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By Freeman Bishop

The Bureau of Mines, beset by political woes not of its own making, is struggling to maintain equilibrium as Congress is being made the focal point for repeated charges that the Bureau has "not done a very good job" of setting up and supervising coal mine health and safety standards approved last year by the Congress. Senator Harrison Williams (D- N.J.) is the latest to enter the arena. A crusading legislator, he is now calling for "legislative overview" hearings to judge Bureau competency in matters of coal safety legislation enforcement

Jan 1, 1970

By Henry J. Sandri

The use of economic models for forecasting purposes is an inexact yet necessary tool for mineral decision making. One method not commonly used is cyclical analysis because of its "non-scientific approach". However, under certain circumstances a modified cyclical approach can provide useful insight to mining companies. The current paper discusses mineral modeling, the type of economic models and the use of cyclical forecasting for mining firms (not speculators) involved in precious metals.

Jan 1, 1984

By Eli T. Conner

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) My connection, under a commission from the Councils and Board of School Control of the city of Scranton, Pa., with a recent investigation of mine-caves and the resultant damages to surface-improvements, has led to the preparation, at the invitation of our Secretary, of the present paper. It is notorious that there are, in the anthracite-fields, frequent subsidences of the surface, due to the removal of the coal beneath. No particular attention is paid to such occurrences, unless they happen to injure surface-improvements. Many caves have happened in Scranton and its vicinity, which have excited but little remark, since they have generally caused no serious damage. In August, 1909, a cave occurred in the Hyde Park section of the city, generally known as the West Side, which nearly destroyed school-house No. 16 and considerable adjacent property. 'Fortunately, there were no pupils in the building at the time; but the thought of the possible result, bad the usual number of pupils and teachers been present, aroused the public to the gravity of the situation; and the School Board employed engineers to investigate the case. Two reports were made by separate sets of engineers, which differed in some particulars. These differences were pointed out in the public press and magnified, and the consequent agitation of the subject was taken tip and greatly exaggerated by some of the metropolitan newspapers, giving to uninformed people the very erroneous impression that the whole city of Scranton was in danger of sinking into the bowels of the earth. All this tended to affect the credit of the city and to depress real-estate values. The matter was considered at a joint meeting of the Board of Trade, the Councils, and the School Board. The Hon. J. Ben. Dimmick, a former Mayor, suggested that it

Sep 1, 1911

The Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Colo Charles Henderson, President, 519 U. S Custom House, Denver, Colo. Beginning in 1882, up to. about 1919, the Society published 11 volumes containing many valuable papers From the informa¬tion at hand, the papers in those volumes are now only available in libraries or on file at institutions. Vols 12 and 13 are the current volumes, and the list of the geologic papers contained in them are given here For any information as to price and availa¬bility, address the above. Vol 12 (1929-31) No 1, The geology of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, by J H Johnson, 2, Relation of the ore deposits of the southern Rocky Mountain region to the Colorado Plateau, by B S Butler; 3, Mosquito Range and the Leadville district, by C H Behre, Jr , 4, Geologic history of the Front Range, by T S Lovering, 6, Revision of geologic structure and stratigraphy in the Ouray district, by W S Burbank, 7, Localization of ore in the schists and gneisses of the Mineral Belt of the Front Range, by T. S. Lovering, 8, Relation of the ore deposits of the southern Rocky Mountain region to the Colorado Plateau, by J. B. Tenney; 9, Preliminary geologic map of the Alma mining district, by Q D. Singewald and B S Butler, 10, The Climax molybdenum deposits of Colorado, by B S Butler and J W. Vanderwilt, 12, Localization of ore bodies at Rico and Red Mountain, by G. F Collins, and Geology of Mount Lincoln and Russia mines, by Q D Singewald and B S. Butler. Vol 13 (1932- ): No. 1, Preliminary geologic notes on Galena Mountain, by J. W Vanderwilt, and High plains of Colorado and New Mexico (Late Tertiary history), by F. M. Van Yuyl and J M. Coke

Jan 1, 1933

THE great development of the mines and metallurgical works of this country during the last few years, accompanied as it has been by the investment of enormous sums of money in purchasing lands, and in the erection of improvements, requires that advantage should be taken of the accumulated knowledge of engineers, superintendents, and' others, in mastering &he problems which are constantly presenting themselves for our action. Among those may be mentioned the consideration of more economical systems of mining in our coal and metal-liferous mines, improved methods of transportation above and below ground, unwatering and ventilating mines, the mechanical preparation of coal and other minerals, the various metallurgical processes, and, in fact, every question tending to the attainment of two great objects : 1st. The more economical production of the useful minerals and metals. 2d. The greater safety and welfare of those employed in these industries. In European countries, where the arts of mining and metallurgy have long been the subject of the most careful study, no means have been found so effectual in attaining the end above proposed as the free interchange of experience among those actually engaged in these industries, and this object has been accomplished, mainly, through the medium of institutes, associations or societies, composed of those engaged in these occupations, and by the periodical publication of essays or papers, communicated to such societies by their members. I t must be evident to all practical men that the interchange of the varied experience of those engaged in such occupation in this country could not fail to advance very materially the desired objects; it is, therefore, proposed to establish an American Institute of Mining Engineers, which will hold its meetings periodically in the great mining and metallurgical centers, where works of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and other metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange their views, and consult for mutual advantage upon the difficulties encountered by each; these transactions or proceedings, when published, would form a most valuable and greatly-needed addition to our professional literature. I t is proposed that a meeting of those sympathizing with the object above mentioned shall be called for the purpose of organizing such an association, the place and time of meeting being Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and the month of April or May. Communications indicating the opinion and wishes of all, both as to these points, and also as to the organization and objects of the Institute, will be gladly received by any of the undersigned, and a notice of the date of meeting, which will be arranged to suit the greater number, will be duly communicated. Any

By J. Alfred Berger, O. M. Katz

The Zv-Hf-H ternary system was studied between 500° and 900°C at pressures less than 1 atm of hydrogen gas between 1 and 60 at. pct H. A new and unique microgravimentric apparatus was used. Cizanges of slope on pressure-hydrogen composition isothernis delineated phase boundaries. These boundaries separatecl the three regions, a, 0, and y—so designated to correspond to the regions of the Zr-H binary system—from the multiphased areas between them. A eutectoidal decomposition was found with the ß region phase or phases decornposing into a lamellar product on quenching to rool ter,zperatuve. Reproducible decomposition-pressure hysteresis occilrved lnainly at lower hydrogen cornpositions and at lower temperatures across multiplzase vegions between a and 0 and a and y. Tire effects of hqfniur7z on the hydriding charactevistics of zirconiurrz weYe as follows: 1) stabilization of the a and y vegions while destabilizing the 0 region; 2) a/?preciable elevation of the decomposition pressrkres in the multiphase region between the a and /3 field; 3) ~nouenzent of the eutectoid reaction to high te~nperatures; 4) reduction in the total qiiantity of hydrogen absorbed under one atmospheve of Hz p7-essure; and 5) introduction of a split deconzposilion at the eiitectoiclal poinl in pa?? of the ternavy. Assuru~ptions based on an ir-2terstitial vandonl-solulion rtioclel 0.f hydrogen in metals slzowed that the bindit~g energy between solute sites prednnzinatecl at low /i?!dvogen concentrations. However, at high hydrogen contents the entropy was the predorninatlt factor in determining the stability of the Zr-Hf-H al1o.s. This was interpreted to mean a scarcity of filrtlzer itltevslilinl solute sites caused by hydrogen-hydvogen intet-actions in the metal lattice. INTEREST in the reaction of hydrogen with metals has increased in the past few years for the following reasons: 1) the formation or use of high hydrogen potential environments in nuclear reactors; 2) the reaction of hydrogen with alloys in nuclear reactors with the accompanying deleterious effects on the mechanical and corrosion properties; 3) the theoretical implications of thermodynamic data on the theory and rules of alloy formation in the metal-hydrogen systems; 4) the use of hydrogen-containing fuels in rocket engines; 5) the need for a process of making fine metal powders of high-melting reactive metals; and 6) the beneficial impregnation of superconducting alloys with hydrogen. In nuclear pressurized-water reactors, the problem exists of limiting the hydrogen pickup of zirconium alloys which are utilized as fuel cladding, heat shields, and support members. In general, zirconium alloys have good mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties in high-temperature water. However, hydrogen is absorbed from the corrosion reaction between metal and water, greatly accelerating the formation of the corrosion product ZrOz as well as mechanically embrittling the underlying metal. In addition, recent observations1 at zirconium to hafnium welds showed that secondary elements in zirconium can have an appreciable, and somewhat unexpected, effect on hydrogen absorption. This paper lists the thermochemical data in the range 500" to 900°C for the equilibrium reaction of four high-purity Zr-Hf alloys with hydrogen. Phase boundaries and thermodynamic functions are determined while the structural data will be presented in a future paper. In general, the Zr-Hf-H system approximates the well-known, eutectoidal, Zr-H diagram2,3 with modifications introduced through the behavior of hafnium.4,5 The Hf-H system,' published while this work was in progress, provided a consistent trend with the Zr-Hf-H data. PREPARATION OF Zr-Hf ALLOYS Table I presents a complete flow chart of the preparation procedure. The zirconium and hafnium crystal bars were completely immersed in high-purity kerosene and slowly cut into thin wafers. Wafers were then cold-sheared into approximately 1-g pieces, thoroughly cleaned, weighed, and inserted into the furnace. The alloys, B-2, B-4, B-6, and B-8, were then nonconsumable arc-melted under 500 mm of purified argon. Additional purification of the argon was accomplished by melting a large titanium button each time an alloy was re-melted or a different alloy melted. Each alloy button, which weighed 25 g, was remelted four times in an approach to complete homogeneity. Material losses were less than 0.02 wt pct. Alloy buttons were alternately cold-rolled and vacuum-annealed into 10- and 20-mil sheets. Table I1 gives the composition of the four alloys used. Very little elemental segregation existed be-

Jan 1, 1965

By J. Nutting, J. W. Cahn

WITH the development of thin film techniques for the direct examination of metals in the electron microscope some new problems in quantitative metallography have become apparent. In order to obtain certain contrast effects in the electron optical image when examining thin films from alloys containing dispersed phases, it is essential to use films of a thickness at least two or three times greater than that of the mean particle diameter of the dispersed phase. From micrographs of such specimens it may be desired to obtain the volume fraction of the dispersed phase and the number of particles of the phase in a unit volume of the matrix. Under these conditions the particles sectioned by

Jan 1, 1960

By E. G. SINCLAIR

DRILLING wildcat wells in Wyoming differs a little from methods used in any other field. Here it is always advisable to start the hole as large as is convenient in order to carry each string of pipe as far as possible, so that drilling can be continued a thousand feet deeper if necessary, as there is always sand a few hundred feet ahead that really ought to be tested. This plan may seem ambitious, but if it is adhered to, it will save a great deal of trouble before the well is completed. In making the location, one representative from the operating department and one from the geological department should work together, so that the well may be in the best possible place for obtaining oil and the most feasible place to drill for the operating department. In Wyoming nearly all wells are drilled with standard tools, as with them a better log can be kept and better time made in completing the hole. The shales of Wyoming are very hard and do not mix well in a wet hole. The shale cuts into large pieces, too large to be circulated out of the hole, and forms a mat on the rotary which soon cuts off circulation. Then if this mat cannot be jarred from the bit, the drilling string has to be pulled and the mat cut off from the bit with a pick or an axe. I have seen standard tools come out of a wet hole with 10 to 16 in. of mat on the bottom of the bit. Rotary tools have drilled wells satisfactorily in the Big Muddy field and at Billy Creek, but in the other fields the wells have been drilled much more economically with cable tools.

Jan 1, 1926

Book Notices CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. By G. G. Henderson. Lond. and N. Y., Longmans, Green and Co., 1919. 202 pp., cloth, 9 X 6 in., $3.25. This, the latest volume of the series of Monographs on Industrial Chemistry which is being published under the editorship of Sir Edward Thorpe, is intended to present broadly, our present knowledge of the phenomenon of which it treats. The hook reviews the existing literature on catalysis, paying particular attention to the many applications now used in industry. COMMERCIAL OILS-VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL. With special reference to Oriental Oils. By I. F. Laucks. 1st edition. N. Y., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.;, Lond. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1919. 138 pp., cloth, 8 X 5 in., $1.25. Intended to give to men in the oil trade, who have not had technical training, the technical data and information required in every-day dealings, in concise form. The various commercial oils are listed, together with their sources, uses, and phys-ical and chemical characteristics. The values have been collected from the standard texts, supplemented, particularly in regard to oriental oils, by the results obtained in the author's laboratory. FIFTY YEARS OF IRON AND STEEL. By Joseph G. Butler, Jr. Cleveland, The Penton Press, 1919. 145 pp., por., 10 X 6 in., leather. (Gift of author.) This volume is one of a special edition, of 100 copies, of an address delivered before the American Iron and Steel Institute in 1917, in which the author gives his personal reminiscences of the development in iron and steel making, as observed during an active participation in the industry in eastern Ohio, which began in 1857. To this are added some brief data on the early history of iron and steel, and a chapter on the activities of the American iron manufactures during the great war. The volume is profusely illustrated with portraits of men of note in the industry.

Jan 12, 1919

By Lyman H. Hart

Some of the significant facts that will affect the supply and demand for metals during the next few decades are given in this presentation. This is important because the only hope for intelligent guidance of the national destiny depends upon presenting a consistent and accurate picture of basic problems. The metals problems now fomenting are only slightly less important than those precipitating the energy crisis. Admittedly, it is difficult to generate serious thinking on this subject when the world is enjoying easy access to all metals at modest prices. This is possible because of the current world capacity to overproduce, and United States credit standing, at least up to now, has permitted buying freely on world markets. Although both these vital conditions are subject to change, there is little doubt that if the U.S. financial house is kept in order, we can muddle along for a while on a generally expanding, metalbased economy. But should our credit standing be permitted to collapse, or should there be a tightening of world supplies of metals, the nation would immediately find itself in trouble. Unfortunately, clear signals indicate that both of these conditions are threatening.

Jan 4, 1973

CHARLES KIRCHHOFF, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. A. A. STEVENSON, Vice- Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, J. Esrey Johnson, Jr., Felix A: Vogel, William H. Blauvelt, William Kelly, Leonard Waldo, James Gayley, Richard Moldenke, William R. Walker, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph W. Richards, William R. Webster. Henry M. Howe, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood. Robert W. Hunt, A. A. Stevenson is appointed an additional Vice-Chairman of the Committee. He will serve as Acting Chairman during the absence abroad of Professor Sauveur. For the meeting of the Institute which is to be held in New York City, Oct. 16 and 17, 1913, the following papers are now assured

Jan 7, 1913

By G. Birkbeck, T. C. Wells

Pearlite morphology in three commercially produced, low-carbon steels has been studied using optical and electron microscopy. A reduction in the cooling rate from 600° to 6°C per hr increased the interlamellar spacing but had little effect on pearlite content. The form of the lamellae was also assessed in terms of a new parameter, the ratio of lamellae length to interhmellar spacing. The variation of this parameter with cooling rate depended on steel composition. For each steel, it would appear that an optimum cooling rate exists at which lamellar pearlite can be produced to the greatest extent, though not necessarily the same extent in different steels. PeARLITE morphology depends principally on steel composition, prior austenite grain size, and either cooling rate or isothermal transformation temperature. Alloying with manganese,'" fine grain size,374 and slow cooling rates reduce the likelihood that a well-developed lamellar structure will be produced. Instead, imperfect structures usually consisting of partly globular carbides are formed in a ferrite matrix. Such structures have been described as granular.1,2,5 degenerate,6 or semi4-pearlite. Manganese additions also progressively lower the eutectoid temperature and the carbon concentration at the eutectoid so so that, for a given carbon content. the pearlite fraction is increased as manganese is added. While the effects of manganese are understood in a general way, quantitative studies of pearlite morphology have been carried out mainly on steels of eutectoid composition;9 little quantitative data is available for low-carbon steels. Certain anomalies exist in the behavior of steels containing -1.5 pct Mn, however. The pearlite morphology in niobium-treated steel differs from that which is generally accepted as typical of low-carbon/manganese steels in that a reasonably well developed lamellar structure is sometimes observed. In the present work, the effects of changes in cooling rate from 600° to 6°C per hr on the pearlite morphology in three commercially produced, low-carbon steels have been studied by both optical and electron microscopy. I) MATERIALS The steels were of the following types: 1) 0.1 pct C, 0.4 pct Mn steel (En 2, a composition similar to specification SAE 1010); 2) niobium-treated, 0.2 pct C, 1 1/2 pct Mn steel (BS 968:1962); 3) silicon-killed 0.2 pct C, 1 1/2 pct Mn steel (En 144, a composition similar to SAE 1320). The chemical analysis for each steel is given in Table I. To facilitate the comparison of pearlite morphology in the three steels, steels 1 and 3 (which were obtained as 1/2-in. plate and 1-in.-diam bar, respectively) were hot-rolled in the laboratory to $ in. thickness, finishing at around 850°C. The BS 968:1962 was received as 1/8-in. plate finished at 885°C and was not further worked. Specimens from each steel were heat-treated in vacuo at 950°C for 1 hr and cooled at rates of 600°, 60°, and 6°C per hr. 11) EXPERIMENTAL Pearlite contents were determined by point counting (500 points) on longitudinal sections mechanically polished and etched in 2 pct nital. Pearlite morphology is usually considered in terms of interlamellar spacing. For pearlite colonies randomly distributed in space and having a true, constant interlamellar spacing So Pellissier et al.9 determined the distribution curve for the apparent spacings of the lamellae on a random section plane. The areal fraction fs of the pearlite colonies occupied by apparent spacings up to a limiting value S is given by:

Jan 1, 1969

By R. S. Rickard, H. D. Peterson, J. D. Miller, M. C. Fuerstenan

Pure chrysocolla is floated with chelating agents that form insoluble complexes with copper at ambient temperature. Complete flotation is obtained with potassium octyl hydroxamate as collector at pH 6. Flotation response is enhanced with increased temperature when low additions of hydroxamate are involved. A natural ore was floated with 0.4 1b per ton octyl hydroxamate at pH 6.5 and 58°C, and a flotation recovery of 76% was obtained with a concentrate grade of 31.6% copper. The flotation characteristics of the oxide copper minerals, malachite, azurite, and cuprite, have not presented the difficulty for concentration as have those of the copper silicate, chrysocolla. The copper carbonates and oxides respond reasonably well to flotation with conventional collectors, whereas chrysocolla will not respond to flotation with fatty acids or xanthates under normal flotation conditions. In this view then, other reagents will have to be devised to function as collectors for chrysocolla. The most obvious general class of reagents for this purpose would seem to be the organic copper chelating compounds. The utility of chelating agents as collectors in flotation systems has already been demonstrated. For example Vivian1 has floated cassiterite using ammonium nitrosophenylhydroxylamine. Holman2 studied the flotation of nickel oxide ores with dimethylglyoxime and also suggested the use of taurine on oxidized lead ores. A rather detailed study on the application of certain chelating agents to some flotation systems was presented by Gutzeit.3 This work indicated that the formation of surface insoluble chelates is probably responsible for flotation in many cases. The role that soluble chelating agents assume was also presented, that is with effective removal of polyvalent cations by complex formation, effective depression of quartz can be obtained. DeWitt and Batchelder4,5 have shown that oximes function well as collectors for chalcocite, malachite, azurite, and cuprite. Ludt and DeWitt6 have presented the possibility of using dyes, such as octyl malachite green, as a collector for chrysocolla. These works presented by DeWitt et al suggest that organic copper chelating compounds offer considerable promise for concentrating chrysocolla, but that the most suitable chelating reagent from the standpoint of cost and flotation response has yet to be determined. The present investigation was undertaken to study the flotation response of chrysocolla to selected copper chelating compounds, that is ethylenediamine, hexamethylenetetramine, potassium octyl hydroxamate, dimethylglyoxime, and benzoin a-oxime. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS Chrysocolla: The chrysocolla used in the microflo-tation studies was from New Mexico and analyzed 20.8% copper. X-ray diffraction showed this material to be amorphous in character, but some faint lines of quartz were noted. A natural oxide copper ore from Utah was also used in the investigation. This ore contains malachite principally but also contains chrysocolla and tenorite together with some sulfide copper. The sulfide copper comprises from 15 to 20% of the total copper content of the ore. Water: Conductivity water was used in the microflo-tation experiments, while Golden tap water was used in the experiments with the natural ore. Reagents: Reagent grade n-amyl alcohol was used as frother in the experiments with pure mineral, while MIBC was used in the work with the ore. Ethylenediamine, hexamethylenetetramine, dimethylglyoxime and benzoin a-oxime were reagent grade in quality. Pure potassium octyl hydroxamate was prepared as follows: 1) 1.0 mole of KOH in 140 cc of methanol was combined with 0.6 mole of hydroxyl-amine hydrochloride in 240 cc of methanol at 40°C (KC1 precipitates under these conditions and to effect complete removal of KCl, the system was cooled to 10°C and filtered), 2) a light methanol wash was then given the KC1 cake, 3) the filtrate was agitated at room temperature and 0.33 mole of the methyl ester of the organic acid (i.e. methyl octanoate) was

Jan 1, 1965

By Warren B. Weeks

The year 1940 saw an increase of 20 per cent in oil production over the previous year—compared with a 16 per cent increase the previous year. In all, 25,790,380 bbl. were produced, an increase of 4,414,150 bbl, over 1939 and the largest production figure for south Arkansas since 1928. The older settled production continued to decline. Magnolia accounted for most of the increase, with aid from the other recent deep fields. During the year, 169 wells were drilled, 79 fewer than in the previous year. Of 131 wells drilled in proven fields, 18 were dry. Three of the 38 wildcats were pool openers. The drilling depth record was increased from 9028 to 9550 feet. Trend of Prospecting For the first time since 1936, the search for oil in the deep Smackover limestone slackened perceptibly; g dry wildcats ended in Smackover, 2 in. the underlying Eagle Mills; 7 penetrated Paleozoic beds, while 9 ended in Hosston, 2 in Glen Rose, 2 in Paluxy and 4 in Gulf. Geology The wells listed in Table 2 either resulted in the discovery of new oil pools or, because of their depth or location, afforded impor-tant stratigraphic or structural informa-tion. Fig. I is a general columnar and stratigraphic section showing the relation-ship of the strata within the Comanche series. The nomenclature shown was ac-cepted by the Shreveport Geological Society. It was subsequently published by Imlay,l who indicated probable correlations with other areas and presented evidence for the possible Jurassic age of the under-lying Cotton Valley and Smackover formations. New Fields Pouke.—On June 10, 1940, the Louark Producing Co. completed its No. I Sturgis, sec. I, T. 17 S., R. 27 W., in central Miller County, producing between 3583 and 3607 ft. in the upper part of the Paluxy forma-tion. The well flowed I00 bbl. of 3r.4' gravity oil per day through Ns-in. tubing choke. This discovery resulted from seismograph work. Six other wells were drilled in the area, none of which found production in the original sand. One of these wells is producing from a sand 50 ft. deeper in the section. The others were abandoned. No further development is in prospect. Production is from lenticular sands of the upper Paluxy; 45,556 bbl. had been pro-duced by the end of 1940. There is structural closure against a fault to the northwest. McKanzie.—The Atlantic Refining Com-pany's No. I Bodcaw Lumber Co., sec. 29, T. 17 S., R. 23 W., eastern central La-fayette County, was completed June 8, 1940, as the eighth and farthest west of the Smackover (Reynolds o6lite) limestone pools. The well flowed 10 bbl. an hour of 58.6' gravity distillate through an 1 1/64 Ma-in. tubing choke, with a gas-oil ratio of 8400:I.

Jan 1, 1941

By Warren B. Weeks

The year 1940 saw an increase of 20 per cent in oil production over the previous year—compared with a 16 per cent increase the previous year. In all, 25,790,380 bbl. were produced, an increase of 4,414,150 bbl, over 1939 and the largest production figure for south Arkansas since 1928. The older settled production continued to decline. Magnolia accounted for most of the increase, with aid from the other recent deep fields. During the year, 169 wells were drilled, 79 fewer than in the previous year. Of 131 wells drilled in proven fields, 18 were dry. Three of the 38 wildcats were pool openers. The drilling depth record was increased from 9028 to 9550 feet. Trend of Prospecting For the first time since 1936, the search for oil in the deep Smackover limestone slackened perceptibly; g dry wildcats ended in Smackover, 2 in. the underlying Eagle Mills; 7 penetrated Paleozoic beds, while 9 ended in Hosston, 2 in Glen Rose, 2 in Paluxy and 4 in Gulf. Geology The wells listed in Table 2 either resulted in the discovery of new oil pools or, because of their depth or location, afforded impor-tant stratigraphic or structural informa-tion. Fig. I is a general columnar and stratigraphic section showing the relation-ship of the strata within the Comanche series. The nomenclature shown was ac-cepted by the Shreveport Geological Society. It was subsequently published by Imlay,l who indicated probable correlations with other areas and presented evidence for the possible Jurassic age of the under-lying Cotton Valley and Smackover formations. New Fields Pouke.—On June 10, 1940, the Louark Producing Co. completed its No. I Sturgis, sec. I, T. 17 S., R. 27 W., in central Miller County, producing between 3583 and 3607 ft. in the upper part of the Paluxy forma-tion. The well flowed I00 bbl. of 3r.4' gravity oil per day through Ns-in. tubing choke. This discovery resulted from seismograph work. Six other wells were drilled in the area, none of which found production in the original sand. One of these wells is producing from a sand 50 ft. deeper in the section. The others were abandoned. No further development is in prospect. Production is from lenticular sands of the upper Paluxy; 45,556 bbl. had been pro-duced by the end of 1940. There is structural closure against a fault to the northwest. McKanzie.—The Atlantic Refining Com-pany's No. I Bodcaw Lumber Co., sec. 29, T. 17 S., R. 23 W., eastern central La-fayette County, was completed June 8, 1940, as the eighth and farthest west of the Smackover (Reynolds o6lite) limestone pools. The well flowed 10 bbl. an hour of 58.6' gravity distillate through an 1 1/64 Ma-in. tubing choke, with a gas-oil ratio of 8400:I.

Jan 1, 1941

By W. S. Row

This mine is operated at 4000 to 4500 tons daily through a single shaft, with one rock hoist and one service hoist. Latest shaft construction is concrete with wooden dividers. Economics of drifters and air-leg drills are compared, as well as costs of shrinkage and sub-level stoping. Economy of large haulage equipment and underground crushing is shown.

Jan 3, 1953

By L. H. Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

By Thomas A. Hendricks

The object of this paper is to give a brief description of the coals in the different districts of Arkansas and Oklahoma, their present commercial classification, and the need for a scientific classification that shall be more nearly in accord with their physical and chemical properties and shall place them in their proper position in a general scheme of classification. The paper is based on two seasons of field work in the Oklahoma coal field in 1930 and 1931 and on several weeks spent in visiting most of the operating mines in Arkansas in the same years. Most of the productive districts of the Arkansas-Oklahoma coal field lie in an east-west trending belt immediately north of the Ouachita Mountains, but the northwestern districts in Oklahoma trend northward toward Kansas. With the exception of the Muskogee district, where very little coal has been mined, the coal beds of the last-mentioned districts are all younger than those of the districts in the east-west trending belt. Description of the Coal by Districts Lehigh District, Oklahoma (5).1—In the Lehigh district mining has been extensive, but only three or four mines are operating at the present time. Two coal beds of workable thickness, Atoka and Lehigh, are known in this field. The greater part of the mining has been in the Lehigh, or younger bed, and all analyses available for the field have been of that coal. The Lehigh coal is very tough and blocky, the moisture and ash contents are fairly high, 6.5 and 10.7 per cent respectively, the volatile content is 39.5 per cent, fixed carbon 43.4 per cent, B.t.u. value 11,525, and the fuel ratio 1.1 (average 15 analyses). So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, laboratory attempts to coke this coal have been unsuccessful and no attempt has been made to produce coke commercially. Tulsa District, Oklahoma (l).—All commercial mining in the Tulsa district has been by stripping from the Dawson bed, and production has never been very great. The coal is blocky, contains 6.5 per cent moisture, 36.8 per cent volatile matter, 48.4 per cent fixed carbon, and 8.3 per cent

Jan 1, 1932

By J. J. Arps

This paper is a study of the effect of temperature on the electrical resistivity of sodium chloride solutions based on the published resistivity and density data in the International Critical Tables. This temperature effect is of considerable importance in quantitative interpretation of electric logs, where it is frequently necessary to correct mud resistivities measured under surface conditions to temperatures existing at the bottom of the bore hole. An empirical approximation formula was developed for this conversion which has proved to be very useful and seems to provide results well within the range of accuracy of the data involved. This approximation formula states: sistivities of sodium chloride solutions at temperatures of t and t degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. INTRODUCTION Research by various investigators during the past 20 years has clarified the physical principles of the phenomena which cause the natural or spontaneous electric potential in rotary drilled bore holes. The basic relationship which is most commonly used reads: in which the SP deflection, as measured from the shale base line, is expressed in millivolts. K is a constant, which appears to vary between 50 and 110; the low value applying to shaly sands, whereas the higher values are more common in carbonate rocks. A good average value for K = 70. for which value there is considerable theoretical justification." In order to calculate the resistivity of the connate water R and to estimate its "equivalent salinity" (as NaCl) from an electric log by means of this SP relationship from a knowledge of the static self potential and of the resistiv- ity of the mud filtrate R it is necessary to first correct the resistivity of the mud filtrate measured under surface conditions to the resistivity of this same mud filtrate in the well bore at a different temperature. In order to make this temperature conversion for the mud filtrate the variation of the electrical resistivity of sodium chloride solutions with temperature is commonly used. Since some discrepancies were found in the charts ordinarily used for this purpose, it was felt desirable to make a new study of this relationship based on the published measurement data. Because of the fundamental nature of these relationships and as an aid to other workers in this field, an attempt has been made in this study to show every step in the calculations. CONDUCTIVITY VS MOL CONCENTRATION The most complete published reference on the temperature relationship of sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations is provided in the International Critical Tables.' The basic measurement data on the electrical conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride solutions, at different temperatures, as given in these tables, are reproduced in Table 1. The electrical conductivity values in this Table 1 are expressed as 10' times the specific conductivity k in ohm-'cm'l per unit of concentration in milligram mols per liter of solution C, or: RESISTIVITY VS MOL CONCENTRATION These conductivity values from Table 1 were first converted to the corresponding electrical resistivity values (R) , expressed in ohm-meters, as is conven-

Jan 1, 1953