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By J. L. Lummus, Frank O. Jones

A field procedure for determining graphite in drilling mud is presented which is sensitive to 0.25 lbs/bbl and accurate to 20 per cent. The method, utilizing oil flotation principles, is suitable for use in all oil-free water base muds except those containing ligno-sulfonates, lignites, or surface active agents. INTRODUCTION Graphite was proposed as a drilling lubricant as early as 1940, but has not been used extensively until recently.' Graphite has been substituted for oil in certain instances to avoid oil contamination of core samples since it has been found that graphite does not interfere with routine core analysis. A major difficulty in using graphite is the lack of a satisfactory field test for determining the concentration of graphite in mud. DISCUSSION OF METHOD Several possible methods of analysis were investigated, including chemical separation, density fractionation, radioactive tracers, and oil flotation.', ' The investigation indicated that a satisfactory method for field use could be devised using an oil flotation method. It was found that toluene shaken with a highly diluted mud sample would recover sufficient graphite to be apparent in the oil phase. Refinement and standardization of technique made it possible to detect as little as 0.25 lb/bbl graphite and to estimate graphite content to within 20 per cent by using a visual comparison method. The test is limited to oil-free water base muds. Quebracho, phosphates, or barytes in the mud do not interfere with the test but surface active agents, lignosulfonates' and lignites evidently render !he graphite water-wet so that none may be recovered by oil-flotation. PROCEDURE Instructions for determining graphite in mud: 1. Collect representative one gallon sample.- from mud stream. Transfer immediately 350 ml portions of this Sample into four mixing cans labeled A, B, C, and D. Measure out graphite (same as is used to treat mud) for addition to cans as indicated below, using either a specially designed scoop or a balance. Can: A B C D Grams Graphite to Add: none 2 4 6 Stir samples B, C, and D for 15 minutes with propeller type mixer. 2. Clean and rinse well with water four 250 ml volumetric flasks labeled I, 11, 111, and IV. Using a 5 ml hypodermic syringe, transfer the indicated volume of samples from cans A, B, C, and D into designated flasks as follows: From Can: A B C D To Flask: I II III IV Add This Volume of Mud: 4 ml 2 ml 2 ml 2 ml 3. Measure 100 ml fresh or distilled water to each flask and swirl gently to disperse mud. Add exactly 5 ml toluene to each flask. Stopper and shake each

Jan 1, 1953

By W. K. Hartley

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY The Kimberley Division of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited includes four underground mines in Kimberley viz. Dutoitspan, Bultfontein, De Beers and Wesselton Mine and two outside mines, viz. Finsch, an opencast operation and Koffie- fontein, an underground operation. Figure 1 is a map of the Kimberley district showing the location of these mines. Finsch is 150km west of Kimberley and Koffiefontein is 80km south of Kimberley. The head office of the De Beers Company is in Kimberley. The diamond sorting and trading companies for diamonds produced in South Africa are also in Kimberley. Diamonds were first discovered in the Kimberley area at Hopetown in 1866 on the banks of the Orange River. This, and later finds, triggered the start of the great "Diamond Rush". In 1870 the Jagersfontein (now closed) and Dutoitspan pipes were discovered, followed by those at Bultfontein, De Beers and Kimberley Mine (now closed) in 1871, Koffiefontein in 1880 and Wesselton in 1891. Finsch Mine was a more recent discovery in 1961. Finsch, due to go underground in 1986, and Koffiefontein, are fully self-contained with their own treatment plants, housing, services etc. The four Kimberley mines deliver ore by conveyor to a central treatment plant and use joint ser- vices. ,+lining is presently carried out mainly by Block Caving which has replaced the earlier Chambering method. De Beers Mine, on a limited scale, and Wesselton Mine have recently started to use Sub-Level Caving, and both Bultfontein and Du- toitspan are scheduled to use the same method at a later date. The combined ore tonnage produced by the Kimberley Mines is 17 400 tons per day, Koffiefontein 12 000 tons per day and Finsch Mine 17 000 tons per day. THE EVOLUTION OF MINING METHODS Initially, the open-cast mining was carried out to as great a depth as safety would permit. In the early stages of open-cast mining, the Kimberlite was removed in horizontal slices from levels 13m to 20m apart. The rock broken in the workings was raised to the surface by means of endless rope haulage inclines. As lower levels were attained these rope haulages were replaced by aerial hoists, inclined shaft haulages or inclined skip-ways. These methods were dependent upon the strength of the unsupported pipe walls, which became increasingly unstable with depth and a system was adopted whereby the ground mined in open excavations was tipped down passes to tunnels connecting with vertical hoisting shafts sunk in the country rock. As work in the open pit became more and more impracticable due to extensive falls of ground, this system was replaced by a combination of open-cast and underground mining, and eventually by wholly underground methods. Chambering With the advent of underground mining, a system known as "Chambering" (or "Inclined Chambering") was evolved. It was essentially a combination of shrinkage stoping and caving, whereby advantage was taken of the high pressure exerted by the loose rock that had accumulated in the open excavations due to the collapse of the pipe walls. This mining method was introduced around 1890 and was successfully employed, with little change, up to the early nineteen seventies. In this system each mine was served by a main hoisting shaft situated about 300m in the country rock. Main haulage cross cuts were driven from the shaft to the pipe at 200m (600ft) vertical intervals. A sub-vertical shaft, situated close to the pipe provided access to the working levels. Chamber levels were established from the sub-vertical shaft at 13m (40ft) intervals. See figure 2. On each of these levels successive 6,8m wide “cuts" were mined out across the pipe, from one rock contact to the other, and extended vertically to the footwall of the level above. Every 6,8m cut was made up of a chamber and a "back-pillart1, each approximately 3,401 wide. The chamber was mined by overhand shrinkage stoping. The levels were carried "en echelon", with each chamber on a level approximately three cuts ahead of the chamber on the level

Jan 1, 1981

By Joseph M. Jacisin

Fatigue tests were conducted on 2017-T4 alumium in alloy in an u1lrcthig.h vacuum of 2 x 10-lo Torr and in air. The vatio of vacuum-to-air faligue life for this ~malerial varied Jrom 3.5:1 at a strain of 2.5 X 1O-3 ill. pegr in. to 8:l at a strum of 3.3 x X ill. per 171. Sotlze pvelivtlinary data were also obtained on the faligue life of the alumirnum alloy in a dvy-nitrogen atmosphere. A dark deposit observed on the fracture surfaces of the aiv-tested specimens was identified as oxides of tr~angarzese and magnesium This observalion, and the close correlalion betaveen results obtained in vaCuum and dry-nitrogen environtments, tend to confirm that air stvongly influences the fatigue mechanism by a covrosion process. THE fatigue life of certain metals is known to increase when the atmospheric pressure is reduced. Gough and Sopwith1-2 postulated that this is due to a joint chemical and mechanical process operating in air at the surface of the metal with oxygen and water vapor playing significant roles. Wadsworth and Hutchings3 observed that aluminum is mainly affected by the presence of water vapor. Very little information is available on the fatigue properties of structural aluminum alloys in a vacuum environment. This report describes work performed on 2017-T4 aluminum alloy in an ultrahigh vacuum (2 x 10-loTorr) and in air. Some preliminary data are also presented on the fatigue life of the alloy in a dry-nitrogen environment. 1) EXPERIMENT 1.1) Test Material. The material tested was commerciaT 2017-T4 aluminum alloy which, in addition to aluminum, has an approximate composition of 4 pct Cu, 1 pct Fe, 0.8 pct Si, 0.5 pct Mg, 0.5 pct Mn, plus smaller amounts of other elements.* Some typical naturally age to a substantially stable condition. Specimens were then machined from these rods and ground to a No. 8 microfinish. In order to minimize variation in material characteristics, specimens were made from rods procured from the same lot. 1.2) Apparatus. The apparatus and test specimen used in the fatigue tests are shown in Fig. 1. The device utilized a single-cantilever beam with rotating-bending loading. Bending stress was applied to the fatigue test specimen by placing a spacer beneath the bearing support, thereby providing a constant deflec-

Jan 1, 1968

By R. M. Waterstrat

The phase VPt has been reported to have a crystal structure of the B19 (AuCd) type at low temperatures.''' A recent investigation3 has indicated that this phase forms by an ordering reaction from the disordered fcc Pt(V) solid solution which is stable at high temperatures. olander4 has shown that there exists a close structural relationship between the orthorhombic B19 structure and a fcc structure possessing the L1 , (CuAu) type of atomic ordering. One may derive the B19 structure by a shear-like displacement of the atoms in the (002) plane of the ordered fcc lattice along the (010) direction through a distance equal to one eighth of the unit cell dimension, see Fig. 1, followed by an orthorhombic distor; tion of the cube axes such that a = 2.693A. h = 4.413A. and c =4.767A (estimated uncertainty 0.005A). Filings of this phase were produced by grinding a VPt alloy having the B19 structure with a diamond dental grinding disc. When these filings were subjected to X-ray diffraction examination, a pattern of a severely cold-worked fcc structure was obtained. higher solution temperature used (1200 C) or to a much lower oxygen pressure than he reported, due to transfer through many bends and tubes in his complicated apparatus. An interesting observation was made when an oxygen addition was attempted in a cylindrical sample of columbium in the cold worked condition rather than in the annealed condition. The interior of the sample re-crystallized during the oxygen addition at 900°C. The periphery, however. (1 mm) did not recrystallize. A similar sample without oxygen recrystallized throughout the entire cross section. It appears that the re-crystallization is hindered by interstitial oxygen. Presumably, the interior recrystallized before appreciable oxygen could diffuse into the core. This work was supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. When the filings were annealed in a high vacuum furnace for 15 min at 110O0C, however. they returned to the B19 structure perhaps as a result of reordering. Subsequent less-severe cold-working of these filings by grinding in a hardened steel mortar and pestle at room temperature produced a transformation into a cold-worked L1, structure which was slightly tetragonal. Thus it appears that the degree of deformation may influence the final structure. Considerable line-broadening was observed in X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the cold-worked filings and therefore no attempt was made to obtain accurate lattice parameters. Vacuum annealing treatments at 1100'C intended

Jan 1, 1970

The papers that appear on pages 326 through 367 were presented at two joint meetings of the Mineral Industry Education Division, Geophysics Committee, the American Geophysical Union and the Committee on College Curricula of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, at the A.I.M.E. meeting in New York on Feb. 17 and 18, 1941. At the first meeting, the Mining Geology Committee, the Society of Economic Geologists and the Committee on Applications of Geology of the ilmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists also took part.

Jan 1, 1946

The papers that appear on pages 326 through 367 were presented at two joint meetings of the Mineral Industry Education Division, Geophysics Committee, the American Geophysical Union and the Committee on College Curricula of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, at the A.I.M.E. meeting in New York on Feb. 17 and 18, 1941. At the first meeting, the Mining Geology Committee, the Society of Economic Geologists and the Committee on Applications of Geology of the ilmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists also took part.

Jan 1, 1946

R. W. NEWCOMB, New York, N. Y. (written discussion *).-In this paper, the author has enumerated the various sources of error that may, under certain conditions, develop in instruments of the direct-deflection type, but through a failure to mention possible sources of error in instru-ments of the potentiometer type, he leaves the reader with a wrong im-pression. If he would carry his criticisms further and give a list of the possible sources of error on potentiometer instruments, the paper would be more complete.

Jan 12, 1919

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

By W. H. Blauvelt

W. H. BLAUVELT, Syracuse, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*).-I have read Mr. Howland's paper on Calculations with Reference to the Use of Carbon in Modern American Blast Furnaces with much interest, and believe that his method of analysis of the subject will be of material assistance in our study of the action of coke in the blast furnace. Mr. Howland quotes Professor Richards' statement that from the standpoint of the generation of the maximum quantity of heat in the furnace, Grüner was right in saying that all the carbon burned in the furnace should be first oxidized at the tuyères to CO and all reduction of oxides above the tuyères should be caused by CO, which thus becomes CO2. It is clear that the maximum quantity of heat is generated in the furnace when the greatest amount of carbon is burned to CO2 irrespective of whether it is burned at the tuyères or further up the furnace. So it would appear that Grüner's theory is sound regarding the maximum production of heat only because if all the carbon is burned to CO at the tuyères the reduction of the ores will have to be effected by the further oxidation to CO2. Whereas, if the reduction of the ores is effected in part by solid carbon, part of this carbon might be oxidized only to CO, resulting in a higher percentage of CO in the escaping gases than from Grüner's "ideal conditions.? But in studying the combustion of coke in the furnace, it is clear that the production of the maximum quantity of heat is not of the first importance in blast-furnace operation, or in the utilization of the fuel charged into the furnace. To my mind the production of a high thermal head at the tuyères is of the first importance, and the best coke is that which reaches the tuyères in proper condition to produce the highest temperature at the tuyères, and in just sufficient quantity to do the amount of work required there under the conditions produced by this maximum temperature. The combustion of a much larger amount of fuel at the tuyères, under conditions that will fall short of producing the highest possible temperature, cannot produce as good results, either in fuel economy or output. If this statement is correct, does it not correspond with Mr. Howland's statement that too much wind is inimical to low coke consumption? Nothing is more fatal to obtaining the highest temperatures than an excess of air for combustion. In the blast furnace an excess of air dilutes and cools the products of combus-

Jan 10, 1916

By E. Goldin, H. J. Juretschke

THE electrical properties of porous conductors have been studied ever since such materials, usually prepared by pressing and sintering of metallic powders, obtained practical importance. In most cases, however, the results have not been easy to interpret because of the great number of independent variables such as powder size, pressure, pressing rate and temperature, subsequent thermal history, porosity, and so on, which enter into the fabrication of industrially desirable materials. In recent years an interpretation of these properties has become of interest because the electrical properties of many new substances, prepared as fine powders by crystallization from the vapor phase or by reactions in the solid state at high temperatures, have to be determined on porous samples formed from the powder. Since theoretically significant information must refer to the fully dense state of the material, it is important to relate the electrical properties measured on such porous samples to those expected for a sample of 100 per cent density. A simple theory for the porosity dependence of the electrical conductivity and the Hall effect was recently proposed by Juretschke, Landauer, and Swanson.' Their model, assuming a distribution of pores of equal size and shape, sufficiently far apart so that each pore is embedded in a region of uni-

Jan 1, 1959

By E. Alan Haley

Accurate and economic control of line and grade on long tunnels, large structures, excavations and waterways has been a problem to surveyors and engineers for decades. The conventional method of surveying, incorporating a level, transit and a number of surveying technicians, has proven to be a very expensive and time-consuming operation. Now, however, engineers have adapted the laser to help ease the problems of surveying, at the same time increasing the efficiency of such operations. The laser, which projects a continuous, narrow red beam of brilliant light, provides a constant alignment reference that does not interfere with personnel or equipment. A complete laser alignment system, specifically designed for and suited to a variety of mining and tunneling operations, has been developed by the Perkin-Elmer Corp. The engineering significance of this development can be fully realized when it is noted that, aside from potentially tremendous economic advantages in terms of labor savings, the laser beam provides a system of alignment that is at least ten times more accurate than presently used optical systems. The new laser system provides accuracies within 10 microinches per foot (1 x 10-5in.) when used with an accessory centering detector. In one of its first field trials, the laser was used for alignment of a two-mile tunnel which showed a total deviation of less than 5/8 in.

Jan 4, 1968

By Harold B. Goldman, Don Reining

The sand and gravel industry is the largest nonfuel mineral industry in the nation (Drake, 1972), Table 1. In 1970, the production of sand and gravel totaled 944 million tons valued at $1.1 billion. California, which leads the nation with more than 140 million tons, together with Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, and New York, account for 43 % of the total production in the nation. In commercial usage, "sand" applies to rock or mineral fragments ranging in size from particles retained on a No. 200 sieve (0.074 mm openings) to those passing a No, 4 sieve (4.76 mm openings). "Gravel" consists of rock or mineral fragments larger than 4.76 mm, ranging up to 3%-in. maximum size. The construction industry consumes 96% of the sand and gravel produced; the remainder is sand used for specialized products such as glass (see the chapter on "Silica and Silicon"). Utilization The building industry uses sand and gravel chiefly as aggregate in portland cement concrete, mortar, and plaster; the paving industry uses sand and gravel in both asphaltic mixtures and portland cement concrete. Aggregate is commonly designated as the inert fragmental material which is bound into a conglomerate mass by a cementing material such as portland cement, asphalt, or gypsum plaster.

Jan 1, 1975

By John A. Emery, Frank G. Snyder

Mining geology has a threefold objective: to guide prospecting for new ore, to evaluate known orebodies as development risks, and to supply the detailed knowledge of ore structures necessary for more economical extraction. The role of geology in exploration is well established. This article will deal solely with orebody evaluation and the application of geology to development and mining problems as practiced by St. Joseph Lead Co. in the southeast Missouri district, which for many years has supplied approximately 30 pct of U. S. lead production. The primary concern of the present discussion is geology in the district, not geology of the district. The southeast Missouri district, locally called the Lead Belt, includes parts of St. Francois, Madison, and Washington counties. The first recorded mining was about 1720 at Mine La Motte in Madison County on surface showings of lead ore. Later discoveries near Bonne Terre, twenty-five miles to the north, led to extensive prospecting and underground mining. To date the district has yielded well over 8 million tons of pig lead, valued at more than $1 billion. By far the greater part of the lead production has come from an area of 50 sq miles, centering Fig. 1-Central portion of southeast Missouri on the city of Flat River, as shown in Fig. 1.

Dec 1, 1956

By John W. King

Uranium ore was first discovered in the Edgemont district of the southern Black Hills in the summer of 1951. The discovery was not made known for some time, but after the news leaked out prospecting became intense, and several hundred claims were staked in the spring of 1952. The Hot Springs Sub Office of the Atomic Energy Commission was established at that time and airborne radiometric surveys were commenced by the Government and by private companies. During the succeeding summer another important discovery was made by private airborne surveys in the northern Black Hills, and the area favorable for uranium ore was expanded many times. Between that summer of 1952 and the present, many individuals and groups have explored, developed, and exploited their claims until now uranium ore is produced in significant quantities and substantial reserves have been developed. The Black Hills portion of the geologic map of the U. S. issued by the U. S. Geological Survey is shown in Fig. 1. Sedimentary formations are exposed as a series of cuestas and hogbacks in a roughly annular pattern with the older sediments resting on the pre-Cambrian core, which is exposed in the eastern and southern portions of the dome.

Jan 1, 1956

By P. N. Ivanov

The world experience shows that the tremendous potentialities of the computers and other technical means in improving management efficiency are not fully utilized. One of the causes is the tendency to solve the problems of management automation divorced from the management methods and schemes which demand continuous improvement in view of the steady progress of the social production. It may be safely affirmed that making decisions on management improvement divorced from management schemes or on both divorced from management automation problems cannot lead to success. The grave and sometimes unsuperable difficulties encountered in management automation arise from copying traditional management methods and schemes without solving the problems which exist both in management and automation fields. The system solution of management problems has unquestionable advantages and is not proposed for discussion. What is proposed to discuss is the difficulties emerging in developing a methodology of the system approach to management improvement and automation. Though aware of the fact that the questions proposed for discussion are not new, we think it advisable to briefly review them, first because they fall in the "chronically unsolvable" category, and, secondly, as it will enable us to illustrate the method of solving them in the framework of the proposed system approach.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. R. Denison

Several productive areas in the Mid-Con-tinent are broadly and briefly examined with respect to the present depth of drilling on productive structures, and the thickness of sediments remaining untested. Evidence is offered to show that a vertical mile to two miles of untested but prospective formation remain within reach of the drill. In no case would a well deeper than 15,000 ft. be required, and in most cases to no greater depth than 10,000 ft. Recent outstanding success of deeper prospecting in West Texas demonstrates the merits of deeper drilling on known structure. Introduction New fields discoverd during I942 equaled or exceeded the number in any preceding year. The total amount of oil found by these discoveries was less than in any previous year, for which accurate records are available. This means that the pools now being discovered are much smaller than in past years. This is to be expected, since the prospects available during 1942 were largely those overlooked in the earlier years and therefore represent a second or third order (in quality) of structural feature. This failure to find pools of good size and quality raises grave doubt as to the security of our future oil supply. With military needs rising almost daily, and the period of heaviest con- sumption in our war effort still in the future, there is even a growing doubt as to our ability to supply the amount needed for our ultimate victory. This does not mean that our reserves are inadequate, but rather that our "capacity to produce" may be inadequate. Lacking large fields with flush production, our capacity to produce is rapidly approaching our current needs. ,Since the industry is unable to find the large new fields necessary to keep a safe margin of "capacity to produce," other means are needed. It seems obvious that one of these should be deeper prospecting on the large, proven, productive structural features now known. The exploratory wildcat is drilled primarily in search of a trap and the reason for failure to find oil and gas in nine out of ten cases is due to the absence of a suitable trap under the drill site. Therefore, deeper drilling on a known structural feature that is productive largely eliminates the greatest hazard in wildcat drilling. While by no means all the oil known today is found in structural traps—in fact, some have estimated that less than half is so located— the fact remains that structural traps are far more commonly the oil fields that have multiple horizons of production superimposed one over the other. Outstanding examples are the Eldorado field in Kansas, the Tonkawa and Cushing fields in Oklahoma, the Louden and Salem pools of Illinois, and the richest and most prolific of all structural traps, the Long Beach, Ven-tura and other similar fields of California.

Jan 1, 1944

By A. R. Denison

Several productive areas in the Mid-Con-tinent are broadly and briefly examined with respect to the present depth of drilling on productive structures, and the thickness of sediments remaining untested. Evidence is offered to show that a vertical mile to two miles of untested but prospective formation remain within reach of the drill. In no case would a well deeper than 15,000 ft. be required, and in most cases to no greater depth than 10,000 ft. Recent outstanding success of deeper prospecting in West Texas demonstrates the merits of deeper drilling on known structure. Introduction New fields discoverd during I942 equaled or exceeded the number in any preceding year. The total amount of oil found by these discoveries was less than in any previous year, for which accurate records are available. This means that the pools now being discovered are much smaller than in past years. This is to be expected, since the prospects available during 1942 were largely those overlooked in the earlier years and therefore represent a second or third order (in quality) of structural feature. This failure to find pools of good size and quality raises grave doubt as to the security of our future oil supply. With military needs rising almost daily, and the period of heaviest con- sumption in our war effort still in the future, there is even a growing doubt as to our ability to supply the amount needed for our ultimate victory. This does not mean that our reserves are inadequate, but rather that our "capacity to produce" may be inadequate. Lacking large fields with flush production, our capacity to produce is rapidly approaching our current needs. ,Since the industry is unable to find the large new fields necessary to keep a safe margin of "capacity to produce," other means are needed. It seems obvious that one of these should be deeper prospecting on the large, proven, productive structural features now known. The exploratory wildcat is drilled primarily in search of a trap and the reason for failure to find oil and gas in nine out of ten cases is due to the absence of a suitable trap under the drill site. Therefore, deeper drilling on a known structural feature that is productive largely eliminates the greatest hazard in wildcat drilling. While by no means all the oil known today is found in structural traps—in fact, some have estimated that less than half is so located— the fact remains that structural traps are far more commonly the oil fields that have multiple horizons of production superimposed one over the other. Outstanding examples are the Eldorado field in Kansas, the Tonkawa and Cushing fields in Oklahoma, the Louden and Salem pools of Illinois, and the richest and most prolific of all structural traps, the Long Beach, Ven-tura and other similar fields of California.

Jan 1, 1944

By P. L. De Bruyn, R. J. Charles

The transfer of kinetic energy of translation into other forms of energy by impact is a fundamental process in most crushing and grinding operations. During and after the impact process the original source energy may be accounted for in any of the following possible forms: 1) Kinetic energy of translation of both the impacted and impacting objects. 2) Kinetic energy of vibration of the components of the impact system. 3) Potential energy as strain energy of the components of the system or in the form of residual stresses. 4) Heat generated by internal friction during plastic deformation or during damping of elastic waves. 5) New surface energy of fractured materials. At any instant during the impact process only the strain energy of the components of the system can contribute directly to the brittle fracture process. If fracture is the desired result, as in comminution, it would seem advantageous to choose or arrange the conditions of impact so that a maximum amount of the original kinetic energy could be converted to strain energy at some moment during a single impact. The present work deals with determination of these desirable conditions for a simple case of impact and application of the principles involved to general cases of impact.

Jan 1, 1956

By C. V. Corless

WE are living at a period of the world's history in which social phenomena are on so vast a scale, are of so profoundly soul-searching a nature, and are occurring in such rapid succession in the great world drama in which we are both actors and spectators, that, in our efforts to obtain a rational point of view in relation to them, our minds may fail to discern the simple in the complex and our understanding is liable to be-come confused or even overwhelmed. To the social student whose scientific training has convinced him of the truth of the evolutionary law, Natura non facit saltum, it is neither the vast scale of the events; their deeply soul-stirring nature, nor their rapid succession that matters so much, as the discovery of the underlying principle or law in accordance with which the disintegration and reintegration, which are the two aspects of social evolution, or indeed of evolution everywhere, are occurring. He is most deeply concerned in seeking an answer to the question: Have we in the present great and perplexing upheavals in human society, whether regarded in Central Europe, in Russia, in Great Britain, or in America, a really new cause at work, or, have we, though on a very- large scale, merely new manifestations of the working out of an old principle? When we think of the appalling struggle in Europe, into which the world's greatest exemplar of democracy was finally drawn, no one has any hesitation in admitting that the great conflict was fundamentally a life-and-death struggle for self-preservation and self-propagation on the part of autocracy. The variations we meet with in the statement of the cause of the war arise mainly from differing distances of perspective: but in the last analysis all agree that the autocratic system of political government, which found its very soul and center in Prussian despotism, was consciously arrayed in a final "world-power-or-downfall" struggle against a love of freedom which was steadily widening and-deepening throughout the world, and particularly throughout those parts of the world where this love of freedom and justice has found expression in democratic institutions. It is not irrelevant to our discussion to recall in passing that this most imposing structure ever conceived by the human mind as an instrument of tyranny is lying today an irretrievable mass of ruins, completely over-

Jan 4, 1919