. Brenda Mines Limited is presently testing such a deposit of copper-molybdenum mineralization near Penticton, British Columbia.The mineralization of economic interest at Brenda has a total metallic sulphide content of between 1 and 1.5 per cent. This sulphide content approaches the limits of detectability of standard geophysical methods. How-ever, due to a favourable geological environment, it has been possible to utilize the Induced Polarization Method to outline the mineralization at the Brenda property."

Jan 1, 1968

By Gilles Tremblay

The legacy of orphaned/abandoned mines, with their associated environmental liability, human health concerns and the financial costs of clean up is a serious issue facing Canada. In 1999 and 2000, a number of stakeholders put forth requests to Mines Ministers to establish a joint industry-government working group, assisted by other stakeholders to review the issue of abandoned mines. The Ministers supported this initiative and asked that a multi-stakeholder workshop be organized to identify key issues and priorities. The Workshop on Abandoned Mines, held June 2001 in Winnipeg, developed consensus, guiding principles and recommendations that were presented at the Mines Ministers? Conference, September 2001. Ministers agreed on the importance of a large-scale program for the rehabilitation of orphaned/abandoned mines sites. A multi-stakeholder Orphaned/Abandoned (O/A) Mines Advisory Committee was formed and a plan was developed to study various issues relating to the implementation of remediation programs across Canada. Three task groups were formed to address the following key areas: Information Gathering; Community Involvement; and Barriers to Collaboration. The presentation will include a summary of the results of the three projects and the future work plan for the program.

Nov 1, 2002

By Leonard L. Fischman

It is important to define "adequacy," and the most useful definition is a continuing availability of mineral materials under cost and other conditions which imply no significant burden on the achievement of otherwise attainable levels of consumption and well-being. For current decision making, it is sufficient to consider adequacy just to the end of the century, with some regard being given to then remaining mineral inventory. A comparison of cumulative demand projections to the year 2000 with already identified reserves ( economically recoverable amounts in known deposits) suggests little reason for concern with world adequacy of iron ore, aluminum, manganese, chromium or potash. Conservative estimates of "prospective" reserves (amounts producible at today's prices, but yet to be discovered) suggests that there are ample quantities of virtually all other mineral resources as well. A probable exception is oil and gas, of which there may be scant amounts remaining after the turn of the century. However, there is an evident sufficiency of substitute forms of energy, though it is difficult to see just where developing technology will take us. The critical questions have to do with the increasing dependence of the industrialized countries on external sources of supply , coupled with a new international politic s which complicates the problem of insuring timely development of, and access to, remaining deposits. In this context, Canada, a still mineral-rich nation, is in one of the more favorable positions.

Jan 1, 1977

By Ajit K. Sinha

"Abstract - Electromagnetic surveys were conducted over the Yava sandstone-hosted lead deposit in Nova Scotia to evaluate the usefulness of such surveys for detecting and mapping sedimentary­ hosted metallic ore deposits. Both transient and multifrequency systems were used for that purpose. The deposit consists of three zones of disseminated galena which also contain minor amounts of pyrite and sphalerite filling the interstices of the sandstone grains. Each zone overlies a basement depression and is separated from the adjacent zone by an intervening basement high. A conductive shale layer underlies the galena-rich sandstone formation at all three zones.Because the concentration of galena (3% to 4% ) and other sulfides is too low to affect the resistivity of the sandstone formations for detection by ground electromagnetic (EM) methods, the strategy for our survey was to look for areas of basement depressions and the presence of conductive shale in those depressions by EM depth soundings. The presence of the galena-rich sandstone formations could be inferred because of the close association of these two features with the deposits in the Yava area. Both transient and multifrequency EM systems were successful in mapping the basement depressions and detecting conductive shale at the three known mineralized zones. The technique, therefore, seems to offer good prospects for mapping similar stratabound sedimentary-hosted sulfide deposits."

Jan 1, 1993

By P. R. Clark, M. D. Gleghorn

"IntroductionAt TransAlta Utilities Corporation's Highvale Mine, located west of Edmonton, Alberta (Fig. I and 2), dragline stripping has proved to be a practical and economical method of overburden removal and future plans have been based upon the continued use of draglines (Fig. 3) as the major stripping equipment (Williams, 1979, Nikols et al., 1986). However, long range planning has shown that the capacity of draglines alone will be exceeded in the early 1990s as mining progresses into deeper overburden cover (Tapics, 1983). Strip ratios will increase from I.3 bank m!/ t of coal in 1985to 4.5 bank m3 / t in 1995. During this period the depth of overburden will increase substantially and the areas to be mined will be characterized by weak soils including glacially displaced overburden. This increased overburden depth in relatively weak soils will make it impractical to _continue side casting by draglines without prestripping in advance. In 1983, a major investigation was initiated to determine what additional overburden removal equipment was appropriate to the Highvale operations, and recognizing the long delivery times of this major equipment. when it would be required. This paper describes studies and tests which were undertaken in 1983 and 1984 to select prestripping methods and equipment for the future operation of the mine.Previous planning studies have shown that with the current burn schedule and with the economies of progressing from low cover to high cover, as has been practiced in the past, overburden volumes will exceed the capacity of the existing draglines in the early 1990s (Fig. 4). These previous studies had placed reliance on (I tandem dragline operation for future overburden removal requirements up to a depth of 45 m throughout the Highvale Mine. New drilling together with the associated geotechnical studies and some detailed planning on the practicality of using tandem draglines, created concerns about their universal application. Even without considering geotechnical conditions there was a depth limitation to tandem dragJines and substantial prestripping would be required to achieve the ultimate depths."

Jan 1, 1987

By Tadeusz W. Wlodek

THE known phenomenon that a test-piece of ferro-magnetic steel is magnetic after it has been broken in tension indicates that, while it is being loaded, the steel acquires magnetic properties. In the present investigation of the influence of the stress on the magnetic flux, repeated pulsating stresses of increasing amplitude, varying from zero to the maximum tensile value, i.e., pull-pull loading, were employed. The specimens were prepared from two types of carbon steel and two of alloy steel. The magnitude of the magnetic flux was determined indirectly. The voltage and mode of variation of the electromotive force induced in a coil surrounding the stressed steel specimen were measured as an indication of the varying magnetic flux within the specimen. Curves representing the electromotive force induced by the varying magnetic flux show that as the tensile load increased so also the magnetic flux increased, with a corresponding increase in measured e.m.f. At a certain stress there is a sharp bend in the voltage curve (point Win the diagram, Figure 5); this critical stress corresponds very closely with the yield stress (0.2 per cent permanent strain). Beyond this point, slight increases in the stress produce large increases in the voltage. The wave form of the e.m.f. was registered on an oscillograph. Analysis of the curves so obtained demonstrated the necessity of continuing these experiments, in order to determine the type of induced wave form associated with various types and amplitudes of stresses. In these experiments, the shape of the stress wave was sinusoidal, although the shape of the induced e.m.f. was sinusoidal only up to a certain load and became more and more complex above this load.

Jan 1, 1944

By H. Rozovsky

This paper deals with the large iron ore concentrating plant owned by the Iron Ore Company of Canada. The plant is part of the Carol Project, which is being developed in the Wabush area of western Labrador. The mining and milling operations were officially opened in July of this year. The handling of fine material has always been considered a serious operational problem. The crushing, grinding and sizing of 50,000 tons of iron ore per day, in a dry state, could present sizeable problems in maintenance and orderliness. The operation, as a whole, embraces many recent developments in the iron ore industry. Mining operations include the latest techniques of jet piercing and blasting. Primary crushing involves a single crusher, which handles the complete production. Grinding of the ore includes the latest concepts of dry autogenous grinding in air-swept mills. The actual concentration of the ore is per-formed, in the wet state, by the use of spiral concentrators, with provision for possible flotation or magnetic separation, if required. The upgraded concentrates are either stored or pelletized, prior to shipment by rail to Seven Islands.

Jan 1, 1962

By Gordon G. Duncan

Historical Sketch Occurrences of native copper have been known along the Arctic coast of Canada, especially in the vicinity of the. Coppermine river, since the early part of the eighteenth century (See map, Figure 2, insert). In 1769, Samuel Hearne, a clerk of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Churchill, was sent to explore the 'copper mines' from which natives had been reported to secure copper for tools, fishing spears, etc. After two successful attempts, he reached the Coppermine river in 1771, accompanied by Indian guides. This hazardous trip was indeed a remarkable feat when one considers the vast distance covered, a great deal of which was barren lands. At Bloody falls, (See Figure 1) on the Coppermine river, Hearne's Indians swooped down on a party of sleeping Esquimaux, who gathered there each summer to fish, and murdered the entire band encamped on that side of the river. Hence the name of the falls. Hearne's knowledge of minerals was undoubtedly limited. He reported having seen the copper mines from which the natives were securing the copper, but he failed to prove the economic possibilities of the copper occurrences or to give an accurate description of any deposit. Sir John Franklin visited the area in 1821. He and other members of his expedition, namely, Richardson, Back, Kendall, and Hood, reported native-copper float to occur in the vicinity of the Coppermine river and Bathurst inlet.

Jan 1, 1931

By R. Loney, M. Militzer

There is a significant demand for new high strength steels with fine grain sizes for structural applications. One approach in this regard is to develop hot-rolled HSLA steels where refining the microstructure leads to increased strength levels, e.g. 700 MPa yield strength, that can be attained by suitable modifications of chemistry and processing. Here, an HSLA steel is investigated that contains 0.05wt%C-1.65wt%Mn-0.20wt%Mo¬0.07wt%Nb-0.02wt%Ti and approaches the above strength class. The ability to control and predict the mechanical properties of hot rolled steel depends strongly on the thermomechanical processes, which the steel undergoes. The final microstructure and, thus, the properties of the hot-rolled steel are a function of the austenite decomposition obtained during accelerated cooling on the run-out table and precipitation during coiling. The austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation under run-out table conditions has been investigated using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator equipped with a dilatometer. The effects of cooling rate and initial austenite microstructure including the degree of work hardening on austenite decomposition kinetics and ferrite grain refinement have been quantified. Results show that grain refinement can be optimized by the presence of work hardened austenite and accelerated cooling. Based on the experimental results, a model is proposed to predict the transformation start temperature and the resulting ferrite grain size for run-out table cooling conditions.

Jan 1, 2004

By P. K. Kaiser, S. M. Maloney, S. P. Singh

"Corrosion of underground support measures constitutes a concern to industry in both safety and economic terms. It also represents a potential market for corrosion resistant materials such as stainless steel.In order to assess the market potential for a stainless steel friction rock bolt, a review of current corrosion processes and remedial or preventative measures in the underground environment was undertaken. This was supplemented by distribution to industry of a detailed questionnaire, concerning the magnitude and extent of support corrosion and the costs of current support measures, and by visits to selected sites. Following data synthesis, support costs were established and the economic benefit of stainless steel rock bolts evaluated.Stainless steel rock bolts can be an effective cost reducing measure in unscreened areas requiring frequent reconditioning. Their benefit is rapidly diminished, however, if only partial reconditioning is required, the reconditioning interval is long or if screening is required.While most industry personnel are receptive to the application of stainless steel support measures, the localization of corrosion problems and the potential high cost of this type of support are barriers to its widespread implementation. They have potential for use in extreme environments. However, this relatively small market may not be economically viable.IntroductionFriction rock bolts are the simplest of all interior rock fixtures. The friction resistance to sliding of the rock on the bolt is generated by a radial pressure against the borehole wall over the length of the bolt. Two types of friction rock bolts are currently marketed, the Split Set and the Swellex.Unlike conventional point anchor bolts, friction rock stabilizers may move relative to the rock strata and maintain their capacity even if rock shifts, a condition that sometimes loosens or breaks conventional bolts. Ease of installation, effectiveness in jointed as well as weaker rock, and the possibility of having relatively long bolts are a few of the many advantages which generate considerable interest in the application of friction rock bolts (Wijk and Skogberg, 1982). However, due to their thin-walled construction and large surface area, frictional rock stabilizers are more susceptible than conventional bolts to damage by corrosion. For this reason, they are normally not recommended for long-term use (Jolly and Neumeier, 1987).In light of the above discussion; the Nickel Development Institute commissioned a study by the Geomechanics Research Centre with the objective of generating a credible database for the assessment of the feasibility of a stainless steel friction bolt system in corrosive ground and mine environments."

Jan 1, 1990

By Cris Sideco

This paper describes the concentration processes of the Sullivan. Concentrator, including crushing , transportation, sink-float, grinding , flotation and dewatering. Handling of hot muck has had a deleterious effect on most of the processes, resulting in significant operating problems and poorer metallurgy. These problems are described -in detail. THE SULLIVAN CONCENTRATOR is situated in Kimberley, high up in the Purcell Range of the Selkirk Mountains, at an elevation of 3,600 feet, approximately 4 miles from the Sullivan Mine (see Fig. 1). The original plant went on stream on August 23, 1923 at a designed capacity of 2,500 tons per day. This has been increased in stages to its present rated capacity of 11,000 tons per day. The latest stage was in 1949, when several major projects, including the underground crushing plant, the sink-float plant and the installation of a rod mill, were completed. Some 112,800,000 tons of ore have been treated in this concentrator to November 1975. The plant started on a 48-hour/ week schedule, but was reduced to 44 hours/week in October 1946 and down to 40 hours/week by the end of 1949. Except for a 6-month period in 1952 when the mill operated continuously, the 40-hour/week, Monday to Friday schedule was in effect.

Jan 1, 1977

By CIM Mineral Resource, Mineral Reserve Committee

Industrial minerals are generally considered to include non-metallic minerals, mineral products, or materials that provide raw material inputs for the construction, chemical, and manufacturing industries. They are often relatively low-value and bulky materials that are generally used close to where they are produced; however, some raw materials may be transported hundreds of kilometres to manufacturers and customers (ENDM, 2021). They do not include the metallic minerals, mineral fuels, or gemstones, and are used in industries based on their physical and/or chemical properties (Wikipedia, 2021). In contrast to most metallic minerals, a general distinguishing characteristic of the industrial minerals sector is their general low degree of market elasticity in relation to the market prices and product specifications. The estimation of either a Mineral Resource or a Mineral Reserve (MRMR) for an industrial minerals deposit can be affected to a significant degree by a number of factors that are not typically applicable to metallic mineral deposits. These factors can include such considerations as the particular physical and chemical characteristics of the final product, product quality issues, market size and market access. In some cases, such information may be confidential and proprietary. One of the key challenges of the industrial minerals sector is to define a commonly accepted listing of which types of minerals, materials, or mineral deposits can be considered as industrial minerals (Mining Standards Task Force, 1999). Although definitions for what constitutes an industrial mineral can vary in detail, general descriptions can be found in American Geosciences Institute (2021), Fastmarkets IM (2021), Snowden (2019), SME (2021) and Wikipedia (2021). A brief listing of some of the materials and minerals that are generally considered to be industrial minerals is provided in Table 1. For the purposes of this document, all references to industrial minerals include not only the minerals, materials, and mineral deposits themselves, but also the various commercial products that are derived from these sources.

Nov 19, 2023

By Bryan Wilson

Background ?Nickel Rim South Mine started production ramp-up in Q2, 2009. ?The main dewatering pumps were put into use in August 2009. ?3 Feluwa?multisafe?positive displacement pumps ?1700m single lift pumping ?Reliability has been an issue due to the amount of slimes and fibers (from shotcrete) at the pumps. ?Critiqued internal dewatering system to solve some issues we were having with our sumps Findings 1.Much of the final dewatering system was not in place. a)Temporary pain. Difficult to say something is not working when the system was not yet in place as per design. b)Not enough capacity to handle slimes within the system. 2.Need to address issues with the final design: a)Ongoing costs: The end design has operating costs of $2.5 million b)Scoops in Sumps: The end design relies on scoops to be used for cleaning the sumps c)Slimes Recovery: The system mixes 3 different products in the sumps along with the fibers d)Pump repair costs: The existing Tsurumi pumps are too light duty for our slimes

Nov 1, 2011

By Josée Dartois

En 1988, à l?instar de plusieurs états du monde industrialisé, le Québec décidait d?accélérer la cadence de l?assainissement des rejets industriels et lançait un programme intégré de réduction de la pollution industrielle visant, à la fois, les rejets dans le milieu aquatique, les émissions atmosphériques et les matières résiduelles. Ce programme fut intitulé le Programme de réduction des rejets industriels.

Nov 1, 2002

By R. Lapcevic, P. Lokin

"Among other components, ore body „T“ was discovered in the Bor pit copper mine at a depth of app. 500m. The ore body is relatively small: 60-65m long, 40-45m wide and up to 50m high, but with an extremely high content of copper and accompanying metals. The rock mass containing the ore body is composed of altered andesite of relatively poor physical-mechanical characteristics. The exploitation of this ore body by way of conventional mining methods was associated with high risk, cost, and potential losses of the rich ore. Due to everything specified hereinbefore, the adopted solution involved ore exploitation with complete ensuring of excavation stability, thus forming an extremely large underground opening. The excavation and supporting were performed according to the NATM principles along with applying shotcrete, 9-25 m long cables, and horizontal and vertical lattice girders. The excavation of the ore body was completed in app. 2.5 years, all the while ensuring complete stability and security of people and equipment; construction works were constantly monitored. The proposed solution for ore excavation enabled more than 95% exploitation of ore as requested by the Investor, while depletion due to waste-rock excavation was less than the allowed 5%. INTRODUCTIONThe Bor copper deposit is located in Eastern Serbia. Copper exploitation in Bor commenced as far back as 1902. A total of 26 ore bodies varying in size and valuable mineral content have been excavated so far. One of the most recent excavated ore bodies is ore body „T“, which is one of the smallest bodies by volume, but also a body with one of the largest content of copper and accompanying metals. An important fact regarding its exploitation is that it is located at a depth of app. 500 m; that its shape is irregular: 60-65 m long; 40-45 m wide and app. 50 m high; and that it lays within a rock mass of relatively poor physical-mechanical characteristics. In addition, above it, in its immediate vicinity, ore body „F“ was previously excavated and its room was refilled with backfill and water. Excavation methods common in mining practice (excavation with caving, excavation with backfilling, excavation with protective pillars) were inadequate in this case for various reasons:• The immediate vicinity of the previous ore body „F“ room could cause expansion of the caving zone also to that room, along with penetration of groundwater and flotation sludge;• Possibility of deformation expansion caused by caving as far up as the surface of the terrain, including the urban area;• Difficulties in maintaining the stability of excavation sidewalls having steep slopes and great height;• Significant loss of ore mass with a relatively high content of metals etc."

Jan 1, 2015

By Arthur Notman

In view of the alarm expressed in many quarters over the increased production of copper to come from Canada and Africa in the future, it is of interest to study the history of the principal producing districts of the world and to attempt to forecast the future part to be played by them. Tables 1 and 2 record the world production and that of the United States, together with their respective rates of increase, both in percentage and actual amounts. The important point in this record is the decline in rates of increase for both the world and the United States, but more particularly in that of the latter, since 1881. The increase for the United States in the last decade is less than that for any decade since 1881, and is only 20 per cent of that for the decade 1911-20. The increase for the world is less than that for the two preceding decades, and is only about 65 per cent of the war decade 1911-20. Referring to Table 1, the decade 1871to1880 showed an increase of 32.l per cent in the world's production, which was the low until the last decade, ending 1930, which shows an increase of only 24.5 per cent. These decades both represent periods of economic stress following wars. In the first case the recovery was very sharp, the percentage increase in 1881-90 reaching a high of 86.4 per cent. It would seem dangerous, however, to assume that a similar high will be reached in the next ten years, because of the severity of the depression brought about by the Great War and the probability of its influence extending well into the next decade.

Jan 1, 1931

By Thom Sedun

No sector of the mining industry is more closely tied to local communities than aggregates. Noise, dust, traffic, visuals aesthetics and environmental impacts all fall under the purview of neighbours, local governments and nongovernment organizations. It is no surprise that aggregate operations may not be welcome neighbors in many communities. In British Columbia (BC), the regulatory environment for aggregate operations includes a local component of municipal bylaws and land use-planning in addition to the usual suite of federal and provincial statutes that apply to its sister mining sectors. Additionally, under common law aggregate extraction is not considered to be a land use subject to land use zoning, and some aggregate processing activities can be regulated by zoning. Often traversing multiple local government jurisdictions, aggregate producers find themselves negotiating not only local traffic, but also a mosaic of regulatory environments. There is an opportunity in this present situation to facilitate the application of current technology and practices in the mitigation of many community and environmental concerns associated with aggregate operations. Moving a bulk commodity is a volume-based business, and operators often don?t have time for matters that don?t directly or obviously affect the bottom line. Regulatory agencies often play multiple and complex roles with respect to their industry, not the least of which is the fiduciary role. Balancing how and when to assist an industry is often a difficult decision. For the aggregate industry in BC, the Ministry of Energy and Mines saw an opportunity to assist not only aggregate operators, but also regulatory agencies, local governments, and the general public. Through investing in the Aggregate Operators Best Management Practices Handbook (handbook) project, the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) believes that it will realize a return of upheld community values, enhanced environmental protection, improved regulatory compliance, reduce disputes and a stronger provincial aggregate industry. It is the intent to publish the handbook electronically through the MEM website later this year.

May 1, 2002

By S. L. Chen

The Kumera Technology Center developed a unique type of steam dryer for drying copper concentrate in the mid 1990s. The dryer has been chosen in several copper smelter projects since 1999. To expand production capacities, the Norddeutsche Affinerie smelter, the Pirdop smelter of Cumerio, the Toyo smelter of Sumitomo Metal Mining and the Tamano smelter of Hibi Kyodo Smelting have carried out projects in which Kumera Steam Dryers were installed. The capacity of a single steam dryer varies from 70 t/h to 160 t/h. This article summarizes the latest operation results of the Kumera Steam Dryers in these smelters and introduces the progress of the ongoing projects in Yanggu Xiangguang Copper, Guixi smelter of Jiangxi Copper, Jinlong Copper, Boliden Harjavalta, and Onsan smelter of LS-Nikko Copper.

Jan 1, 2007

By D. R. Lentz, C. J. Beaumont-Smith, S. H. Mcclenaghan

"Abstract - The Louvicourt Au-Ag-Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide deposit is hosted by a Middle Ordovician calc-alkaline sequence of aphyric rhyolite flows and associated fragmental rocks at the top of the Flat Landing Brook Formation. The Zr/TiO2 (average = 0.110) and Y/TiO2 (average = 0.021) ratios in the footwall felsic volcanic rocks are consistent with known values for the Reids Brook member. The deposit consists of two concordant lenses of semi-massive to massive sulfides, approximately 150 m long and up to 9 m thick, which represent a fold repetition of a single exhalative horizon. The deposit contains a geologic resource of 136 000 tonnes grading 1.2% Pb, 1.0% Zn, 0.4% Cu, 90.9 g/t Ag, and 0.96 g/t Au; the deposit locally contains elevated Au (2.9 ppm) and Ag (320 ppm) contents. A laterally continuous iron formation that contains barite caps the deposit, and is gradational vertically and laterally into laminated siltstone. The exhalite confirms the stratiform nature of this deposit, but a large percentage of sulfides occur as late replacements of altered felsic fragmental rocks in the footwall. Abundant examples of colloform pyrite and perlitic and spherulitic textures in volcanic clasts are well preserved. The base- and precious-metal content of the Louvicourt deposit is atypical of the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC). Reported assay data (n = 27) indicate an average Pb/Zn ratio of 2.6, the highest in the BMC (average = 0.39). Lead exhibits a strong Spearman Rank correlation (r' = 0.92) with base metals throughout the sequence, indicating a preponderance of galena in both the stockwork and stratiform zones. The Ag and Au contents in this deposit are among the highest in the BMC and exhibit a Au-Ag- Cu-Pb association. Barite-rich exhalative pyrite exhibits a moderate Au correlation with Ag (r' = 0.77; n = 10) and Cu (r' = 0.76) and occurs in portions of the exhalative sulfides that are enriched in Pb. Chemical exhalative rocks are conformably overlain by trachy-andesitic volcaniclastic (possibly pyroclastic) rocks that are assigned to the Little River Formation. These are enriched in Nb (average = 38.4 ppm) and P2O5 (average = 0.17 wt.%), and have much lower Zr/TiO2 (average = 0.056) and Y/TiO2 (average = 0.0062) relative to rocks higher in the hanging wall. The intermediate volcanic rocks are conformably overlain by massive to pillowed basalt flows and related hyaloclastite that have Nb/Y = 0.60 and high TiO2 contents (average = 2.8 wt.%). This chemistry is consistent with rocks of the Brunswick Mines member (Little River Formation), except that these rocks are considerably enriched in P2O5 (average = 0.82 wt.%). This syngenetic exhalative deposit is unique for the BMC with a high Pb/Zn and elevated Au and Ag contents, as well as an epithermal signature (Sb-Ag-Au-Tl-Hg), analogous to high sulfidation volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Its intimate relationship with an emergent felsic dome (Flat Landing Brook Formation), chlorite-silicate-oxide-sulfide exhalite (locally hematitic), and the abundance of barite are classical features of many of the Kuroko deposits."

Jan 1, 2006

By Y. M. Jubeli

"Abstract - Gamma-ray spectrometry, an effective tool in geological mapping, was used to define boundaries between various lithological formations in three adjacent areas of Central Syria, namely, the Syrian Desert, Ar Rassafeh Badiayat and the Northern Palmyrides mountains. This paper describes the role of an airborne gamma spectrometric survey which was orginally undertaken to assist uranium exploration. Interpretation of the total count data obtained through the survey has led to significant modifications and corrections to the previously published distribution map of the palaeogene phosphate rocks.Another important result of the survey is the discovery of four previously unknown phosphorite horizons in the Rasm Al-Aawabed area of the Northern Palmyrides. In addition, previously unknown phosphatic horizons are outlined in the other study areas. The importance of this technique as an effective prospecting method, not only for U but also for exploring for the economically important phosphorite formations in Syria, is emphasized. Furthermore, its role in geological mapping is stressed, especially in areas that lack sufficient geological data."

Jan 1, 1997