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By J. Parke Channing

WE are accustomed to think that we are efficient in the United States, particularly with respect to such things as mining and manufacturing. The conduct of the war has demanded in England and in France a complete readjustment of manufacturing methods and plans, and today England is probably as efficient a country as there is in the world, not even excepting Germany. This is all the more remarkable because it has been notorious for years that England has been inefficient in her manufacturing and the country has been flooded with things "Made in Germany." Today England is almost a socialistic community and the State is doing almost everything. England is now in such a position that practically everyone in the country is engaged in industry necessary for the conduct of the war, and this has been accomplished by increasing the efficiency both of her tools and of her man power. In the United States we certainly have been efficient so far as machines and perhaps so far as methods have been concerned, but we have not been efficient iii the utilization of our man power. Before the war, our labor was undoubtedly far more efficient than that of England, but it certainly was not so highly efficient as it should have been, and the problem that confronts us today, and will all the more confront us after the war, is to make our man power efficient. England has had a taste of what you may call State Socialism, and her laboring men are not going to be content to return to the old order of things. There is one feature of the labor problem in England which has permitted her to reach this condition of state socialism with comparative rapidity; this is that practically all of her laborers are English; she has little or no foreign population. While an Englishman may he a strong union man and ready to fight his employer tooth and nail, at heart he is still a British subject, and when his country was in danger he rose to the occasion.

Jan 5, 1918

President-Mrs Andrew E Beer, 25 Sutton Place at 58th Street, New York 22, N Y. First Vice-President-Mrs. Edward H Thaete, Schuyler House, Fort Hill Village, Scarsdale, N. Y. Second Vice-President-Mrs Michael L Haider, 3 East 84th Street, New York 28, N. Y. Third Vice-President-Mrs Stephen Krickovic, 2275 Country Club Drive, Bridgeville, Pa

Jan 1, 1960

By Albert F. Hill

The manufacture of structural shapes in steel of uniform quality, which shall command the full confidence of the engineer, is a problem in practical metallurgy which is beginning to attract much attention in this country. The progress of the past fern years in the improvement of plant and processes has placed it within the power of the steel-maker to supply a material of such chemical composition as will meet the requirements; but this solves only in part the difficulties of the constractor. It is well understood that the influence of shop manipulations is a most decisive one upon the mechanical properties of the finished product; in many cases so great, in fact, as to cause an entire transformation in the character of the material, and to render it unfit for the service for which it was intended. On the other hand, mechanical treatment is frequently resorted to as an efficient corrective of certain undesirable properties, which may be due either to chemical composition or previous manipulation. This understood and accepted, it is evident that careful investigation of the effects of mechanical treatment is fully as necessary to the successful use of steel in engineering structures, as the investigation of the influence exerted by its chemical composition. All structural material has to undergo more or less mechanical treatment, such as shearing, punching, upsetting, etc. Each of these operations produces effects which are far more marked and decisive in steel than they are in iron, and means must therefore be adopted to counteract, or at least to modify, these effects before the material is permitted to enter the structure. The fact that both shearing and punching affect the tenacity and elasticity of steel has long been recognized; bat, through more recent investigations, it has been established that these effects are purely local, and are therefore susceptible of correction by other and simpler means than annealing. The importance of this discovery to the use of steel in structures is very great. The impracticability of

Jan 1, 1883

By J. W. Hickman, E. A. Gulbransen

In a previous paper' the authors have investigated the structure of the oxide films formed on most of the metals that make up the alloys of this study. The metals were studied in order to provide basic information on the structures, both physical and chemical, of the oxide films and to determine how these structures are effected by the temperature, time of oxidation, and surface preparation. It was felt that an understanding of the physical and chemical structure as well as the stability of the oxide film might furnish clues as to the nature of the reaction process and the protective quality of the film. The oxidation of the metals was studied over the temperature range 300' to 7o0°C. except for copper, wherc the range selected was 100' to 500°C. The results of these studies were presented in graphical form as existence diagrams of the oxides on a time-temperature scale. For some of the metals the existence diagrams were simple and showed few chemical transitions, but there were numerous cases where the physical state of the oxide surface was a function of time and temperature. In general the physical state of the oxide surface changed with increasing temperature so as to increase the sharpness of the diffraction patterns and to cause orientation effects to be more pronounced. Deviatiois in lattice Darameters from X-ray values were noted. In general these deviations were of positive nature and may be due to solid solution of the metal in the oxide lattice. This effect might be expected in thin oxide films. In a study of the oxidation of alloys containing two or more metals, there may arise the complicating factor of identification of the oxides formed. A thorough understanding of the oxides formed on the pure metals, therefore, was, essential before investigation of the oxidation of alloys. In this paper it is our purpose to present a study of the following problems: 1. The existence diagrams of various alloys. 2. The effect of the structure of the alloying metal on the existence diagram of iron. 3. The effect of the percentage of chromium on the oxides formed on Fe-Cr alloys. 4. The relationships, if any, between the oxides formed and the protective quality of the oxides. The following alloys are included in this study: alloys of iron with body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and other metals, 13 Cr-Fe, 18-8 stainless steel, K4²B, Nichrome V, Hipernik, Inconel, Stellite "²I," Refractaloy, Kovar, mild steel, a series of Cr-Fe alloys and a series of Co-Fe alloys. Since many of the commercial alloys in this list contain more than two metals, various complicating factors in the identification of the oxides formed may arise.

Jan 1, 1947

By E. A. Gulbransen, J. W. Hickman

In a previous paper' the authors have investigated the structure of the oxide films formed on most of the metals that make up the alloys of this study. The metals were studied in order to provide basic information on the structures, both physical and chemical, of the oxide films and to determine how these structures are effected by the temperature, time of oxidation, and surface preparation. It was felt that an understanding of the physical and chemical structure as well as the stability of the oxide film might furnish clues as to the nature of the reaction process and the protective quality of the film. The oxidation of the metals was studied over the temperature range 300' to 7o0°C. except for copper, wherc the range selected was 100' to 500°C. The results of these studies were presented in graphical form as existence diagrams of the oxides on a time-temperature scale. For some of the metals the existence diagrams were simple and showed few chemical transitions, but there were numerous cases where the physical state of the oxide surface was a function of time and temperature. In general the physical state of the oxide surface changed with increasing temperature so as to increase the sharpness of the diffraction patterns and to cause orientation effects to be more pronounced. Deviatiois in lattice Darameters from X-ray values were noted. In general these deviations were of positive nature and may be due to solid solution of the metal in the oxide lattice. This effect might be expected in thin oxide films. In a study of the oxidation of alloys containing two or more metals, there may arise the complicating factor of identification of the oxides formed. A thorough understanding of the oxides formed on the pure metals, therefore, was, essential before investigation of the oxidation of alloys. In this paper it is our purpose to present a study of the following problems: 1. The existence diagrams of various alloys. 2. The effect of the structure of the alloying metal on the existence diagram of iron. 3. The effect of the percentage of chromium on the oxides formed on Fe-Cr alloys. 4. The relationships, if any, between the oxides formed and the protective quality of the oxides. The following alloys are included in this study: alloys of iron with body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and other metals, 13 Cr-Fe, 18-8 stainless steel, K4²B, Nichrome V, Hipernik, Inconel, Stellite "²I," Refractaloy, Kovar, mild steel, a series of Cr-Fe alloys and a series of Co-Fe alloys. Since many of the commercial alloys in this list contain more than two metals, various complicating factors in the identification of the oxides formed may arise.

Jan 1, 1947

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1918 to Jan. 10, 1919. P. G. Bandy, Mexico City. Wm. B. McKinley, Yonkers, N. Y. Bennett R. Bates, Berkeley, Cal. Captain C. E. McQuigg, Conn. William T. Bates, Mascot, Tenn. Lt. H. G. Mathews, Cal. Lt. Don C. Billick, Alturas, Cal. Lt. M. S. Mazany, Mich. L. E. Booth, Watertown, Mass. Ralph A. Meyer, Hill City, S. D. J. T. Boyd, Denver, Colo. C. F. Moore, Boston, Mass. J. R. Buchanan, Pasadena, Cal. H. W. Nichols, Chicago, Ill. Ensign G. M. Burke. R. B. Olsen, Mays Landing, N. J. Captain E. H. Clausen. M. L. O'Neale, Gouverneur, N. Y. F. L. Cole, Manila; P. I. F. W. Osborn, New York, N. Y. Joules Cousin. Lt. Fred S. Porter, Alaska. A. Faison Dixon, Washington, D. C. G. M. Richards, Palmerton, Pa. James T. Dixon, London, England. T. C. Roberts, E. Orange, N. J. Everett Drennen, Elkins, W. Va. W. E. Ruder, Schenectady, N. Y. F. Eichelberger, Helena, Mont. Ensign W. A. RuKeyser, Boston. R. B. Eldredge, Colorado Springs, Colo. A. H. Sawyer, Boston, Mass W. F. Ferrier, Ottawa. Lt. D. F. Schindler, New York. Martin Fishback, Benson, Ariz. L. G. Sparks, Greenshurg, Kan. T. E. Fisher, Dover, N. J. W. H. Staver, New York N. Y. D. C. Gilbert, Ft. Wayne, Ind. Douglas B. Sterrett, St. Cyr, Canada. Lt. Lauriston B. Herr, Cuba. Warren D. Thompson. G. S. Holmquist, Washington, D. C. Enrique Touceda, Albany, N. Y. Lt. E. Ross Housholder, Ohio. Mathew van Siclen. Hugh C. Ingle, Santa Rosa, Cal. Flying Cadet Christian Vrang, Cal. Lt. M. W. Kishman, Ariz. L. G. Weeks, Bisbee, Ariz. Hugo E. Koch, Watertown, Mass. C. E. Wheelock, Mogollon, N. M. H. M. LaFollette, LaFollette, Tenn. Major A. E. White, Washington, D. C. Clinton R. Lewis, Dawson, Y. T. Lt. J. L. White, Humboldt, Ariz. The Secretary of the Institute has received with sincere appreciation a Christmas card extending the season's greetings from the officers' mess of the 3d Tunnelling Company, Canadian Engineers, B. E. F., France, and takes this means of reciprocating to these officers and men of the company the best wishes of the members of the Board of Directors. Charles E. Addams has removed from Ray, Ariz., to Phoenix, Ariz., where he is chairman and director of the Arizona State Council of Defense.

Jan 2, 1919

By Leo F. Reinartz

Part II of a four-part series on the history of steelmaking in the US, points out the inadequate safety and living conditions that existed in steel mills at the turn of the Century. Also defined are furnace and process developments. OPERATIONS in steel plants today are highly mechanized. Men work in light, clean, orderly melting shops, making it difficult for old timers to convince young men that primitive, hazardous conditions existed in steel plants at the turn of the century. Working conditions then were very poor as compared to present day standards. In small plants especially, sanitary, locker, and washroom facilities, first-aid practices and stations were un- known Accidents were frequent and severe. Workers had a fatalistic attitude toward getting hurt. He who had an accident was looked upon as a hero. A dirty bandanna often served as a bandage. Infections were frequent. Electric cranes were in their infancy and broke down often Cables had not as yet replaced chains. Pig iron and scrap iron were loaded by hand in the stockyard, and stockyard locomotives were un- known; mules served as the usual motive power. It was not unusual to see recorded a delay of ½ hr in charging a furnace because of a balky mule. Furnace operations A few plants had primitive charging machines, but most furnaces were charged by placing scrap or pig iron on the paddle of a long peel, which rested on a bar across the furnace door opening. Laborers at the handle end of the peel, using the bar as a fulcrum, would heave the material into the furnace by a down and sideward motion of the peel handle. In time they became expert in placing these materials in the furnace, but it was hard, hot work, and a long time was required for charging. Cold charges of 25 tons required more than 12 hr for melting and re- fining the steel. Ports, doors, and frames were not water cooled. The charging and working area in front of the furnace was covered with steel plates. They were hot and often warped by the intense heat of the un- insulated checker chambers directly below. In the summer, working conditions on the charging floor were almost unbearable. Silica refractories were of poor quality. Because of this, and the inadequate training of furnace men in fuel control and furnace operations, roofs, front and back walls, and ends burned out rapidly. Dolomite machines were unknown; consequently, furnace banks and hearths were fettled with dolomite by the use of hand shovels. The round system required six or more men. Each man took a shovelful of dolomite and, in his turn, deposited it on the back wall and bank by a dexterous forward swing and twist of the shovel. The upward swing of the shovel partially protected his face from the searing heat of the furnace coming out through the wide-open door. Considerable skill and stamina were required to do this job properly. Reverse valves, usually of the cast-iron butterfly type, were located below the charging floor. They were operated by long levers on the charging floor level men they became warped, because of heat and abuse, great strength and skill were required to reverse them. Furnace operations were difficult. The quality and quantity of producer gas coming from irregularly stoked, hand-operated gas producers was uncertain and unreliable. Furnace Linings and ports were quickly burned out. Poor bottom and side-wall refractories, indifferent and inexperienced crews, as well as irregular re-

Jan 1, 1961

By Blamey Stevens

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) THE following paper aims to make a full explanation of the phenomena of rock jointing: It may be unnecessary to give any general description of what are termed joints in rocks, but Professor Geikie's clear and faithful generalizations are so illuminating that no excuse need be given. for introducing the following and other quotations into this paper "Almost all rocks are traversed by vertical or highly inclined divisional planes termed joints. These have been regarded as due in some way to contraction during consolidation (fissures of retreat) ; and this is no doubt their origin in innumerable cases. But, on the other hand, their frequent regularity and persistence across materials of very varying texture suggest rather the effects of internal pressure and movement within the crust." 1 General Explanation.-In this paper I show that the phenomenon of jointing may to a large extent be accounted for by the pressure of the water contained in the pores of the rock. To understand this, each constituent grain of the porous material may be considered to be separately compressed by the water which submerges it. As all the grains are held together by cohesion, the whole mass is contracted by this pressure. In an indefinitely extended mass, however, there must be a limit to the possible contraction without rupture, because the material is restrained from moving freely by other material around its boundaries. The mass of rock thus becomes broken up. This phenomenon is known as '" shrinkage " jointing. The term " shrinkage " is an apt one, if it be understood that the shrinkage of the rock is often brought about by change of stress. Stresses.-The compressive component of water stress on the individual grains is evidently the same as that of the water with which it is in contact. This is so, both before and after the jointing is formed. Before the jointing is formed there is, however, a tensile stress in one or more directions which keeps the material from contracting. .

Jan 7, 1913

PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. D. W. BRUNTON DENVER, COLO. (Term expires February, 1911.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. W. C. RALSTON SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. W. L. SAUNDERS NEW YORK, N. Y. H. V. WINCHELL ST. PAUL, MINN.¬ (Term expires February, 1911.) BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE NEW YORK, N. Y. JOSEPH W. RICHARDS SOUTH BETHLEHEM, PA. ALBERT SAUVEUR CAMBRIDGE, MASS. (Term expires February, 1912.)

Jan 1, 1917

By Edward Martinez

Although the copper segregation process has been known as a method for treating oxide copper ores since the 1920's, the reactions involved in this process are still a matter of conjecture. However, the evidence turned up in a recent series of experiments at Asarco's Central Research Laboratories strongly indicates that some of the proposed reactions may not be occurring. Experimental work on oxide copper ores from the Sagasca mines in Chile led to the discovery of the copper segregation process in 1923. It was found that the reduction of the copper with coal at about 700°C occurred on the surface of the coal instead of remaining disseminated in the ore. The unusual behavior of the copper, which caused it to migrate from the ore particles to the coal, was traced to the presence of a small quantity of sodium chloride occurring in the ore. Further experiments with oxide copper ores proved that the presence of a halide, either occurring naturally or admixed with the ore, caused the copper to migrate from the ore particles and to segregate in the charge.

Jan 8, 1966

By Leendert de Witte, Fred J. Radd

In many areas caring failures can be directly related to electrical currents observed in the casings. It is the thesis of this paper that the observed casing currents are mainly due to electrochemical potentials of the type in evidence on spontaneous potential curves of electrical logs. The general nature of these potentials are discussed and an equivalent circuit is given for current and potential distributions around open holes. The casing forms a short circuit to these potentials and tends to average the effects of local cells. The case of casing corrosion opposite the Dakota water sands in the salt-mud area of Kansas is discussed anil used us a qualitative, illustration of the relation between SP's and casing currents. A method of quantitative derivation of casing current distribution frorn electric log SP curves, using linear transform theory, is described and results are compared with a measured current profile. The effects of hydrogen over-potentials at the cathodic portions of the pipe are considered and some laboratory data are given in support of conclusions regarding the over-1.01tuge.s. INTRODUCTION To date an appreciable amount of work has been done on the measurement of oil well casing currents and on the correlation of the anodic portions of the current profiles with corrosive casing failures. Speculations on the origin of the casing currents have, however, remained rather vague; and although almost every plausible cause has been mentioned, there is to the writers' knowledge no clear-cut expose' on the details of the causes of the corrosive currents in the literature. A study of current surveys and casing failures in the N.W. Burnett field, Ellis County. Kan.. indicated the probability that concentration cell emf's between the Wellington salt section and the relatively fresh waters in the Dakota sands were a major cause of the corrosion currents. A more general concept evolved upon analysis of the severe corrosive conditions in the Pleistocene sands in the Ventura Avenue and San Miguelito fields in California. In this area no major variations in the salt content of the formation waters occur and yet large casing currents are observed. An explanation is found in the fact that the local spontaneous potentials which are set up due to concentration contrast between the drilling fluid and the connate water are short circuited when casing is set. The very conductive path through the casing increases the magnitude of the currents and has the tendency to average local sources over fairly large intervals. Current will flow between the sections that are predominently shaly and the sections that are mostly sandy. At the places where the current leaves the pipe, corrosive attack will occur. This same phenomenon will be present wherever unprotected pipe is set through sections that show large SP kicks on the electric logs over reasonably thick interval~. GENERAL- NATURE OF THE SPONTANEOUS POTENTIALS When a sequence of sedimentary rocks is penetrated by a drill hole filled with a mud which has a different salt concentration from that in the formation waters, various types of electrochemical potentials are established between the formations and different parts of the mud column. Opposite clean sand sections. a simple liquid-liquid junction potential will be observed; while opposite argillaccous formations, a membrane potential, often referred to as shale potential, will be established. The first quantitative analysis of these emf's in terms of liquid junction and membrane potentials is due to Wyllie.1

Jan 1, 1956

By Edward Skewes

In view of the importance of the Cripple Creek district, the large amount of the publications concerning it, and the circumstance that many members of the Institute reside in it, or are familiar with it through repeated visits, it is surprising that our Transactions should have remained so long without any contributions on the subject. The same observations may be made with regard to the Witwatersrand, in South Africa, the other great productive gold-field of recent development. And I suppose the explanation is the same in both cases, namely, that the members of the Institute persoilally acquainted with the

Jan 1, 1897

By L. R. Weisberg, E. A. Miller

Single-crystalline films of silicon of good quality were vacuum-deposited on sapphire. The improved crystallinity was achieved by the strict exclusion of oxygen from the evaporation system, including the use of a "oxygen-free" silicon source. To minimize possible contamination of the source, the silicon was sublimed from the solid at about 1390° C. using a simple electron bombardment system to heat the silicon. This resulted in deposition rates of about 5 to 7 µ per hr and film thicknesses of 4 to 20 µ. The vacuum during deposition was ordinarily about 5x 10-8 Torr, DESPITE the success achieved in the chemical vapor deposition of silicon on sapphire using Silane,1-4 vacuum deposition has not provided comparable properties. For example, Chu et a1.5 vacuum-deposited silicon on single-crystalline substrates of A12O3, Sic, ThO2, and other compounds, and, although some epi- but the use of ultrahigh vacuum (about 1 to 3 x10-9 Torr) during deposition did not significantly improve the results in the oxygen-free system. The crystalline quality of films deposited on (0001) sapphire was found to be considerably superior to (1102) sapphire surfaces. Using (0001) sapphire, single-crystalline films were deposited at temperatures as low as 780° C and as high as 1075°C, with the best crystalline quality obtained at about 1000°C. At this temperature, hole mobilities over 250 sq cm per v-sec were achieved. taxy was indicated, single-crystalline films were not produced. More recently, Salama, Tucker, and young6 evaporated silicon on single-crystalline sapphire, but only poor crystallinity was observed, and low carrier mobilities were measured. In the present experiments, good-quality single-crystalline films of silicon on sapphire have been achieved by specifically excluding oxygen from the evaporation. This included not only the use of a "clean" vacuum system but, of special importance, the use of an oxygen-free silicon source. This has also been shown to provide a dramatic improvement in silicon homoepi-taxy.7 As a result, silicon-on-sapphire films with hole mobilities over 250 sq cm per v-set were achieved, and single-crystal films were grown as low as 780°C and as

Jan 1, 1969

By A. J. Lanea

INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE bids fair to become one of the most important and highly developed branches of medical science. Mining companies, even in remote districts, have developed large and efficient medical organizations that comprise the best types of physicians and surgeons. Not infrequently, however, company medical departments have been influenced too much by local conditions-including the compensation laws, which differ widely in the various states. The possibilities of industrial medicine are just beginning to be generally understood, and the variations in the organization and aims of medical departments of mining companies are no more pronounced than in industry as a whole. The industrial physician should be as much a part of the organization as any other official and he should know intimately the various types and phases of work in the plant and should look at his work from the viewpoint of the needs and requirements of his particular industry and company. He should not-be on the outside looking in, but on the inside, working hand in hand with the superintendent, manager, foremen, employment director, safety director, and anybody else with whom in his work he might associate. In any industry it is essential that the doctor be-familiar with working conditions. The mine doctor who never goes underground must remain ignorant of the factors causing many of the disorders he treats as well as miss the best opportunity of gaining the respect and cooperation of the men he. serves. If the mine doctor remains unfamiliar with underground working conditions he bars himself from valuable preventive medical work. It is estimated that the time lost by industrial workers, as a whole, because of illness is about four times as great as that lost because of accidents. While the effort to determine the responsibility of working conditions for illness is often futile, there is a wide field, both for study and practice, in the lessening of sickness among industrial workers. The first step in this direction must be a knowledge of the factors involved.

Jan 2, 1921

ZAY JEFFRIES (written discussion*).-I have read with much interest Mr. Ruder's discussion of Professor Howe's paper, "The Supposed Reversal of Inheritance of Ferrite Grain Size from that of Austenite." I am yet of the opinion that my first explanation' of Mr. Ruder's samples is substantially correct. In that explanation I did not intend, however, to convey the impression that "reversed inheritance" was the general rule nor even of common occurrence but rather that." Non-inheritance" was the general rule. Mr. Ruder suggests that a " perfectly formed" grain is an indication of inheritance. The grains in my Fig. 52 are perfectly formed and in fact more nearly equiaxed than those in Mr. Ruder's Fig: C,3 yet the grains in the former are known not to be inherited but to have been formed by the partitioning of larger austenite grains. On close examination of Mr. Ruder's Fig. C the very shapes of the grain suggest partitioning. Again, the grain size (25 to 30 grains per square millimeter) is at least 10 or- more likely 20 times smaller than might be expected of the austenite from which these grains were .formed under the given time and temperature conditions. Mr. Ruder's newer results on electrolytic and Armco iron are most interesting and instructive. His results fit in. nicely with my conclusions 5, 6 and 10.4 His photographs, however, indicate that the thickness of the pieces of sheet metal are such that abnormal grain growth is promoted. He indicates that equilibrium grain size after heating to 950° C., with furnace cooling, is about the same as his Fig. 1, above. I estimate this to be approximately one-half -grain per square millimeter, or 40 times as large as I have obtained with the same material (Armco iron) after heating Y4-in. bars to 1300° C. for 2 hr. and cooling in the furnace. The effect of thickness of sample on grain size is one which needs more attention.

Jan 3, 1918

By Eugene Guccione

One of the world's most respected scientists, Dr. Hans A. Bethe (see box) has concluded that if anything can solve the energy crisis, it will be coal and uranium. "It is an illusion to think that we can solve our problem by energy conservation alone. For the next few years, conservation must play a very important role, but at the same time, we must see and develop all our alternative energy sources," he said. In his series of five lectures on the energy crisis, given at the University of Utah while he was visiting professor there during February 1974, Dr. Bethe examined all the existing and newly proposed energy sources. He very quickly ruled out solar power, wind power, and tidal power. Solar power, he said, would be 3% to 4 times more expensive than nuclear energy and would only make sense in tropical areas; wind power, which could at best produce one-tenth as much energy as solar, is "for the birds;" and tidal power, which can be exploited in only a very few coastal locations, is "for the fish."

Jan 5, 1975

By C. L. Siebenthal

C. E. SIEBENTHAL, ? Washington, D. C.-From being one of the most maligned of metals-a veritable bugaboo-cadmium has almost overnight become respectable, though its slender claim to respectability rests almost wholly on the possibility of its substitution for tin. Preliminary to any campaign for such substitution, particularly for enforced substitution, the possible supply of cadmium should he determined as closely as possible; for that reason the statistical inquiry of which this paper embodies the results was undertaken. Production Cadmium is marketed in two forms, as metallic cadmium, in sticks or bars, and as cadmium sulfide, the pigment. The metal has found its greatest field of use in this country as a component of an easily fusible alloy that is used in automatic fire extinguishers. The sulfide is .used to some extent in paints but chiefly to give color and luster to glass and porcelain. The metal was first made in this country by the Grasselli Chemical

Jan 12, 1918

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members) The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period May 10,1917, to June 10, 1917. F. J. Anderson, Cali, Colombia. W. F. Jahn, Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. George J. Bancroft, Denver, Colo. W. McA. Johnson, Hartford, Conn. W. F. B. Berger, Denver, Colo. J. E. Jopling, Marquette, Mich. F. J. Brulé, Toronto, Ont., Canada. William Kelley, Vulcan, Mich. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Ont., Canada. H. M. LaFollette, La Follette, Tenn. Will L. Clark, Jerome, Ariz.. Dorsey A. Lyon, Washington, D. C. G. H. Clevenger, Palo Alto, Cal. James F. Magee, Lancaster, Pa. Paul S. Couldrey, Sound Beach, Conn. M. Ortin, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia. C. W. Crispell, Kingston, N. Y. - C. H. Palmer, Jr., Los Angeles, Cal. George A. Easley, La Paz, Bolivia. Edison S. Pettis, ?Mill Valley, Cal. Bancroft Gore, Butte, Mont. Mortimer A. Sears, Paintsville, Ky. John B. Guernsey, Roanoke, Va. W. J. Uren, Houghton, Mich. Rush M. Hess, St. Louis, Mo. C. E. Visel, New Haven, Conn. E. Hibbert, Nickelton, Ont., Canada. Percy E. Barbour, has resigned his position as managing editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal, to accept the appointment of Deputy Superintendent of the New York State Troopers, with headquarters at Albany, N. Y., with the rank of captain.. He has also been commissioned as captain in the 22nd Regiment, N: Y. N. G., having been formerly 1st Lieutenant.

Jan 7, 1917

The 112th Meeting of the Institute, and the Annual Business Meeting, will be held at the Headquarters of the Institute in New York City, Feb. 14 to 17, 1916. The Chairmen of several of the technical committees report that papers on subjects of timely interest in their respective branches have been promised. David H. Browne, who was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements, has organized his committee for active work. Members are urged to make their plans now to be present at this meeting to avail themselves of the pleasant opportunity for greeting old friends and making new ones among those engaged in the same profession.

Jan 12, 1915

By David S. Cahn

Pilot-plant and laboratory tests were made on blends of steel plant flue dust and portland cement to determine whether the flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source of iron in dry process cement manufacture. Strength and setting time results showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made with a Type II portland cement binder. Abrasion-resistant and well-sized pellets were made in a horizontal drum, using a simulated closed circuit, with a binder content of 7.5% and a moisture content below 15%. Pellet quality was found to be relatively insensitive to changes in binder concentration above 5%. Simulations of stockpiling and weathering indicate that little difficulty would be encountered with use of the flue dust pellets in cement plants.

Jan 1, 1972