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Lucien Eaton, Ishpeming, Mich. (communication to the Secretary *):—I began to use water Leyner drills at the Cliffs Shaft mine at Ishpeming, Mich., over four years ago, and now have over 20 in use. The ore in this mine is hard specular hematite, and is mined by the room-and-pillar system, the rooms being driven as breast stopes. For many years only 3 1/4-in. piston drills were used in the mine, each machine ordinarily being able to drill from 15 to 25 ft. of holes in a shift. In the hardest ground, however, it was often, impossible to drill more than 2 or 3 ft. in a shift. When water Leyner drills were used the footage drilled was materially increased, especially in the hardest ground, but it was found that in very hard ground the breakage of machine parts, and especially of drill steel, was very high. At this time round steel with lugs forged on the shanks was used, and most of the breakage occurred at or near the lugs. Many experiments were made in an endeavor to overcome this breakage, and it was finally decided to do away with the lugs altogether, and use hexagonal steel. Accordingly I designed a chuck to use hexagonal steel without luge, a tappet being interposed between the hammer and the shank of the' drill steel. The design of this chuck of the proper size for the No. 18 Ingersoll-Leyner drill is shown in Fig. I. The different parts are also shown photographed in Fig. 2. A is the barrel of the chuck, which revolves inside the front head. It is made of machinery steel. B is the bushing which screws into the front end of the barrel A, and in which the drill steel fits loosely. This is turned down from a steel casting, the hexagonal hole being cast and then broached out to the proper size. It is case hardened inside. C is the tappet, which fits smoothly inside A just behind the bushing B. It is made of " N " temper Crescent tool steel and is carefully tempered. D is the tappet ring, which prevents the tappet from being pushed back too far by the

Jan 1, 1914

By Boyd Dudley, R. H. Richards

In nearly all ore-dressing operations it is a common practice to discharge mixtures of fine ore and water through spigots; for example, from classifier pockets, from jig hutches, from settling tanks, etc. As a general rule it is desirable to regulate the composition, i.e., the ratio of water to sand, of such discharged products; and this can usually be done by varying the size of the orifice or spigot through which the material is discharged. Thus it is that problems similar to the following are frequently encountered: With a given quantity of solids per unit time, of a given specific gravity, to be discharged with water under a given head, and with a given ratio of water to solid, what must be the size of the spigot opening? If the spigot is to be open continuously, there are, aside from its form, but three factors governing the rate at which it will discharge a mixture of sand and water, namely: the head of water above the spigot; the area of the spigot opening; and the viscosity of the material to be discharged. The term viscosity, as used here, means the ratio of the volume of pure water that will flow through a given orifice under a given head in a given time to the volume of the material under consideration that will flow through the same orifice in the same time under the same conditions. While the actual viscosity of water containing sand in suspension is not increased by the presence of the sand, nevertheless the volume-rate at which such a mixture will flow through an orifice is less than that at which pure water will flow, by reason of the friction of the particles of sand against each other and against the sides of the orifice. In other words, the flow is retarded as it would be by increased viscosity; and therefore, for the purpose in view, we may speak of the viscosity of a mixture of ore grains and water as defined above. The head of water above the spigot is generally fixed by the form and design of the classifier or tank to which the spigot is attached. So, with the head known, in order to determine the size of the spigot required it is necessary to know the viscosity of the desired mixture, and the coefficient of discharge of

Jan 1, 1915

By C. E. McCarthy, A. George Stern, Stanley J. Green

THE national interest prompts consideration of any new source of mineral wealth even though the immediate need may be of minor importance. A critical shortage of potash in the United States during the World War of I9I4-I8 stimulated broad development, which established an American potash industry on a basis so sound that this commodity is not even listed as urgent in the present war program. However, this should not minimize its importance, and the need remains, not only for adequate supplies of the usual potash salts (the chloride and the sulphate) but of all potash chemicals. Potassium carbonate (known commercially as pearl ash) has been a high-cost commodity; in consequence, the quantity used by industry has been relatively small. By a combination of fortuitous geographical circumstances, there is opportunity to produce a low-cost potassium carbonate with the possibility that this might become an important source of chemical potash. The following paper considers a recently developed process1 taking advantage of these conditions. WYOMINGITE DEPOSIT For many years it has been known that a deposit of potash-bearing igneous rock known as wyomingite occurs in the southwestern part of Wyoming at Zirkel Mesa, which is 44 miles northeast of the town of Green River (Fig. I). The western escarpment of this deposit is about 3 miles east of the Superior Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. This mesa alone covers approximately 3300 acres, and the average thickness of the wyomingite flow is 75 ft. It has been estimated2 that about one billion tons of wyomingite occur in this one deposit, all of which can be mined by open quarrying without overburden. In addition, there are several smaller deposits within 10 miles, so that the aggregate wyomingite in the area approaches two billion tons. This is one of the world's largest sources of leucite, and the only known deposit of its kind in the United States. The wyomingite (which is in the form of a lava flow and numerous small craters), with the mineral leucite as its most important component, has a mineral composition3 of: leucite, 50 per cent; phlogopite, 15; diopside, I2; kataphorite, 15; glass and apatite, 8. The phlogopite is present in visible phenocrysts 1/8 to 1/2 in. in diameter, but the leucite usually is almost microcrystalline and not capable of liberation by grinding. Chemically, the wyomingite has a potash content averaging slightly higher than eleven per cent K20. The potash is mainly in the leucite, but part of it is in the phlogopite and a small amount is in the feldspars that are occasionally seen as undigested occlusions of the granite country rock, through which the leucite-bearing lava intruded, and as sanidine feldspar both in the crystalline and glassy phases of the rock. A typical analysis of the wyomingite from Zirkel Mesa is as follows:

Jan 1, 1944

By Axel Sahlin

The day is long past when linen and cotton rags were the exclusive raw material of the paper-trade. Wood-fiber, chemically or mechanically prepared, straw, hemp and Esparto grass have largely supplied the demand, which the old materials did not suffice to fill. But even these newer fibers have been of late supplanted, to some extent, by mineral pulp. Weighting and filling materials have also been resorted to, partly to give body to the fabric, partly to increase its weight and reduce the cost per pound. China clay, sulphate of lime and soapstone have generally been employed as loading materials. Even though these materials lack fiber, their addition must by no means be viewed, as it too generally is, entirely as an adulteration. No doubt, to a certain extent, they weaken the paper ; but for ordinary grades the addition of these non-fibrous substances is a positive advantage, as they close the pores between the fibers and lend to the paper a great degree of opaqueness and a superior finish. Fibrous talc, as a form of pulp, has the same effect, without appreciably weakening the paper. When, therefore, some fifteen years ago, fibrous talc in large quantities, and of marvellous purity and whiteness, was discovered in the neighborhood of the town of Gouverneur, it was not long before the

Jan 1, 1893

By Dale A. Vaughan, Oliver M. Stewart, Charles M. Schwartz

A. U. Seybolt (General Electric Research Laboratory)—The authors should be commended for adding some important information to our knowledge of the solubility of interstitial elements in metals. It is becoming increasingly evident that the effect of even traces of such elements have very far-reaching effects upon the mechanical properties of the body centered cubic metals. Those who have worked in this area know that the accurate determination of the small solid solubility limits in systems of the type reported by the authors is a quite difficult task, and it is therefore not surprising that frequently the results of different workers are not in agreement. It is instructive, and usually helpful, to plot the solubility results on log weight or atomic percent -1/T coordinates to find out if a straight line is obtained. A straight line is expected because in systems displaying solubilities of the order of 1 to 3 at. pet or less, Henry's law is usually obeyed—or at least well enough obeyed so that the deviation from linearity is not very appreciable. If Henry's law is obeyed, one canthen use the Van't Hoff Equation in the form In N = ?H/RT + C, where N is mole fraction, at. pet, or wt pet for small values, and AH is the partial molal heat of solution of the solute. R and T have the usual significance, and C is an integration constant. If one plots the reported nitrogen solubility values as indicated above, the three points fall reasonably well on a straight line. The oxygen values for the two upper temperatures fall very closely to the nitrogen values as shown in the authors' Fig. 15. However, the value at 500°C departs widely from the straight line established by the data at 1500" and 1000°C. It is, of course, true that one cannot place too much emphasis on the significance of a line established by only three points, but in the absence of reasons for anticipating deviations, data exhibiting wide departures from linearity should at least be examined closely. Fig. 16 shows the log at. pct -1/T plots for the authors Ta-O and Ta-Ndata including a solid circle point at 500°C and 1.8 at. pet for Ta-O, which is simply extrapolated from the two higher temperature points. In addition, the data of R. P. Elliott9 for Nb-O are shown. These points were picked off his curve and are not very exact, but as can be seen they line up well on a straight line. It is interesting, and probably significant, that the slope of Elliott's results is not far from those of Vaughn, et al. This is probably to be expected because one would anticipate that the partial molal heats of solution of oxyten in these two very similar metals should be not too far apart. AH for Ta-O is about -1900 cal per mol, while for Nb-O it is near -2300 cal per mol. Hence, this lends some support to the thesis that the point at 500°C for Ta-O is much too high. The data of Gebhardt and Preisedanz10 are also plotted, and it is seen that their data while lying on a linear plot, have an appreciably steeper slope. The possible reasons for this will not be discussed here except to point out that their pressure-composition data show anomalies which suggest that they may have been dealing with a different equilibrium from that being discussed. There is another consideration which would also suggest that the solubility at 500°C is lower than shown. The solubility values were obtained by the classic method of first establishing a lattice parameter-composition curve. This the authors did, and there is probably little doubt that it is quite accurate. Such a plot is generally almost error-free because it has a self-correcting feature in that any deviation from linearity makes a data point immediately suspect, and subject to confirmation. Unfortunately, this is not true with respect to the actual solubility values. These are obtained ordinarily by taking an alloy containing more solute than is soluble at some temperature and then thermally

Jan 1, 1962

* The greatest and richest iron ore body in the world was discovered by U. S. Steel in Venezuela in April 1947, and is disclosed for the first time in this issue (p. 178), One solid mountain of ore, Cerro Bolivar, will furnish more tonnage than the famous Hull Rust pit at Superior has, or can produce. Total resources are on the order of 2 billion tons plus. Big Steel is now moving with great speed on construction to bring out this ore, and 10 million tons are scheduled for shipment into Baltimore and Birmingham by late 1952. This ore will arrive at, Pittsburgh at a price lower than present natural ores from Superior. The Venezuelan properties will be completely mechanized. •U. S. Steel and independent companies are embarking on a taconite beneficiation program of tremendous proportions, which must be speeded to completion in the 1950's (see p. 185). By 1960 over $l.2 billion dollars will be spent on Venezuela, taconite, and Labrador to solve the United States iron ore crisis. In addition, U. S. Steel will spend another $300 million plus for a new steel mill at Trenton, N. J., before 1955. •The Deister Concentrator Co. gave $500 to the 1950 Coal Division Scholarship Fund. •Howard N. Eavenson, in analyzing the bituminous coal situation (see p. 193), suggests that anti-trust laws be extended to labor unions, disinterested trustees to administer pension funds, begin pension funds now and stop the collection of all "check-offs" for union dues or funds. •Minerals and metals worth 13.9 million dollars were produced in the United States in 1949, Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman announced. Although this value was 11 pct less than in 1948, it was the second greatest in history. Nonmetallics was the only major group that in 1949 equaled the 1948 production high. Mineral fuels decreased 12 pct and metals 15 pct. • Prospects for making gas from coal are seen to be unattractive by the Pittsburgh Consolidated Coal Co. because the success of operation depends on price and supply of coal which presently are not attractive. The company has shut down its gasification plant at Library, Pa. * Economic prospects for the immediate future in the United States are good and business probably will continue at its present high levels throughout at least the early part of 1950, Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer said in his year-end report to the White House based on his personal survey of business conditions. •A 467-ft well 34 miles north of Rock Springs, Southwestern Wyoming, is said to be flowing a 5 pct solution of nearly pure trona (sodium carbonate) at the rate of 10,000 barrels a day. Trona, natural soda ash, is mined for the chemical trade at Searles Lake, Calif., and from about 1500 ft underground near Green River, Wyo., and has been in short supply. •The AEC is "very much interested" in a discovery of radioactive material that has been made in Baraga County bordering Lake Superior in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, reported F. G. Pardee, Michigan State mining engineer. The material has been identified as uranium oxide in the form of pitchblende or uraninite. The discovery, made by a geologist of the Jones & Laughlin Ore Co., is the only instance in which the commission has certified samples of Michigan rock.

Jan 2, 1950

By Robert Stefanko

Roof bolting in coal mines has progressed very rapidly in the last decade, and today this method of support is in general use. There are many theories concerning the functions of roof bolts, but the importance of beam building is indisputable. Proper tension in the bolts minimizes shearing along bedding planes and creates a thick, competent beam from individually weak layers. Bolting must be accomplished immediately upon exposure of the roof, and bolt tension must be maintained if roof failure is to be prevented. Seams are being mined today with roof bolt support where conventional timbering was not effective1. The widespread use of continuous mining equipment was made possible by roof bolts which permit long supported spans free of obstructions.2 Since adequate anchorage is the key to successful bolting, better methods for determining the efficiency of anchorage are continually being sought. Attempts have been made to measure bolt loads, thus assessing anchorage efficiency by employing sensing devices between the bolt head and roof. 3,4,5 None of the techniques appears to be very accurate, and all have at least one serious deficiency.

Jan 5, 1962

By Francis Donaldson

THE direct injection of cement grout into water-bearing fissures as a means of checking or stopping the flow of water into shafts and tunnels has been experimented with for a decade or longer and seems to have been first attempted in Europe. The earliest application of which the writer has found a record was at a shaft sunk by the Mining Society of Lens; this is described by C. Dinoire in the Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers.1. It is only lately, however, that the process has been entirely successful. This success has been accomplished on the Catskill Aqueduct, now under construction by the city of New York. This aqueduct includes a number of deep pressure tunnels, reached by shafts for both waterway and construction purposes. In portions of these shafts and tunnels considerable underground water was met. The contract for the first of these deep pressure tunnels was let to the T. A. Gillespie Co.; this section is known as the Rondout Siphon. It leads under the Rondout valley at a depth of from 400 to 800 ft. and is about 5 miles long. The engineers expected that considerable water would be encountered, but fortunately this was not the case except at one shaft, known as No. 4, which penetrated the rock at a junction between limestone and conglomerate. Water-bearing fissures were encountered almost immediately. At a depth of about 200 ft. a flow of 1,500 gal. per minute was struck. The shaft then contained as many pumps as could be used, and it seemed impossible to sink it further. After vain efforts had been made to proceed, John P. Hogan, a division engineer of the Board of Water Supply, suggested that cementation of the fissures be tried. The process was attempted for the first time in this country. Since the shaft was partly full of water it was necessary to drill grout holes with a diamond drill. Platforms were placed on the timbers at the water level, the diamond drill was installed and six 90-ft. holes were drilled in the bottom of the shaft. Several car loads of cement were pumped through these holes into the fissures, the drill casings being used for grout pipes. This largely cut off the flow of water from the bottom and sinking could then

Jan 1, 1914

By Franklin Moeller

THE application of electric power for driving, mine hoists handling heavy loads at high speeds has recently been extended by the installation of what is probably the largest electrically driven hoist in this country at the Granite Mountain shaft of the North Butte Mining Co., Butte, Mont. While the weight of rock which is hoisted by this machine is not the largest now being handled by electric mine hoists, the speed of hoisting is so, and the combination of the high speed with the heavy load has resulted in a machine of considerable interest to all those actively engaged in mining. Aside from mere consideration of size, this installation deserves attention because of the careful attention given, not only to the question of economy of operation, but to the details of construction and installation of the entire equipment. The conditions to be met in this installation were as follows: Weight of rock to be raised per trip, 7 gross tons 15,680 1b. Weight of skip 8,0001b. Weight of cage 1,8001b. Maximum depth of hoisting 4,000 ft. Diameter of rope 153 in. Total weight suspended on one rope from drum 42,000 1b. Normal hoisting speed 2,700 ft. per minute. Maximum hoisting speed : 3,000 ft. per minute. Desired capacity-200 tons per hour from 4,000 ft: depth. The ore is mined in several levels and hoisting is carried on from the 800-ft. level down to the 2,700-ft., which is at present the maximum depth from which the ore is raised regularly. Development is proceeding and a depth of 2,900 ft. has already been reached. The rock is handled underground in cars holding ¾ ton, and about 10 cars are the usual load for a skip. All of the ore is clumped into underground bins, which are of different capacities varying up to 250 tons. From the bins the ore is fed into the skips without passing into measuring pockets. At the surface the

Jan 2, 1916

By Samuel Lasky

THE writer has been interested in determining the mineralogic dis-tribution of silver in the base-metal ore of the Ground Hog mine of the Asarco Mining Co. in the Central mining district of New Mexico.1 This ore consists of a varitextured mixture of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena and pyrite in a quartz gangue. The average ore contains 14 per, cent of zinc, 9.5 per cent of lead, 5 per cent of copper, and 10 oz. of silver per ton. Generally it is accepted that the silver in ores of this type, in which no definite silver minerals can be recognized, is contained in the base-metal minerals. Published assays of pure mineral specimens from many dis-tricts show that each of the base-metal minerals contributes in some degree to the total silver content of the ores, and to determine the pro-portionate amount contributed by each mineral in any specific ore it has been the practice to assay selected specimens of each mineral, the purity of which has been determined microscopically. There being no such assays available for the Ground Hog ore, and it being impract cable to have enough of them made to give average results, the writer resorted to a mathematical attack upon composite assays of large quantities of ore and concentrates. Surprising results were obtained, and it is the threefold purpose of this paper to present these results, to describe the mathe-matical method used, and to point out the value of using this method even when assays of pure specimens are available.

Jan 1, 1934

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel, J. W. Ristori

Since the entry of the United States into global war, virtually all data and information necessary for compiling figures on world petroleum consumption have become unavailable. This situation undoubtedly will continue until the world petroleum industry can return to a peacetime basis. During the past 10 years, the authors, by publishing annual estimates of .world consumption, have attempted to emphasize the importance of a yearly world-wide survey of petroleum supply and demand. It is beconling more and more evident that statistics for the United States alone can no longer give a comprehensive idea of the state of the petroleum industry, even within the United States itself. Therefore, when conditions in the industry again become normal, it is the hope of the authors that those bureaus equipped to do so will carry forward the study of petroleum supply and demand on a world-wide basis. Enough data and information are available, however, to attempt a rough estimate of world output of crude petroleum and petroleum substitutes for 1942, which to some extent may reflect the trend of world consumption. This estimate by countries, as compared with the output in 1941, is shown in Table I. The world production of crude petroleum and petroleum substitutes for 1942 is estimated at 2,208,000,000 bbl., or a decrease of 171,000,000 bbl. under 1941. Crude production is believed to have decreased by about 200,000,000 bbl., (about 9 per cent); while petroleum substitutes increased by 28,500,000 bbl., (nearly 20 per cent). The decline of crude output in the United States is estimated at 19,000,000 bb1.—less than 2 per cent; while that in foreign countries is estimated at 180,000,000 bbl., or more than 20 per cent. The marked decline abroad is due largely to losses in Venezuela and Colombia, where the lack of ocean transportation became the controlling factor, and in the East Indies and Burma, where military invasion brought about the destruction of the fields. The production of petroleum substitutes in 1942 apparently reached a new high figure of 7.5 per cent of the total world petroleum output. The important features of petroleum production outside of the United States are the changes that have taken place during the year in the supply of the Axis countries. In Japan the output for 1941 was estimated at 8,800,000 bbl., 5,500,000 of which were petroleum substitutes. It is believed that the output of synthetic oils during 1942 substantially increased, raising the total interior production of Japan to nearly 10,-ooo,ooo bbl. Also, during 1942 Japanese armed forces gained possession of oil fields having a normal peacetime output of about 78,000,000 bbl. per year. The production of these areas for 1942 is estimated at some 23,000,000 bbl., which indicates that Japan is now getting at least 33,000,000 bbl. a year, which exceeds by 8,000,000 bbl. Its

Jan 1, 1943

By J. W. Ristori, V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

Since the entry of the United States into global war, virtually all data and information necessary for compiling figures on world petroleum consumption have become unavailable. This situation undoubtedly will continue until the world petroleum industry can return to a peacetime basis. During the past 10 years, the authors, by publishing annual estimates of .world consumption, have attempted to emphasize the importance of a yearly world-wide survey of petroleum supply and demand. It is beconling more and more evident that statistics for the United States alone can no longer give a comprehensive idea of the state of the petroleum industry, even within the United States itself. Therefore, when conditions in the industry again become normal, it is the hope of the authors that those bureaus equipped to do so will carry forward the study of petroleum supply and demand on a world-wide basis. Enough data and information are available, however, to attempt a rough estimate of world output of crude petroleum and petroleum substitutes for 1942, which to some extent may reflect the trend of world consumption. This estimate by countries, as compared with the output in 1941, is shown in Table I. The world production of crude petroleum and petroleum substitutes for 1942 is estimated at 2,208,000,000 bbl., or a decrease of 171,000,000 bbl. under 1941. Crude production is believed to have decreased by about 200,000,000 bbl., (about 9 per cent); while petroleum substitutes increased by 28,500,000 bbl., (nearly 20 per cent). The decline of crude output in the United States is estimated at 19,000,000 bb1.—less than 2 per cent; while that in foreign countries is estimated at 180,000,000 bbl., or more than 20 per cent. The marked decline abroad is due largely to losses in Venezuela and Colombia, where the lack of ocean transportation became the controlling factor, and in the East Indies and Burma, where military invasion brought about the destruction of the fields. The production of petroleum substitutes in 1942 apparently reached a new high figure of 7.5 per cent of the total world petroleum output. The important features of petroleum production outside of the United States are the changes that have taken place during the year in the supply of the Axis countries. In Japan the output for 1941 was estimated at 8,800,000 bbl., 5,500,000 of which were petroleum substitutes. It is believed that the output of synthetic oils during 1942 substantially increased, raising the total interior production of Japan to nearly 10,-ooo,ooo bbl. Also, during 1942 Japanese armed forces gained possession of oil fields having a normal peacetime output of about 78,000,000 bbl. per year. The production of these areas for 1942 is estimated at some 23,000,000 bbl., which indicates that Japan is now getting at least 33,000,000 bbl. a year, which exceeds by 8,000,000 bbl. Its

Jan 1, 1943

By Wallce E. Pratt

The Philippine Islands have produced no oil commercially; nevertheless, oil is known to be present at various places in the is1ands.l Although all attempts to produce oil commercially have failed, no intelligent, persistent exploration has been carried out. The Richmond Petroleum Corpn. (a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of California) and a syndicate headed by Ralph Arnold are at present engaged in exploring Bondoc Peninsula in Tayabas Province, one of the promising Philippine areas, in a manner that promises to test the petroleum possibilities adequately and intelligently. How can the petroleum resources of an entirely undeveloped area like the Philippines be estimated, where not even the areal extent of the various geologic formations is known? Obviously no calculated figure for assured future production can be derived. Yet a study of the evidence of the occurrence of petroleum, the character of the possible reservoir beds, the probable source rocks, the character and size of favorable structures, and the area over which petroleum-bearing rocks are known to occur, will throw some light on the question. The fact that rocks of the same geologic age and similar composition have been explored and are producing in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the south and in Formosa and Japan to the north also affect the problem, so that one can obtain some idea of the quantity of petroleum that may reasonably be expected from the Philippines. It is this measure of the possibilities rather than a definite calculation of petroleum reserves that is presented herewith. This paper will not attempt to describe, nor even to enumerate in detail, the occurrences of petroleum in the Philippines, as such data have already been published. Fig. 1 indicates the localities where

Jan 1, 1923

By Wallce E. Pratt

The Philippine Islands have produced no oil commercially; nevertheless, oil is known to be present at various places in the is1ands.l Although all attempts to produce oil commercially have failed, no intelligent, persistent exploration has been carried out. The Richmond Petroleum Corpn. (a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of California) and a syndicate headed by Ralph Arnold are at present engaged in exploring Bondoc Peninsula in Tayabas Province, one of the promising Philippine areas, in a manner that promises to test the petroleum possibilities adequately and intelligently. How can the petroleum resources of an entirely undeveloped area like the Philippines be estimated, where not even the areal extent of the various geologic formations is known? Obviously no calculated figure for assured future production can be derived. Yet a study of the evidence of the occurrence of petroleum, the character of the possible reservoir beds, the probable source rocks, the character and size of favorable structures, and the area over which petroleum-bearing rocks are known to occur, will throw some light on the question. The fact that rocks of the same geologic age and similar composition have been explored and are producing in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the south and in Formosa and Japan to the north also affect the problem, so that one can obtain some idea of the quantity of petroleum that may reasonably be expected from the Philippines. It is this measure of the possibilities rather than a definite calculation of petroleum reserves that is presented herewith. This paper will not attempt to describe, nor even to enumerate in detail, the occurrences of petroleum in the Philippines, as such data have already been published. Fig. 1 indicates the localities where

Jan 1, 1923

By W. O Hotchkiss

An essential mental equipment for planning exploration is the fullest possible knowledge of the way in which the orebodies occur in the region to be explored, also the realization that in no mining district is this knowledge complete, and that new facts of importance will be revealed to the explorer in every exploration if he is in the proper frame of mind to grasp them. The geology of the ore deposits of the Gogebic Range for a long time was thought to be relatively simple, but work in recent years, by several men, has proved that this is not the case. We now realize that we are far from knowing all the factors that have resulted in the localization of ore deposits. For example, we have long known that the intersections of the dikes and the foot wall were favorable places to look for ore, but only within the last few years have we learned that there are several horizons in the various members, well north of the foot wall, that are likely to carry ore. The influence of the numerous cross faults on orebodies is not known or appreciated beyond a general realization that they are important. Just how they may be favorable or unfavorable to the localization of ore is not known. Such elementary information as the positions of these faults is just beginning to appear on the mine maps. Such being the condition, one can hardly overestimate the importance to the various operators and fee owners of careful studies of conditions in their properties for the purpose of assuring themselves that they are not missing valuable ore—that they are doing all the exploration that their situation demands in order to secure maximum returns. Valuable ores have been missed in the past and will be missed in the future. Only with a complete knowledge of all the factors that have united to produce ore could anything else be expected. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these facts briefly and to suggest a few of the principles that should guide effective exploration. The foremost principle is that the man who starts out with the idea that he knows all about the mine geology of the Gogebic Range is starting with a heavy handicap.

Jan 1, 1923

By W. O. Hotchkiss

An essential mental equipment for planning exploration is the fullest possible knowledge of the way in which the orebodies occur in the region to be explored, also the realization that in no mining district is this knowledge complete, and that new facts of importance will be revealed to the explorer in every exploration if he is in the proper frame of mind to grasp them. The geology of the ore deposits of the Gogebic Range for a long time was thought to be relatively simple, but work in recent years, by several men, has proved that this is not the case. We now realize that we are far from knowing all the factors that have resulted in the localization of ore deposits. For example, we have long known that the intersections of the dikes and the foot wall were favorable places to look for ore, but only within the last few years have we learned that there are several horizons in the various members, well north of the foot wall, that are likely to carry ore. The influence of the numerous cross faults on orebodies is not known or appreciated beyond a general realization that they are important. Just how they may be favorable or unfavorable to the localization of ore is not known. Such elementary information as the positions of these faults is just beginning to appear on the mine maps. Such being the condition, one can hardly overestimate the importance to the various operators and fee owners of careful studies of conditions in their properties for the purpose of assuring themselves that they are not missing valuable ore—that they are doing all the exploration that their situation demands in order to secure maximum returns. Valuable ores have been missed in the past and will be missed in the future. Only with a complete knowledge of all the factors that have united to produce ore could anything else be expected. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these facts briefly and to suggest a few of the principles that should guide effective exploration. The foremost principle is that the man who starts out with the idea that he knows all about the mine geology of the Gogebic Range is starting with a heavy handicap.

Jan 1, 1923

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorpora¬tion. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Asso¬ciates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, As¬sociates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional min¬ing engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Mem¬ber or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein¬after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Direc¬tors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

By T. M. Williams

DURING the year just ended we have had three great fires in the mines in the Wilkes-Barre district. One at the Empire Colliery, one at the Prospect shaft, and the other at the Baltimore old mine. It is proposed in this paper to give a brief history of the fire at the Empire Colliery, and the methods employed in extinguishing it. The fire was first discovered breaking out in the air-stack, alongside what is known as the " Kidder Plane," about one o'clock on the morning of December 31st, 1873. Subsequently it was ascertained that the fire originated in the return airway somewhere near the steam boiler, located inside the mine, near the head of No. 5 slope. The coal from this slope was hoisted to the shaft gangway, at a point nearly four thousand feet distant from the foot of the shaft. As there were from four to five hundred mine cars hoisted per day from this slope the steam boilers were located at this place. The mines being of considerable extent required a large volume of pure air for ventilation, and no fan having been erected at this slope at the time, the heat from the boiler was made use of to assist ventilation, by conveying the return air from No. 5 slope into the large airway made from these boilers to the surface through the old "Kidder slope" to the stack where the fire was first discovered. The length of this slope or airway was about one thousand feet, with a sectional area of about sixty feet. The quantity of air passing through it must have been over sixty thousand cubic feet per minute

By George S. Rice

THE wide scope of the causes and effects of ground movement and their interrelation to various kinds of mining and geological conditions are not always understood. Minimizing of roof movement by selection of suitable mining methods is closely allied to the problem of obtaining maximum safety in mining, but there are other questions involved: for example, mechanical developments which increase the production of ore and other minerals per shift or unit of labor but which, though highly ingenious, may increase hazards. More- over, the newer mobile loaders need much space for operation with longer protecting roof spans. Another problem emphasized by mechanization is the incompleteness of extraction of mineral, as there is no governmental requirement (except for limited leases on the public domain) in this country, as in European countries, and loss of coal in pillars is accepted by mine operators rather than risking the loss of an ex- pensive loading machine from a heavy roof fall. The extent to which losses of coal in mining are now being incurred is conjectural, for it has been fifteen years since there has been a comprehensive survey. In that study a loss of slightly over one-third of the coal in both anthracite and bituminous mining was indicated.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. T. Thom

ALL engineering education is faced by certain basic problems, three of which seem to have particular present importance in geological engineering training in general, and in respect to training for oil field geoexploratory work in particular. PROBLEM I The first of these problems has to do with present and future educational objectives and with the numbers and qualities of the men who should be coming out of our geoexploratory training programs. Before the war we needed ever-increasing numbers of graduates at the Bachelor's level and a very much smaller number of men who had reached the Doctorate degree. Now, with more difficult, more extensive, and more costly exploratory work; with a rapid expansion of company "staff" activities, and with the initiation of many new research organizations and laboratories; it is clear that men of exceptional ability will be more and more in demand, and that the schools will need to carry a greater proportion of their students through to the Ph.D. degree. PROBLEM 2 Assuming that the mineral industries will need an increasing supply of well-qualified Ph.D.s for future geoexploratory work (staff, line and research), can the schools expect to provide this supply of able Ph.D.s merely by expanding the proportion of B.S. and B.A. majors who go on through to the doctorate stage of training? And the answer is definitely "No "-as the situation stands at present. Most A.B. graduates are years short of the preparations in basic science and elementary engineering prerequisite to effective graduate study in the geoexploratory fields (paleontology excepted), and similarly many of the annual crop of B.S. graduates lack adequate training in English; in ancient and modern history; and in the modern principles of labor and public relations. Indeed, several basic problems of undergraduate curricular organization and integration remain to be solved before most recipients of a Bachelor's degree will have that sound and broad educational foundation prerequisite to graduate training on a really effective basis. It is for these reasons that we have continued to experiment with our geological engineering program at Princeton, in an endeavor to provide a pilot-plant demonstration of a suitably broad and flexible undergraduate curriculum. PROBLEM 3 But assuming that the schools can and do get undergraduate curricula set up in proper phase and scale to meet needed enrollment quotas for graduate training, what about the most urgent part of our whole mineral-industry educational problem? What about finding and bringing into mineral-industry training those youngsters of superior ability who are, by potential or known inclination, especially well-qualified for geoexploratory work?

Jan 1, 1947