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By Albert L. Toenges

Alaska requires an adequate fuel supply for its development, and has large potential coal reserves ranging from lignite to subbituminous and anthracite. Coal production in the Territory now is less than the requirements. In L947, production was 361,000 tons, divided about equally between bituminous coal from the Matanuska field and subbituminous coal from the Nenana field. There is need for development of modern mechanized mines, which should produce the required output with a minimum of workers. These mines should not be thought of in the light of large potential capacity, as in the States. However, these new mines should be developed by modern methods, which should result in lower costs than at Present. Because of the diverse physical conditions in the coal fields, intensive investigation by diamond drilling is necessary to properly plan the development and equipment of mine sites at minimum cost. The Bureau of Mines is doing this now in the Wishbone Hill area of the Matanuska field. All coal land in Alaska is government-owned and subject to the Coal Leasing Act. Coal mining in Alaska has been handicapped by an inadequate supply of dependable workers. Wage scales have been very high in recent years, and "floaters" have been attracted to the coal mines. This type of labor is not conducive to efficient operation. Modernization of mines will require skilled and dependable workers and to induce such men to become interested in coal mining in Alaska, modern facilities, such as modern houses, schools, churches, and recreation halls, must be provided near the mines. Alaska is still a frontier and improvements in living standards must accompany development of mines in order that a stable community may be established. Coal is known to have been mined in Alaska at Port Graham, on Cook Inlet, by the Russians in 1854. During the Klondike gold rush in 1898, coal was mined in scattered areas for use on steamers plying the Yukon River and its navigable tributaries. After the Alaska Railroad was built, two important fields were developed—the Nenana and the Matanuska (Fig 1). The Bering River field was explored by the Guggenheim interests at one time, and a railroad to the area was constructed. However, the field was abandoned because of litigation and reported unsatisfactory physical condition of the beds. There are areas that today are unimportant but which may be developed in the future. Possibly the most important of these is the deposits of subbituminous coal adjacent to Cook Inlet, near Homer, on the Kenai Peninsula (see Fig 1). It is expected that the demand for coal in the Kenai Peninsula will increase because the population in that area has increased as a result of agricultural development. Numerous outcrops of coal are exposed on the peninsula and development of a mine there would obviate dependence on supplies of coal from the Matanuska field. Coal from this field must be shipped approximately 160 miles by rail to Seward and transported thence by boat about 180 miles to Homer. There has been no regular boat service from Anchorage to Homer. There are deposits of coal in the Arctic region but a description of them will not be given in this paper, which will describe the more important deposits in the Alaska Railroad belt. The results of a reconnaissance in the Arctic have been described.' Description of Fields MATANUSKA FIELD The Matanuska field lies in the valleys of the Matanuska River and its tributaries and their separating ridges. This field has been interpreted by geologists as a sunken fault block that separated the Talkeetna Range of mountains from the Chugach Range. The Matanuska River flows west along the south side of the field and the Glenn highway, which extends from Anchorage via Palmer to the Richardson highway near Glen Allan, follows the Matanuska Valley. This road to the coal field can be traveled the year around. Although the snow-

Jan 1, 1950

By Andrew L. Mular, K. K. Humphreys

Introduction Estimates performed on potential future plants must by their very nature be either order-of-magnitude or budget (preliminary) estimates. Of the three types of estimates recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Standard Z94.2), order-of-magnitude and budget estimates are the least accurate. Order-of-magnitude estimates have an expected accuracy of plus 50 percent to minus 30 percent. In other words, it is anticipated that actual project cost will be no more than 50 percent above the estimate and no less than 30 percent below the estimate. Budget estimates, or preliminary estimates as they are often called, have an expected accuracy of plus 30 percent to minus 15 percent. The reason that greater accuracy cannot be expected in performing estimates on proposed new facilities is simply that insufficient data is generally available to permit performance of a highly accurate estimate. As stated in ANSI Standard Z94.2, a definitive estimate, i.e., an estimate with an expected accuracy of plus 15 percent to minus 5 percent," . . is an estimate prepared from very defined engineering data . . . (including). . .as a minimum, fairly complete plot plans and elevations, piping and instrument diagrams, one line electrical diagrams, equipment data sheets and quotations, structural sketches, soil data and sketches of major foundations, building sketches and a complete set of specifications." In other words, the engineering of the project must be fairly well underway to permit a definitive estimate to be performed. Such is the case only after the construction decision has been made, all potential alternatives evaluated, and major expenditures committed for a particular course of action. This situation is beyond the scope of this chapter. The chapter is directed to comparison of various technological alternatives for which site specific engineering data is not generally available. Accordingly, such comparisons can be made only by utilizing preliminary or order-of-magnitude estimating techniques.

Jan 1, 1982

By Edward B. Durham

At the Richmond mecting in February, 1901, I presented for discussion the proposed rail-specifications of Committee No. 1 of the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, with a review of their work, and other matters relating to the heat-treatment and chemical composition of steel (Trans., xxxi., 455). In order to bring out the views of our members on the important points referred to, I offered for discussion the following questions and comments (trans., xxxi., 972): " 1. The advantages to be gained by using more metal in the flanges and web of the heavier sections of rails.

Jan 1, 1903

By V. R. Garfias, C. O. Isakson

The production of petroleum in Mexico during 1930 was approximately 39,600,000 bbl., or 5,188,000 bbl. less than in 1929. The decline which has continued for the last eight years, will place Mexico in fifth or sixth rank as an oil-producing country. The production of the northern and southern fields near Tampico declined over 5,250,000 bbl., while that of the fields in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec moderately increased. The wildcat operations which have been conducted for some years near the international border along a 290-mile belt, extending roughly 170 miles northwest and 120 miles southeast from Laredo, Texas, have so far met with little encouragement, although the oil possibilities of the region warrant the belief that commercially productive fields will be discovered eventually. An interesting development during the year was the starting of construction of the oil pipe line from Palma Sola in the South Fields near sea level—over Sierra Madre at 8660 ft.—to Atzcapotzalco, a suburb of Mexico City at an elevation of 7350 ft. This line, about 146 miles long, has a diameter of 10 in. and an estimated daily capacity of 10,000 bbl., and with its terminal refinery at Mexico City will form a transporting and refining unit which should materially affect the distribution and marketing of refined products in the Republic. Development During the past year 148 wells were drilled, as compared with 214 in 1929 and 371 in 1928, the percentage of producers being 49 as against 47 in 1929. With the exception of one well in San Isidro, at the extreme southern end of the Golden Lane, the Jardln Paso Real area was the only sector of the old fields where new development could be considered as successful, all other producers brought in during the year being drilled in nearly exhausted pools to be operated as ('strippers." Northern Fields A total of 71 wells were drilled in the northern fields, of which 22 were producers; one well in Ebano was estimated at 5000 bbl. per day, while the general average of all producers was less than 300 bbl. Results

Jan 1, 1931

The official Institute reports for the year 1929 were distributed in pamphlet form at the Annual Meeting, February, 1930, and were later included in Section 2 of Mining and Metallurgy, June, 1930, and thus made available to the entire membership. Membership In its report the Admissions Committee set forth the changes in membership during 1929, as follows: Total membership, Jan. 1, 1928, 8582; elected and placed on rolls in 1929, including 59 reinstatements, 509; loss by resignations in 1929, 88; loss by death in 1929, 110; loss by suspension in 1929, 37; membership at end of year not including Student Associates, 8856. Distribution of membership: Honorary Members, 16; Members, 6590; Junior Members, 38; Associates, 1041; Junior Associates, 1033; Rocky Mountain, 138; total membership, Jan. 1, 1930, 8856; Student Associates, 150; total including student associates, 9006. Treasurer's Annual Report, Year of 1929 Statement of Receipts For the year ended December 31, 1929 Dues: Arrears............................................ $ 3,501.75 Current............................................ 97,257.12 New Members...................................... 5,721.50 Advance........................................... 1,970.79 $108,451.16 Initiation Fees.................................................. 7,436.00 Magazine Receipts: Advertising Gross Receipts........................... $40,610.81 Magazine Sales..................................... 3,799.84 44,410.65 Sale of Transactions Current........................... $ 2,985. 15 Sale of Special Editions Current........................ 5,147.82 Sale of Back Transactions and Special Editions........... 4,186.93 Sale of Year Book..................................... 65.50 Sale of Authors' Reprints.............................. 2,585.40 Sale of Pins and Fobs.................................. 14.73 Sale of Technical Publications.......................... 1,451.55 Sale of Bindings...................................... 3,949.13 20,376.21 Net Interest Received: On Bank Balance and Temporary Investments......... $ 2,595.04 On Lie Membership Fund........................... 3,223.43 On James Douglas Library Fund...................... 5,425.61 On General Reserve Fund............................ 2,015.58 13,259.66 Miscellaneous Receipts........................................... 335.80 Total Receipts................................................ $194,269.48

Jan 1, 1930

All data about shipments from the present state of West Virginia, even when it was still a part of the "Old Dominion," are shown in Table 56 together with the source of information, and all other figures are estimated. While the earliest production was undoubtedly in the extreme northern part of the state, coal having been quite largely used in Pennsylvania before any is credited to West Virginia, the largest production in the early days of the industry was along the Kanawha River where the salt furnaces used tremendous quantities for years before shipments were made by river. When we take into consideration the economic conditions existing then, it is evident that the consumption of coal by the salt industry along the Kanawha and Kiskiminitas Rivers rivalled in importance that of any industry today. There were no canals built in this state, the shipments before railroads were built being by the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers, and production in the northern counties began after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was completed from Cumberland to Wheeling. For some years after this line was completed all locomotive fuel used on it was hauled from the Cumberland region. The movement of coal from Boone County by Coal River to the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers from 1857 to 1880 is rather unique in its size and the length of movement, nearly all the coal going at least as far as Cincinnati and much of it to New Orleans. Fayette County began shipping when the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad was completed and Mercer County, when the Norfolk & Western Railroad reached there in 1884; none of the other large producing counties in the southern part of the state began producing coal in the period under study.

Jan 1, 1942

By Stanley D. Michaelson, Ben. H. Slothower

The depletion of most high-grade ore reserves coupled with growing demands for metals and fuels has made it necessary to bring into production increasingly lower grade deposits. Improvements in technology have made lower grade ores economically recoverable in spite of major increases in labor and material costs and the initial investments required to open new mines and build their metallurgical and service plants. To remain competitive, managements of mining companies must keep abreast of and exploit these often complex technical developments. The proper application of these improvements in technology requires extensive and detailed study. In addition, managements of mining and other industries are becoming more deeply involved in public affairs and the myriad of other nontechnical problems common to all industries. These involvements, plus the demands of evaluating technological developments as well as the necessary work related to the routine administration of operations, have required mining managements to delegate additional study and review functions to staff services. To help overcome the problems involved in adopting the best technologies, managements have generally expanded their engineering and research staff services. Integrated, base-metal-producing companies, having open pits, concentrators, smelters, and refineries, are generally more research and engineering oriented than are most smaller mining companies and quarries. However, mining methods for even the simplest open pits and quarries are improving rapidly, and installations of these improvements are essential to combat increasing costs. Because of this, the managements of smaller operations may also require enhanced engineering staff services to realize the potential benefits.

Jan 1, 1968

By Ferdinand H. Regel

Concentrating-machinery has been wonderfully improved during the past few years both in technical efficiency and in economy of power; and, in the writer's opinion, the prosperity which the mining industry has of late enjoyed is due in large part to this improvement. Many properties are yielding handsome profits at the present time which were considered, a few years ago, too low in grade of ore to be profitably operated; and I think that fully half of these once worthless properties owe their successful development to recent improvements in concentrating-machinery. The present paper calls attention to a jig and an ore-classifier of new design, invented by Mr. John Klein, and already used in the lead-region of SE. Missouri, and in the Philipsburg dis-

Jan 1, 1902

D. EPPELSHEIMER, * Middletown, Ohio.-The housing of employees has so many and so varied aspects that in order to reach even an approximately correct solution it is necessary to have in mind a few fundamental principles; but it is not possible as yet to write these housing principles in the clear and correct form that is possible with many of our natural laws. Manifestly, the problem depends first on the kind of people it is necessary to house. What is suitable for the Southern unattached negro is not suitable for the married skilled American. The influx of colored labor has affected quite a number of what were satisfactorily housed communities. The second important factor is the relative proportion of the number of employees to the total employable population of the community in which the industry is located. The employer of a hundred men in. a large city has little responsibility in the matter of housing his employees. If he employs 75 per cent. of the employable population in a community of 27,000, as is the case of the company with which the writer is connected, it means a large responsibility. In the establishment of an entirely new plant in a more or less isolated place, the responsibility becomes greater. As engineers, we design and write the specifications for the machinery to accomplish a definite purpose, and proceed to house it, provide the necessary buildings with their accessories in the way of cranes, or heating systems, or sprinkling systems, as the case may be. There is no reason why the operating force should not be built up in very much the same way: design the organization, write its specifications so that the employment department can secure the proper men, and then house that organization with just as much thought and care as is given the plant. In the plant, the various machines will work along certain definite lines and accomplish certain results; but even if we start with the proper organization it takes considerable time to get that organization working together. One of the most important elements to this end is the proper housing of the organization. A man usually spends more time at home than at work. Proper surroundings and a comfortable, convenient house of good appearance exercise an influence that cannot be denied, and an employee situated in such surroundings is far more inclined to follow the policies of his employer and take an active part in furthering them

Jan 5, 1919

By G. H. Alvey, A. W. Foster

The measure of value of an oil property is approximated by the length of time it takes to "pay out;" viz., the time required for it to return the original investment. This time varies in different fields. In the Appalachian and Mid-Continent fields, a good investment pays out in about four years; in California, it requires a slightly longer time; and in the Gulf field about two years. The two principal methods for establishing these values are based on acreage, as in California, and on production, as in the Appalachian field. The method of establishing values based on production1 was worked out in the Appalachian fields and approximates the value remarkably well in some fields; but it is a rule of thumb and should be used intelligently. Briefly, the method is as follows: An arbitrary number of dollars (called the barrel-day price) multiplied by the number of barrels of settled daily production of the property gives the value. In its crudest application, the barrel-day price is determined by the "$10 to $0.01" rule, which means that the barrel-day price is one thousand times the prevailing price of oil. For instance, with oil at $3.50 per bbl. the barrel-day price would be $3500 per bbl. This rule, however, is not strictly applied, for the barrel price is varied according to whether or not the wells "hold up." But when a barrel price for a district has been fixed it is quite general to raise or lower the price with the fluctuation in the price of oil; here the"$10 to $0.0l"ruleisused extensively. However, the prospective purchaser takes into account tangible equipment upon the property, the extent to which the drilling program has been carried out, whether or not the wells are "shot" or natural, depth of wells, spacing of wells, paraffin trouble, etc. The basis of this method is settled production. As soon as production is considered settled, a flat barrel-day price is generally applied to all properties, no matter what their age. If it were possible to show that this flat rate was erroneous and that the value of the property depended on the point on the decline curve at which the wells happened to be (in other words, their age), and also on the operating costs, the future price

Jan 1, 1921

By C. R. Boyd

THE region to which I have the pleasure of calling your attention, though limited in area, is remarkable for the quantity and purity of its mineral deposits, and in these respects it would be difficult to find its equal anywhere. IRON ORES. The red and brown hematites, pipe ore, and semi-magnetites, from which is made in charcoal furnaces the highest quality of iron for car-wheels, extend through the counties of Giles, Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smyth, Washington, Bland, Tazewell, Russell, Scott, Lee, Floyd, Carroll, and Grayson, Virginia, and run over into Ashe County, North Carolina. One locality of semi-magnetite, in the centre of the great Giles County basin, has in sight, by actual measurement, 50,000 tons of ore, which, according to Prof. Fesquet, contains 69.74 per cent. of iron and no phosphorus. In the great brown-ore belt, which passes through the counties of Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smyth, and Washington, there is an extraordinary deposit of more than a million tons. A small section of this very long vein, on Cripple Creek, in the County of Wythe, yields an ore which, analyzed by Mr. James Aumann, gave the following results: Metallic iron, - 58.15 Water, - 12 96 Alumina, - 2.32 Silica, - 1.09 Phosphorus, - none. At one point towards the western end of Red Land Mountain, in Pulaski County, New River section, I measured a body of ore in this belt which will yield, to a depth of 150 feet, over 8,000,000 tons, and the deposit extends far below the 150 feet measured at the upper part. Again, at Rich Hill, near the mouth of Reed Island Creek, these veins show extraordinary surface development, giving an ore of very great purity. At numerous places, also, in the counties of Giles, Bland, Tazewell, Russell, Scott, Wise, and Lee, these brown and red iron ores are exposed in such vast quantities as to baffle both description and measurement. That of Chestnut Flat, in Giles County, back or west of the Angel's Rest Mountain, is an easily reducible ore, blood-red when crushed, of which there are fully 300,000 tons in sight. Its analysis is as follows

Jan 1, 1880

By A. B. Dyes

In the operation of a water-driven reservoir, a free gas saturation can he established by maintaining production rates fast enough to cause the reservoir pressure to decline below the bubble point. The benefit of such a procedure on the displacement efficiency of the oil by water is illustrated for two types of sandstone samples from one reservoir. Those rock samples showing the poorest recovery to water drive in the absence of a free gas saturation give the most improvement in the presence of a free gas saturation. Employing one type of reservoir fluid (low .shrinkage) the benefit of evolved gas on oil displacement is calculated at several reservoir pressures below the bubble point. This demonstrates the presence of air optimum pressure for water displace,rnent which is .several hundred pounds per .square inch below the bubble point. Displacement of oil at the optimum pressures results in the removal of 7 to I? per cent more oil than would be obtained by displacement at the bubble point pressure. In some instance. this magnitude of increase may be worthy of consideration in establishing the maximum efficient rate of production from many water-driven fields. INTRODUCTION For many years the belief that the use of gas could be combined with that of water to result in a better recovery operation than the use of either of these phases alone has been prevalent in the oil industry. This is evidenced by the several field trials which have employed the injection of gas and water in combination.1.2.v In most cases the small amount of any additional recovery, in combination with the limited knowledge available on the older reservoirs, has left uncertain the influence of gas on recovery in these earlier attempts to combine the use of gas with water. Research studies in recent years have demonstrated through laboratory. floods the magnitude of the benefit of the presence of gas on the displacement of oil from sandstones by water.5,6,7,8,9,10,11 In addition, studies of the distributions of the phases which are present during the displacement process have developed concepts concerning the mechanism by which this benefit is obtained."." It now remains for the engineer to incorporate these findings into the general technology of reservoir operations. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate that the production of a water-driven reservoir at pressures below the bubble point is one such operation whereby improved oil displacement efficiency can be obtained as a result of gas evolution. The establishment of a gas saturation by evolution of dissolved gas was one of the techniques used by several investigators in the laboratory studies. The possibility of obtaining the benefit of gas evolution in water-driven reservoirs by producing at pressures less than the bubble point has 3150 been pointed out previously." The desirability of this operation has undoubtedly

Jan 1, 1955

By Edward Keller

Under the title, Labor-Saving Appliances in the Works-Laboratory, I published a paper1 in which mas described how multi-manipulations in a works-laboratory and in the furnace-room of an assay-laboratory, can be condensed into single manipulations by applying the proper mechanical devices. For example, I now deposit ill, or withdraw from, a muffle a set of 48 cupels as one unit. The front row (8) of these are blanks or heaters; the other 40, when they have attained the proper temperature in the muffle, are charged simultaneously with the 40 lead-buttons. Three manipulations here accomplish an operation which by the generally customary method requires 136, and this number is only limited by the size of muffle and cnpels. This operation is an enlargement of what I have already described in my former paper, and Fig. 1 shows the improved implements. In the paper referred to I described a gold-silver bead parting-bath, which is the last of the devices used in regular sequence in practice. This bath mas designated as being convenient, but mas not a labor-saver properly. Fig. 2 of the present paper shows a new device. Instead of the original tray, there are now sectional holders for the test-tubes, each having a wooden handle on either end, so that the holders ma?-be removed from the boiling bath, and the acid or water poured oE from each set of tubes (in this case, 7) without waiting to cool. The tubes, held in place by clutches, as shown in Pig. 3, rest in holes in the base-strip, having a smaller diameter than the tubes. Each holder is stamped at either end with a number, so that the bath becomes further useful by permitting several men to use it at the same time without interference. Apart from the handles, the holders are made of sheet-copper.

Jan 1, 1911

By J. J. Carrigan

IN all mining operations a considerable portion of the work performed, especially underground; is accomplished under artificial light, yeti this subject is often not given proper attention. Poor illumination decreases mining efficiency, impairs the sorting or grading of ores, and increases the risk of accidents. In the beginning, and for several years afterward in the metal-mining industry of Butte, Montana, candles placed in candlesticks were carried by the men. Sconces or holders for candles were also provided at stations and curves in drifts to furnish better light for men engaged in. hand tramming. It was also common practice to place clusters of candles on the ground, with no provision for guarding against an underground fire other than the exercise of sufficient care by the men themselves. An accumulation of candle grease from this source was the direct result of the first serious fire in the Anaconda mine, in 1889.

Jan 1, 1936

By C. B. Dudley

bas shown us that the railroads of this country can save several milt liohs a par by adopting uniform rail sections, and as unfortunately for him, he cannot patent his idea, it only remains for the railroads to adopt it, and to thank him for his payer. Dr. C. B. Dudley, Altoona, Pa. : 111 rising to close this interestin~ discussion, I want, in the first place, to thank every one who has contributed to it for his full and open criticism. The work tvhich has been done on steel rails, and which has been diwu&e,l here Juring thee two days, was not done to establish any pet theories, nor to make out that any person was great or any person small, but with a sincere desire to get at what is the truth in regard to the wedring capacity of steel rails. There are enormous commercial coneiderations invoIved in this question, and, as I look at the matter, the more honest criticism and fair discussion there is, the Inore likely it is that the truth will appear. Ad first I would like to say that it seems to me very little has been said here upon the main conclusion of the paper, namely, that the softer rails give the better wear. All sorts of side issues have been discussed; but this poiat, which is really the principal one at issue, has been largely ignored, aid I cannot But feel that it still remains unshaken. Witb regard to ohemists end chemical work, there has been considerable said tending to throw discredib on chemists and their work; and while I believe that there have been in the past, are now, and may be in the futnre, a good many poor chemical analyses made, X also believe that chemists are, as a rule, as honest and competent as gentlemen who belong to other professiomc. There are chemisb who are chemists, and who are not chemists. The determination of -manganese has bee* called in question. Now I think the chemist at almost every steel works in the country will tell you that, in his experience, the manganese diffe1.s in different parts of the same ingot. Mr. T. T. Morrell, chemist of the Camhria Iron Company, whom I believe to be s thoroughly competent and hone6t chemist, tells me that he has often found different amounts of manganese in different parts of the same ingot. Come with me to Altoona, and I will take you into the machine shop where steel is king cut aud shaped, and I will show you that it is often necessary to stop the lathe or planer and take a cold chisel to cut oat a hard spot, or else ntn the risk of breaking the tool. This hard spot is simply a pttrt of the syiegel which was not thoraughiy mixed with the ma

Jan 1, 1881

By Chase Palmer, Edson S. Bastin

While the reducing action of organic matter, of ferrous sulphate, and of hydrogen sulphide has frequently been invoked to account for the deposition of native gold and silver from ore-forming solutions, the high efficiency in this respect of certain of the metallic minerals which form the ore itself has not been suffciently recognized. If a little finely powdered chalcocite is placed in a test-tube arid 2 or 3 cc. of a dilute solution of gold chloride are poured over it, two or three shakes of the tube suffice to remove all the gold from the solution. The color of the solution changes from yellow to pale green, showing that copper is dissolved simultaneously with the precipitation of metallic gold. If a piece of chalcocite is hung in a dilute aqueous solution of silver sulphate (1/40 normal), a coating of silver begins immediately to form on the mineral, and within a few moments a beautiful silver tree has developed, similar to that formed when metallic zinc is immersed in a similar solution. When similar experiments are conducted with other sulphides and with certain arsenides and sulph-arsenides, especially those known to be commonly associated with native silver in ore deposits, it is found that these minerals differ greatly in their efficiency as precipitants, especially in their effect on silver solutions. The tests made with most of the minerals were qualitatipe only, but the reactions of a silver sulphate solution on chalcocite and niccolite were submitted to quantitative study to determine the nature of the reactions involved. Quantitative studies of the reactions with other minerals are now in progress

Jan 1, 1914

By Eugene Jablonski

Statistical data on the Polish producing business are available only for the first half of 1939. Because of the invasion of the country during September by Germany and Russia all sources of information have stopped, and it is impossible to get even an approximate picture of the status of the industry after that date. The long declining trend of Polish production, which was finally checked during 1938, kept a further upward tendency during the first half of 1939, and there is good reason to believe that the upward trend would have been maintained. It is true, there was little hope of reviving the slowly dying Boryslaw field, although there still remained a slight possibility for an extension in its southwestern direction. Repressuring plans were still discussed, but. could not be put into effect because of extremely complicated and split-up lease ownership. The Gorlice-Lipinki ficld continued to be the main factor in the increase of the country's production. During the first half of 1939 this field received a further important extension in a southern direction. The Schodnica field continued to use repressuring with success. At the end of June, 21 exploratory wells were drilling, 14 of which were within thc Carpathians and 7 in the Miocene geosyncline of the Carpathian Foreland. All of the wildcat wells drilled within the Carpathians were on the struct,ural cxtcnsion of old established fields, but part of the wildcats of the Foreland were on new geological and geophysical prospects. The Opary gas field of the Foreland discovered last year has been further developed. The Government-owned Polmin completed its third gasser. This well penetrated two sands; the upper one, 118 ft. thick, was found at 1312 ft., with an initial pressure of 570 lb. and capable of produeiring 10 million cu. ft. per day. The second sand, 91 ft. thick, was found at 1690 ft., yielding 20 million cu. ft., with a pressure of 760 lb. The well Mieczyslaw, drilled about 3 miles further north on the flank of the structurc, found the first sand watered. The Pioneer No. 5, at Chodonice near Przemysl, which reported somc gas last year, was 5696 ft. deep at the end of June, still drilling in Miocene. Anothe well in the same vicinity drilled by the Gasolina was 1708ft. deep.

Jan 1, 1940

By Eugene Jablonski

Statistical data on the Polish producing business are available only for the first half of 1939. Because of the invasion of the country during September by Germany and Russia all sources of information have stopped, and it is impossible to get even an approximate picture of the status of the industry after that date. The long declining trend of Polish production, which was finally checked during 1938, kept a further upward tendency during the first half of 1939, and there is good reason to believe that the upward trend would have been maintained. It is true, there was little hope of reviving the slowly dying Boryslaw field, although there still remained a slight possibility for an extension in its southwestern direction. Repressuring plans were still discussed, but. could not be put into effect because of extremely complicated and split-up lease ownership. The Gorlice-Lipinki ficld continued to be the main factor in the increase of the country's production. During the first half of 1939 this field received a further important extension in a southern direction. The Schodnica field continued to use repressuring with success. At the end of June, 21 exploratory wells were drilling, 14 of which were within thc Carpathians and 7 in the Miocene geosyncline of the Carpathian Foreland. All of the wildcat wells drilled within the Carpathians were on the struct,ural cxtcnsion of old established fields, but part of the wildcats of the Foreland were on new geological and geophysical prospects. The Opary gas field of the Foreland discovered last year has been further developed. The Government-owned Polmin completed its third gasser. This well penetrated two sands; the upper one, 118 ft. thick, was found at 1312 ft., with an initial pressure of 570 lb. and capable of produeiring 10 million cu. ft. per day. The second sand, 91 ft. thick, was found at 1690 ft., yielding 20 million cu. ft., with a pressure of 760 lb. The well Mieczyslaw, drilled about 3 miles further north on the flank of the structurc, found the first sand watered. The Pioneer No. 5, at Chodonice near Przemysl, which reported somc gas last year, was 5696 ft. deep at the end of June, still drilling in Miocene. Anothe well in the same vicinity drilled by the Gasolina was 1708ft. deep.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. R. Hassemer, T. T. Chao, University of Georgia, K. C. Watts, R. F. Sanzolone

Secondary oxides of Fe-Mn have been used in mineral exploration from the time gossans were first recognized Since gossans are conspicuous features and are largely explored, it is necessary to look for more subtle indication of blind mineralization. Sampling materials used in these geochemical studies consist of secondary Fe-Mn oxide-rich products of hydrothermal mineralization, and "in situ" weathering found in fracture fillings-as selvages along joints and disseminations in host rock. These materials were selectively collected and studied in the Silver City mining region. Two independent sampling methods were compared. The difference in the sampling methods was mainly in the ways samples were obtained and processed. One method involved systematic sampling of fracture fillings and coatings from which secondary Fe and Mn oxides and associated trace elements were then selectively extracted by chemical methods. The second approach involved collection of composite stream sediments and physical extraction of Fe-Mn oxide materials by gold panning, bromoform concentration, and electromagnetic separation. The source of the Fe-Mn-rich materials in the stream sediments is considered to be fracture fillings and coatings that mechanically entered the drainage basins. Map distributions of the two-sample types were compared. Both methods showed generally supportive patterns of anomalous metal dispersion, although anomaly-to-background contrast seems better in joint coatings. Both were useful in distinguishing geochemical differences between mining districts in the region. For example, the Pinos Altos district may contain more hydrothermally-introduced iron than the Central district, whereas the Central district has lead and zinc enrichments that are less on the amount of iron enrichment than is the case in the Pinos Altos district. The methods were qualitatively compared relative to time, expense, and other advantages and disadvantages.

Jan 1, 1984

By AIME AIME

YALE UNIVERSITY looked like a top-notch school to "Bert" Phillips in spite of the belief that the college in the home town sometimes looks less attractive than a more distant campus. So Bert, a native of New Haven, earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Yale. Immediately after Yale days lie served as metallurgist of the Scovill Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, and then went to the Central Research Laboratories of the American Smelting and Refining Co. at Maurer, N. J., where since 1931 he has been superintendent of research. Bert has contributed to metallurgical literature many reports of studies on the constitution and the physical, metallurgy of copper and copper alloys as well as papers on general nonferrous physical metallurgy.

Jan 1, 1938