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By A.J. PHILLIPS, Wm. B. Price

ADMIRALTY nickel is a new corrosion-resisting and heat-resisting white metal alloy composed of 70 per cent. copper, 29 per cent. nickel and 1 per cent. tin. It has been given the trade name "Adnic." In 1924, Win. B. Price1 described this alloy and its successful use as a diaphragm metal. The physical properties of Adnic at ordinary and elevated temperatures were given in Mining & Metallury.2 A patent3 was granted on Adnic, April 28, 1925. Work was first started on this alloy during December, 1921. An investigation of the patent situation in this country and abroad, and also a search of the literature, did not reveal any work on the ternary diagram, copper-nickel-tin; and the only wrought copper-nickel-tin alloy found was that known as "Newloy," composed of copper, 64 per cent.; nickel, 35 per cent.; tin, 1 per cent. This was being manufactured and sold by Wm.. Gallimore & Sons, Ltd., Sheffield, England, for unplated spoon and fork stock, and first came to our attention in January, 1922. The preliminary work in connection with the development of Adnic was started by casting four, binary copper-nickel alloys of the compositions shown in Table 1. Various amounts of tin were added to each of these mixtures, to produce the series of ternary copper-nickel-tin alloys also given in Table 1. A 200-gm. sample of each of these was cast by melting in a clay graphite crucible and allowing the melt to slowly cool with the furnace. A longitudinal section from each of these castings was polished and etched for-examination. The castings were not homogeneous solid solutions, but showed the usual cored structure associated with cast alloys. However, from an examination of these sections we roughly determined

Jan 1, 1928

By Robert H. Richards

The object of this paper is to enlarge the field of settling velocities treated by me in my former papers, Close Sizing Before Jigging, and Sorting Before Sizing.' There seemed need of work both on coarser and on finer sizes. Messrs. A. Sidney Warren and M. L. Nagel undertook the investigation for the coarser sizes, from 12.85 mm. down to 2.05 mm. diameter. Their work, because of the closer spacing and because of the increased number of observations and consequent stronger averages, called for a revision of the former work. Messrs. G. A. Barnaby and Ralph Hayden undertook this part of the work, from 2.49 mm. down to 0.28 mm., which is near the limit of sifting. Their work covers the ground much more minutely and comprehensively than the former papers. There remained to be covered the portion of the field too fine for investigation with the sieves. This part, covering the range of grains from 0.48 to 0.03 mm., was undertaken by Mr. E. S. Bardwell. For it he used the elutriation method. 11. The First, or Coarsest, Section of the Field. The first desideratum in this investigation was a series of sieves for sizing the sands preparatory to making the tests. It became necessary, therefore, to decide on a sieve-scale for this purpose. A sieve-scale is a series of sieves in which the dimensions of the holes of the successive members form a series increasing by a definite ratio. There are three natural sieve-scales: 1, progressing by doubling the width of the hole for each suc-

Jan 1, 1908

By Hugh R. Van Wagenen, Allen H. Rogers

There are few natural monopolies comparable with the nitrate industry. Perhaps the only other one is, curiously enough, also an essentia1 fertilizer material, viz., potash, of which the Germans have heretofore held practically a monopoly due to the existence in their territory of the most important known deposits of potash salts. And although nitrates in minute amounts are found in many desert regions, the only deposits capable of being worked commercially exist in Chile. Combined nitrogen in the oxidized form is an essential for plant life. Nature provides it mainly through the agency of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. But where lands are cropped artificially this supply is too small, and gradually the nitrogen supply becomes exhausted. In order to continue farming, it is necessary to furnish a supply of nitrogenous plant food, and this is done by putting on various substances containing combined nitrogen. These consist of various animal wastes, ammonium sulphate, the ammonia of which is obtained in the destructive distillation of coal, and Chile saltpeter. The latter is immediately available as a plant food, the nitrogen being in the required form. The other substances must oxidize before they are available. Resides its use as a fertilizer, Chile saltpeter is the source from which the bulk of the nitric acid of commerce is derived. The use of nitric acid in the manufacture of almost all modern explosives is, of course, well known. Importance of the Nitrate Industry Chilean nitrate, the existence of which was first mentioned in 1809, is said to have been first exported in 1830. Only a few thousand tons per annum were exported for some years, but the amount gradually increased until, in 1879, when the Chile-Peruvian war began, the export amounted to about 300,000 tons. This nitrate was largely produced from the Province of Tarapaca, until then, Peruvian territory. By the terms of peace with Peru in 1884, this province, as well as Tacna, became Chilean. The Bolivian Province of Antofagasta was also acquired as a result of this war, and thus Chile, with the deposits in her own territory, acquired control of the whole supply of nitrate. At the present time, exports are approximately 3,000,000 metric tons per annum,. having a

Jan 1, 1918

By E. H. Burdick

The difficulties inherent in table concentration operations as applied to gold, silver, lead and zinc ores, are accentuated in the scheelite mill, which has a flowsheet that is similar in general principles. The narrow "spread" in the specific gravity between scheelite and the usual gangue in which it occurs often makes its clean separation extremely difficult and in some cases impracticable. The problem is further complicated by the extreme friability of the mineral and its inordinate tendency to "slime," particularly where fine grinding is necessary and wet grinding methods are employed. The physical aspect of the occurrence of scheelite in the ores, the kind and character of the rock in which the mineral is present, its hardness, friability and the specific gravity of its constituents, as well as like characteristics of the associated minerals— pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and others, all have a bearing on the successful milling of crude ores and the production of a concentrate that is marketable with minimum price penalty or none at all. Most tungsten deposits are considered low grade when the limiting factor of low percentage recovery by gravity methods is borne in mind. The great majority of deposits developed or in process of development carry from 0.4 to 1.0 per cent tungstic oxide. Ore carrying I per cent is considered good grade; 0.7 to 0.8 per cent, fair, and below that figure, low grade. Steady mill feed averaging upward of I .o per cent WO3 is exceptional. Inasmuch as buying specifications demand a 60 per cent W03 content, the mineral content of the ores as mined must be concentrated to at least that degree. A few companies have constructed chemical plants for the treatment of their complex concentrates and low-grade flotation product, but the smaller operator must rely on table concentration, borrowing the tools and to a large extent the methods of his predecessors in the gold, silver, lead and zinc mills. Whether these are the best tools and methods that can be devised is an open question. Except in rare instances, table concentration, however carefully conducted, does not yield a satisfactory final recovery of the mineral content in headings as indicated by chemical determinations of tungstic oxide content. A saving of 60 to 65 per cent is considered fair, and an average 80 per cent recovery, exceptional. Each scheelite ore body is a separate problem. Details of handling that give best results in one case may not be successfully operative at a property on the same contact zone and but a short distance removed. Supplementary treatment of tailings by flotation may be successful in producing a low-grade concentrate of around 15 per cent W03, which is adapted to further treatment chemically at a given property and entirely unsuccessful at another. This problem constitutes another of the unanswered questions. The following paragraphs relate solely to the beneficiation of scheelite ores by table concentration and supplementary methods.

Jan 1, 1943

By E. H. Burdick

The difficulties inherent in table concentration operations as applied to gold, silver, lead and zinc ores, are accentuated in the scheelite mill, which has a flowsheet that is similar in general principles. The narrow "spread" in the specific gravity between scheelite and the usual gangue in which it occurs often makes its clean separation extremely difficult and in some cases impracticable. The problem is further complicated by the extreme friability of the mineral and its inordinate tendency to "slime," particularly where fine grinding is necessary and wet grinding methods are employed. The physical aspect of the occurrence of scheelite in the ores, the kind and character of the rock in which the mineral is present, its hardness, friability and the specific gravity of its constituents, as well as like characteristics of the associated minerals— pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and others, all have a bearing on the successful milling of crude ores and the production of a concentrate that is marketable with minimum price penalty or none at all. Most tungsten deposits are considered low grade when the limiting factor of low percentage recovery by gravity methods is borne in mind. The great majority of deposits developed or in process of development carry from 0.4 to 1.0 per cent tungstic oxide. Ore carrying I per cent is considered good grade; 0.7 to 0.8 per cent, fair, and below that figure, low grade. Steady mill feed averaging upward of I .o per cent WO3 is exceptional. Inasmuch as buying specifications demand a 60 per cent W03 content, the mineral content of the ores as mined must be concentrated to at least that degree. A few companies have constructed chemical plants for the treatment of their complex concentrates and low-grade flotation product, but the smaller operator must rely on table concentration, borrowing the tools and to a large extent the methods of his predecessors in the gold, silver, lead and zinc mills. Whether these are the best tools and methods that can be devised is an open question. Except in rare instances, table concentration, however carefully conducted, does not yield a satisfactory final recovery of the mineral content in headings as indicated by chemical determinations of tungstic oxide content. A saving of 60 to 65 per cent is considered fair, and an average 80 per cent recovery, exceptional. Each scheelite ore body is a separate problem. Details of handling that give best results in one case may not be successfully operative at a property on the same contact zone and but a short distance removed. Supplementary treatment of tailings by flotation may be successful in producing a low-grade concentrate of around 15 per cent W03, which is adapted to further treatment chemically at a given property and entirely unsuccessful at another. This problem constitutes another of the unanswered questions. The following paragraphs relate solely to the beneficiation of scheelite ores by table concentration and supplementary methods.

Jan 1, 1943

By L. W. Saperstein, Y. J. Wang

The development of computer programs to solve complex ventilation networks has reached a point of refinement where these programs become a necessary tool of the ventilating engineer. Such a program is presented. This program has an increased efficiency over its predecessors; it also includes the important facility of fixed quantity branches. This is in addition to the earlier capabilities of free-splitting, internal or external fans, and natural ventilation pressures. The program is written in Fortran IV with double-precision arithmetic and is listed here. Sample problems with input and output are also given. The recent, and presumably continuing, official interest in mine safety is bound to result in more stringent control requirements for ventilation. Anticipating this requirement, the Dept. of Mining, The Pennsylvania State University, has developed a computer program for the solution of complex mine ventilation networks. It is the opinion of this department that the program has sufficient merit to warrant its use in normal industrial operating conditions. Although the undergraduate mining engineering students of this department are routinely trained to use the program, it was felt that this training did not present a fast enough means of dissemination; consequently, this paper was written. The conception of the program is not new;1; however, the present version incorporates features that changes it from a scientific endeavor to a useful operating tool. These features include those of earlier programs, such as free-splitting, external or internal fans, and natural ventilation processes plus the important ability of handling fixed quantity branches, and of increased efficiency giving reduced cost. The facility for fixed quantities will be discussed in more detail. The solution of any network depends upon satisfying Kirchchoff's laws. These state that the sum of flow at any junction is zero, and that the sum of the pressure drop in branches totals the pressure drop in the mesh constituted by those branches, that is that the pressure drop around any mesh is zero. The terminology is derived from Synge," and is, in fact, that used by Topologists. A branch is any airway of uniform characteristics; a junction is where two or more airways meet (the minimum number of two airways is useful for describing the point where a low resistance airway changes into a high resistance one due to some physical constriction); a mesh is a path, along some branches, that returns on to itself, but does not need to traverse the same branch twice in order to do so; and a tree describes all those branches in a network which, while connected through all the junctions, do not form any meshes. Obviously the branches-in-tree are open-ended and can be shown to be one less than the number of junction (J-1). The branches-out-of-tree, also called basic branches, are equal to the number of basic meshes and are M = N — J + 1, where M is the number of meshes and N is the number of branches. The major difference between this network and an electrical one is that the law attributed to Atkinson for pressure drop is utilized rather than Ohm's law. Atkinson stated that the pressure drop (potential) is equal to a resistance factor multiplied by the quantity squared. This is written H = RlQlQ where H is the head loss. Q? is written in this factored fashion so that H will always have the same sign as Q. A negative sign is used to indicate that flow in a branch is opposite to that of its containing mesh. A mesh takes the direction of its basic branch. Utilizing Atkinson's law in Kirchchoff's second law and bearing in mind that the first law must remain satisfied, the program will determine all quantities, or head losses as they are related, for the branches of the network. The program uses a Geuss-Seidel form of in-teration, starting from an arbitrary Q and using a correction factor of the type first suggested by Professor Hardy Cross' that will handle the nonlinear equation of Atkinson's law. A fuller description of the interative process is included in Wang and Hartman.' Iteration continues until the correction factor is less than or equal to a preset error (E) or until a maximum number of iterations (MAXIT) have been reached. Utilizing an E of 50 cfm, sample problems have had rapid solutions. Rapidity of solution is also ensured by the method of selecting meshes and basic branches. This is done by the computer, which chooses the highest resistance branches, fixed quantity branches, and those containing fans, as basic branches. Natural ventilation pressures are handled as fans of constant pressure and may be assigned to any branch. The computer will generate a fan characteristic by polynominal fitting if a few operating points from the desired fan are input. A fan may be placed in any branch of the network, except those with fixed quantities. The strength of the present program over its earlier versions is its ability to handle fixed quantity branches. This means that certain branches can have their quantity determined, or preset, by the ventilating engineer. Operating under this constraint, the program will analyze the network and output the pressure change necessary to achieve this desired quantity. A call for positive head loss would require an auxiliary fan; negative head loss would require a regulator. This represents a powerful tool for the ventilating engineer who must insure that certain quantities of air pass across the operating faces or through working stopes. McPherson6 suggested that a ventilation program would be useful for determining in advance which branches were receiving inadequate air, and that subsequent calculations would then indicate the necessary corrections. The present program makes these corrections. Thus the mine manager can know immediately the consequences of changes to his system;

Jan 1, 1971

By W. M. Myers

Certain minerals possess inherent color and other properties that make them suitable for the pigmentation of paints, mortar, plaster, concrete, face brick, and other materials. Their production is one of the most ancient of mineral industries and their use by primitive man is well known. These natural pigments have some economic factors in their favor, particularly wide geographic distribution, low cost of production, ease of preparation, chemical stability, and permanence in use so that they continue to form the basis of a small but useful industry. When used in paints such pigments act as a filler and supply body and opacity in addition to color. Natural mineral pigments are prepared for the market by the comparatively simple operations of washing, grinding, blending, and calcining. Any one, or all of these processes may be applied to a single pigment. The development of synthetic pigments and the use of by- product materials have introduced competition with the products of nature and are having a growing influence on the economic position of the mined minerals.

Jan 1, 1949

By Arthur Knapp

No oil territory in the world has been so rich in large producing wells, in a comparatively small area, as the Baku field. Particularly is this true of the Bibi Eibat field, which formerly produced millions of "poods," of " gusher," or as it is called in Russia, " fountain " oil. The Bibi Eibat and Balachany fields have been exhausted of gas and ruined by water, but the Surachany and Benegadi fields are still fountain territories and many outlying districts that have only been prospected produce rich fountains. The method of controlling fountains, or gushers, is the result of growth, along with the Russian system of drilling, where large diameters and riveted casing have been in vogue. The screw casing is seldom used except to exclude water. Formerly the method of finishing wells and the condition of the casing at the top of the well would not permit the use of gates, manifolds, and connections as is standard elsewhere. The life of the flowing wells is very short, particularly those 10 in. (25 cm.) or more in diameter, which produce large quantities of sand and often flow for but a few days and are then a complete loss. More than 1,000,000 poods in 24 hr. have been claimed in several instances, but in no case was the flow for more than a few days. The oil sands of this district are free uncemented sands and vary in thickness from paper thin to a maximum of 10 ft. (3 m.). The sands are interlaid with strata of soft clay. In spite of this, the practice has been to drill into such sands and produce from the open hole without screen or liners. Sometimes the casing is set below the oil sand but in this case holes from 2 ½ to 3 in. in diameter are drilled opposite the oil sand, which would not have the effect of a screen.

Jan 1, 1920

W. 0. HOTCHKISS,* Madison, Wis.-When we began to do geological field work in the Lake Superior region, we found a correlation in existence, and, as youngsters, accepted all that as settled. Both Mr. Allen and I, since that time, have seen a great many things that were not apparent nor visible to Van Hise, and those who worked with him; we realize now that the correlation was not final and that much remains to be determined concerning geology of the Lake Superior region. My attitude on this matter is that we should not publish an amended correlation as a final thing. We should avoid, in every way possible, foreclosing the minds of those who follow us in working in the geology of this region. As a matter of fact, no correlation can be final at present, because facts and data are accumulating so rapidly that every classification must be immediately modified to fit further observation. Consequently, my attitude in this matter would be, instead of saying that the iron formations of the Lake Superior region are all Middle Huronian, to say that there may be three Huronians-or four or five- we do not know. I believe it is better policy to hold to our present correlation. I do not believe there is any economic benefit to the mining man or the geologist working on problems relating to explorations for iron ore, that cannot be just as well solved by maintaining our present correlation, with a. wholesome idea of our lack of knowledge and the necessity for further detailed work. Then, if any new horizons are discovered in any particular range, the minds of the investigators will not be foreclosed because some one has said that all the iron formation is in the Middle so that there is no use looking elsewhere for it. There is use looking elsewhere, in many cases, as the ore deposits become exhausted.

Jan 1, 1920

By H. H. Stoek

Mine models have three distinct uses: 1. As exhibits in expositions and museums. 2. As exhibits in law suits. 3. As illustrations in teaching mining engineering. All three uses are in a sense educational. The third, or distinctively teaching function, has not been extensively developed in America as it has been abroad, chiefly because of the cost of the models and the scarcity of model makers. In connection with expositions, such as the Columbian, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Panama-Pacific, a number of very good mine and metallurgical models were prepared with funds furnished by State commissions, by mining organizations or mining companies. At the close of these expositions, some of these models have been deposited in National or State museums or in educational institutions, but too many of them haw been lost, or have been stored away in some mining company's office or in the basement of some State building, where they have been lost sight of and have gradually fallen to pieces. A visitor to a German mining school is impressed by two facts: 1. The mining laboratories are in general inferior to those in America. 2. The mining museums are infinitely superior to ours, particularly in models exhibited. One may reply to this comparison by saying that a museum is necessarily a work of time. From the historical standpoint this is, of course, true, but it is not necessarily true in connection with a working museum intended to illustrate current practice. For instance, the oldest mining school in Germany, that at Freiberg, has much excellent historical material, but very little on modern practice, while Berlin, one of the youngest German mining schools, has a most extensive and valuable collection of modern appliances and models. This is true in spite of the fact that one of the best-known model shops is at Freiberg, from which many of the models to be seen in America have come. Because many of the models in American mining schools have come from

Jan 1, 1918

By W. B. Price

AT the New York meeting of the American Institute of Mining-and Metallurgical Engineers held in February, 1926, W. H. Bassett and J. C. Bradley presented a paper entitled "Exudations on Copper Castings."§ The purpose of the present paper, as the title suggests, is to call attention to somewhat similar phenomena which the authors have encountered in brass and bronze. From a study of the examples given, a more-or-less speculative theory of "inverse segregation" is advanced. PROTUBERANCES ON ADMIRALTY BRASS In the rolling mill of the Scovill Manufacturing Co., there have been found quite commonly bars of certain alloys which had a sort of shaggy roughness on the surface due to slight metallic protuberances. No special attention was paid to these until some bars were found on which these protuberances were heavy enough at the bottom of the bars to produce a blistered appearance. A sample of the protuberances was milled off the surface of the bar illustrated (Fig.. 1a) and upon analysis was found to contain 66.66 percent. copper, 4.02 per cent. tin and .03 . per cent. lead, whereas the average composition of the bar was 70.21 per cent. copper, 1.21 per cent. tin, and .01 per cent. lead. A sample of the shaggy-rough protuberances at the -very top of a bar was also analyzed and was found to contain 2.45 per cent. tin, indicating that it was probably of the same origin as the blistered areas. These results were not entirely unexpected for previous analyses of this alloy had -revealed that the surface was richer in tin than the rest of the bar. This, of course, is contrary to what we would expect from a consideration of the equilibrium diagram and has been called "inverse segregation."

Jan 10, 1926

By Nicholas J. Grant, Oliver Preston

A series of dilute solid solutions of a1uminum and silicon in copper, in powder -form, were internally oxidized, compacted, and extruded, to produce Cu-A12O3 and Cu-SiO2 alloys with 0.1 to 12 vol pct of oxide. Room-temperature tensile tests, creep-rupture tests from 450oto 850°C. conductivity measurements, and recrys-tallzzation studies were made. Oxide particle size and interparticle spacings were determined in an effort to relate the structure to measured strength values by means of known dispersion strengthening theories. A new dispersion strengthening theory, based on the effect of the dispersed phase on the retention of strain energy from the deformation step, zs proposed for this type of alloy, THE study of dispersion strengthening is of partitular interest in high-temperature materials technology in view of the excellent creep-rupture Properties and thermal stability achieved with SAP.1-5 Considerable effort has been devoted to this study in recent years, and encouraging results have been obtained in a number of systems.6 In general, the most

Jan 1, 1962

By Robert C. Beckstorm

Russia produced over one-half of the world's petroleum in 1901. It dropped to a low figure in 1920 during the reorganization of the new government. Since then it has had a remarkable growth under the constant demands from the Central Bureau at Moscow. The five-year plan called for the development of all industries, many of which had permitted their equipment to gat out of repair or become obsolete, so that when the magic wand of authority demanded that they double, triple or quadruple their former production they looked to the oil industry for aid. This plan made necessary the building of new factories, dams and power stations; the developing of mines and agriculture, and in many places the building of cities and railroads. Exports were the solution and petroleum was the logical one to carry the load of development of the more backward industries. It had a ready market and fields located advantageously for transportation, which was cheap, and there was sufficient oil to meet the market demands at that time, as domestic consumption was not great. The building program demanded new and modern machinery and technical aid from abroad. FIG . 1.-PETROLEUM Money was necessary and petroleum was the impor- 1925-1931. PRODUTION IN RUSSIA tant product of exchange. This accounts for the rapid development of the old fields, the search for new ones and the building of refineries and transportation facilities. Fig. 1 shows the advance in production since 1925. There has been a. steady increase since 1920, and with the improved drilling equipment and improved methods it will increase as long as the now proved fields continue to produce new wells. The fields of Baku and Grozny have yielded 95 per cent of this production. The Cara Chukur field, which is being developed at the present time, is an extension of the Surakany at Baku and may be considered a part of the old field. New fields are being

Jan 1, 1932

By M. E. Lombardi

ThE Coalinga oil field is located on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. The structure is in general a monocline, the edges of the oil horizon resting on the foot hills and dipping gently toward the east. One prominent anticline occurs plunging southeast. The earlier drilling was done in the foot hills comparatively near the outcrop and the wells were shallow. The sands were followed eastward and, in the case of the anticline, along the plunge, the wells becoming deeper and deeper until the depth of 4,000 ft. was reached and passed. There is nothing to show that the oil will not be found in quantity at still greater depth. In fact, some of the best producers have tapped the sand at close to 4,000 ft. The recovery of oil still farther to the east, and therefore at greater depth, seems to be mainly a question of drilling. In this territory the formations drilled through are chiefly sands and shales; they will not "stand up" in an open drilling hole; the casing has to be carried close to the bit, and it is always difficult to keep the casing free for any considerable distance. Ability to carry casing of comparatively large diameter without conductor pipes for distances of 2,000 or 3,000 ft. or over is desirable in such territory chiefly for two reasons. It makes it possible to enter the oil sand with a pipe of ample diameter; it eliminates one or more expensive strings of casing which act only as conductors for the water string, and furthermore, in territory where waters are encountered which corrode steel rapidly, it makes possible the construction of a rust- and alkali-resisting water string. It is always desirable to shut off top waters, which may lie within 100 ft. or less of the oil sand, with 10-in. pipe. Where the depth is so great that a practical weight of 10-in. pipe will not withstand the probable collapsing pressures, 81/4 in. at least is desirable. About the limit of rotary drilling to date in California seems to be the setting of the 10-in. string at 3,200 ft., although the rapid advance in rotary work during the past year seems to indicate that this depth may soon be increased. It is my purpose now, however, to treat only of cable-tool drilling. The problem is to reach a depth of 4,000 ft. or more with a string of

Jan 1, 1915

By R. T. Torgerson, W. A. Baginski

Alloying studies were conducted on modifications of Cb-10W-1OHf (C-129) alloy as part of a cooperative alloy development effort between The Boeing Co. and the Wah Chang Corp. The purpose of these studies was to develop a fabricable, high- strength columbium alloy with superior melding properties. The initial investigations of alloy modifications were conducted using laboratory-melted button ingots. An alloy with the composition exhibited excellent veld ductility, elevated-ternpevature strength, and fabricability. The yttrium-modified alloy was desigrzated C-129Y and was selected for further developrnetzt. Three prodziction heats of C-129Y weve processed into sheet. Welding, forming, and tensile proper-lies are presented for this material. Tungsten-are welds of. C-129Y exhibited a minimum bend radius of 1/2T in the as-welded conditioti compared to 8T for C-129 alloy. An investigation was conducted on Disil coating of C-129Y and test data are presented on oxidation resistance and effects of re-entry environments. The excellent combination of strength, fabricability, weldability, and low transition temperature of C-129Y alloy offers potential design advantages for use of this alloy in structures of aerospace vehicles. It is atiticipated that C-129Y will rapidly supplant C-129 and similar alloys clue to the versatility provided by its impvoved welditzg properties. COLUMBIUM alloys with improved properties are required to achieve better performance and efficiency of radiation-cooled structures for re-entry vehicles and recoverable launch systems. Cooperative work by The Boeing Co. and the Wah Chang Corp. resulted in the development several years ago of C-129 alloy, a high-strength Cb-W-Hf alloy.' This alloy has received favorable consideration for many advanced designs of high-temperature structures due to its excellent combination of properties. However, this alloy exhibits low weld ductility unless given a high-temperature stress-relief treatment. For this reason the development effort was directed towards modification of the C-129 alloy composition (Cb-1OW-1OHf) to eliminate the need for post-weld heat treatment. This paper describes the successful development of an alloy meeting this requirement. This new alloy was designated C-129Y and has a nominal composition of EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloying Studies. Various Cb-W-Hf compositions were investigated using are-melted button ingots. These buttons were hot-forged using a protective glass coating and rolled into sheet specimens. Metal-lographic examination: tensile testing, and welding studies were conducted to evaluate properties of the experimental alloys. Sheet Fabrication. Three pilot production heats of C-129Y were fabricated into sheet to establish processing techniques and to determine sheet properties. The three heats consisted of 6-in.-diam ingots weighing from 140 to 250 lb. The ingots were prepared by electron-be am melting followed by vacuum-arc melting. The hafnium and yttrium additions were made during the are-melting operation by tack welding alloy strip additions to the Cb-W master-alloy electrode. The final ingots were machined into billets with samples of the machine turnings collected for chemical analysis. Ingot breakdown methods for the three heats are as follows: Ingot Ingot Heat Size Weiaht___Breakdown Method A 6 in. 250 lb Hot extrusion B 6 in. 140 lb Hot forging C 6 in. 250 lb Hot extrusion Sheet bars from the extrusion and forging operations were conditioned, recrystallized, and rolled into sheet. Initial rolling was conducted at elevated temperatures and final rolling was conducted at room temperature.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. Hogg

INTRODUCTION As mineral particles are made smaller and smaller, it follows that their surfaces assume a greater and greater importance. In the extreme, the colloidal systems are characterized by the complete dominance of surface over bulk properties. Surface characteristics and properties will clearly influence any fine-particle processing operation. Comminution, for example, is a process of creating new surface. Agglomeration, on the other hand, may involve the reduction of surface area and the forces involved are generally surface forces. All mineral separations, solid-solid as well as solid-fluid, involve the treatment of two or more phases (solid plus liquid and/or gas). As the interfacial area increases, so will its effects on processing. Both physical and chemical separations are influenced by interfacial phenomena. Gravity separations are usually performed in a liquid phase and may be affected, for example, by the wetting characteristics of the solids. Flotation processes, of course, are based on the exploitation of differences in surface properties. Hydrometallurgical processing usually involves interfacial chemical reactions, e.g. leaching. The rates of such reactions depend on surface area and may be influenced by electrochemical effects in the electrical double layer at the solid-liquid interface, or by adsorption of reactant and/or product species from solution. In characterizing a mineral surface, it is important to consider first the surface area, since this determines the relative importance of the interfacial effects. The structure and chemical composition of the surface, which may depend on segregation of impurities within the solid and on adsorption from the external environment as well as on the bulk composition of the solid, will generally determine such

Jan 1, 1980

By W. N. Page

The Red-Ash colliery was the scene, March 6, 1900, of an explosion by which some fifty men were killed or wounded, and much property was injured or destroyed. On March 19th, the earliest date at which entrance was practicable, I examined the mine with the view of determining the extent, cause and point of origin of the explosion, and with the permission of Mr. F. Howald, the manager, and the owners of the property, for whom the examination was made, I present in this paper some results of that examination, comprising the essential portions of my report to them. Location and Plan of the Mine. The Red-Ash colliery, situated on the south side of New river, next below the Rush Run mine, with which the underground workings are connected, is a drift-mine, the entrance to which is on a slope, about 500 ft. above the river. (Fig. 1 is a plan of the workings, in which the points where human bodies were found are designated by numbers.)

Jan 1, 1901

Arthur H. Elliott, New York, N. Y.: We have all been very much interested in the results of Dr. Bone's work, which Mr. Ellis has presented to us this evening. The high temperatures attained by this method perhaps afford us an explanation of the temperatures reached in the puddling-furnace with its crude and almost primitive methods of burning fuel, by means of which we have, nevertheless, been able to melt iron in a comparatively short time, and keep it in a molten condition down to a high degree of purity. No doubt many of us have wondered, as I have done, how such a result could be obtained in such a way; and it occurs to me that, perhaps, Dr. Bone has supplied the explanation in disclosing the effect on combustion of burning gas and air after passing through, and in contact with, a porous refractory body. May not the fettling of the puddling-furnace have, in some degree, an effect upon the combustion like the influence of the porous diaphragm employed by Dr. Bone ?

Jan 1, 1913

By J. W. Gwinn

The underground haulage system in the lead-silver mine of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Co., situated at Kellogg, Idaho, is the most extensive in the Cæur d'Alene district, comprising about 35,000 ft. of tunnels, drifts, and cross-cuts where locomotive haulage is in use. The main working adit, known as the Kellogg tunnel, or No. 9 level, is approximately 10,000 ft. in length from the portal to the main working shaft and extends beyond that about 4,500 ft. in each of two directions. On this level all the ore from the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, the Sierra Nevada Consolidated, and the Caledonia Mining Co.—an average of 44,600 tons per month—is hauled to the mills, located a short distance from the portal. Electric haulage by the trolley-type locomotive is used on this level throughout. Below this level, at intervals of 200 ft. vertically, are five other working levels (Nos. 10, 11,12,13, and 14); and the total haulage distance on these, where electric locomotives are used, is approximately 16,000 ft. No. 13 level has but recently been opened up and is not working to capacity; while the main cross-cut on No. 14 has just been started, and has no need of power haulage. Of the four levels equipped with electric haulage, Nos. 11, 12, and 13 have storage-battery locomotives, and No. 10 still retains the trolley type by reason of the small and decreasing tonnage produced. Electrification - Electric power is supplied to the mine by two systems. The first, the 500-volt direct-current trolley, was installed in 1897 when the Kellogg tunnel was started, and was extended as the tunnel advanced, being used for the first trainload of ore on Nov. 17, 1902, since which time it has been in continuous service. The current for the line is transmitted on a No. 00 copper wire as far as the shaft, and on No. 0 wire throughout the remaining length of the Kellogg tunnel; and until the installation of the storage-battery locomotives it was used in practically all the cross-cuts and drifts on each level below No. 9.

Jan 1, 1915

By H. D. Hoskold

DuRing the last few years, various persons have been put forward as originators of some mechanical device for the purpose of finding distances without the use of a chain or other linear measuring-instrument, and among these, the Englishman, Gascoigne, 1639, is prominent as the first in England; while James Watt, 1771, and William Green, 1778, are also included in the list of inventors. It is possible that this useful and important problem occupied the attention of others prior to the date cited, and, consequently, it is difficult to decide what nation first gave birth to the inventor of an instrument for the object under consideration. A very important work appeared, not long since, in Paris, devoted to a history and discussion of some of the older and newest forms of surveying-instruments,* and at page 79 of that work a curious old instrument is exhibited, called Bigonometre, i. e., an instrument for finding distances and solving trigonometrical problems. in surveying. A copy of the diagram of the instrument exhibited in the book referred to is represented in Fig. 1. Having had an occasion to read the French work referred to, I communicated with the author of it, and he was good enough to reply that he found a diagram of this old instrument in a book published in 1597, by Danfrie, existing in the library of the Academy of Sciences, in Paris. Col. Laus-

Jan 1, 1904