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By J. K. Brooke, R. M. Dreyer

For mining engineers and geologists accustomed evaluating metallic mineral deposits, the problems inherent in determining the worth of non- metallic industrial minerals deposits for the chemical processing industry often comes as a rude shock. These difficulties lead to different, and often much greater, problems in financing the development of such deposits than would normally be anticipated for economic sources of copper, molybdenum, iron, nickel and other metallic minerals. The chemical processing industry is one of the two principal consumers of non-metallic mineral production, the other being the construction industry. In the last decade, the volume of industrial minerals consumed by chemical processers has in- creased by 30%, and further increases are forecasted. To satisfy this growing demand, many new sources of these minerals must be found and developed. For those of us who will become involved in such work, the following brief analysis of the major problems to be expected may be of help in developing a realistic approach to evaluating and financing such a deposit and selling the product to consumers.

Jan 8, 1962

By Donald E. Scheck, Da-Rong Chou

The application of geostatistics to coal reserve analysis is discussed. One problem in particular, the selection of the optimum locations for exploratory drill holes, is considered in detail. A new interactive program to help the geologist determine the best locations is described and applied to a specific property. The steps in the process are described and then illustrated using a mine's actual data. First, a variogram is selected based on graphical displayed information from the known sample data. Kriging estimates are made for the region of interest and the blocks within the region. The location of future exploratory drill holes is selected based on the criterion of minimizing the region estimation variance for a given number of exploratory holes. The least number of exploratory holes required to meet a specified upper limit on the regional variance is also determined. The computer generated recommendations for the exploratory drill holes are compared to a manually prepared drilling plan. The post- drilling analysis of the results is compared to the predicted values.

Jan 1, 1983

By Alan Morris

IN a previous paper1 the results of cutting tests on free-cutting brass rod were reported. Investigation was made of the effects of variation in lead content, microstructure and cold drawing. The author's reply to the discussion of that paper includes a study of the directional cutting properties of drawn and annealed rod. The present paper records the results of tests made on series of samples in which the tin, iron and copper contents have been varied. The apparatus, used and method of testing are described in detail in the previous paper. The machine is of the pendulum-operated milling type used and described by Airey and Oxford.2 Angular readings of the height to which the pendulum rises after falling from a fixed position, both when a cut is made and when the pendulum swings freely, give the basis for calculation of the energy consumed in making a cut. Careful weighing of the sample before and after cutting gives a measure of the amount of metal removed. The results are expressed in foot-pounds per cubic inch of metal removed, and have been called "unit cutting energy." In the course of the discussion of the author's earlier paper, W. B. Price reported large-scale tests involving some 50,000 lb. of material. These tests indicated that the addition of as much as 0.6 per cent of iron and 0.25 per cent of tin had apparently no adverse effect on the high-speed cutting characteristics of the rod. The rod also contained a small amount of nickel. The test results reported here tend to confirm his observations.

Jan 1, 1933

By E. J. Schmitz

This section was obtained last year during an examination of the iron-ore resources of the Rich Patch Mountain region and along Craig's creek valley. The geological members below the Oriskany and Lower Helderberg are exposed along the gap in a beautiful arch, while the higher formations appear in a more or less disturbed state on both sides of this arch, and are partly covered by dèbris. I have thought it of interest to the Institute to reproduce the drawing of this section at the gap which I made in my note-book at the time of my examination; those parts of the section, which lie at both sides of the arch, are only approximated. I give also a number of notes and measurements, referring to the Clinton formation and especially to the characteristics of the fossiliferous ore-seam opened in the various tunnels along the arch (see section). I. In Tunnel C: For the first 110 to 120 feet to second shute, we find the ore only here and there in small deposits, and interchanging with, or changing into, either a very siliceous limestone or a sandstone. About 10 feet beyond shute we have : Sandstone roof. Clay-slate, 211/2 inches Brown lean ore, 1 inch. Sandy clay, 3 to 31/4 inches. 1. Dark .brown ore, 3 inches. 2. Fossil-ore, changing into sandstone or very siliceous limestone, 2 inches. 3. Brown lean ore, 6 inches. Clay and slate below, 1 foot. 194 feet from entrance : Sandstone roof. Clay-slate, 4 inches. Clay 15 inches. Fossil-ore, 63 to 7 inches. Clay and ore, If inches. Lean brown ore, 2 inchea. Clay to bottom, 2 feet.

Jan 1, 1896

R. B. BRINSMADE, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico (communication to the Secretary*) :-As I have previously considered the general equations for mine-valuation,1 I will here discuss only that part of Mr. Finlay's paper criticized by E. E. White, along with some of the general principles of mining taxation, under the following six topics: 1. Rate of interest earned by sinking-fund. 2. Rate of interest earned by investment. 3. Place of royalty item in valuation. 4. Place of taxation item in valuation. 5. Calculation of future ore-prices. 6. Valuation of undeveloped mining land. 1. Rate of Interest Earned by Sinking-Fund.-Mr. Denny's quoted opinion of a 3 per cent. rate is evidently based on English conditions before the Boer war. The great destruction of liquid capital by the great wars and catastrophes since 1897, along with the flood of gold and consequent rise in the average index of commodity prices, has undoubtedly increased the rate of interest at least one-half per cent. In the United States sound savings banks now allow 4 per cent. on deposits, while safe bonds are quoted at prices which yield even 5 per cent.. 2. Rate of interest Earned by Investment.-Gold-mines with uncertain and scanty ore reserves, the objects of Mr. Denny's quoted remarks, are quite different from iron,. copper, or coal mines with definite mineral reserves blocked out ahead by drilling or driving. While 10 per cent is often all inadequate yield from gold-mines, the latter class of mines are often, as safe as city real estate and resemble it as an investment in more ways than one.

Jan 10, 1913

By G. H. Clevenger

(Continuing the discussion of the paper of James Johnston, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 85, January, 1914, pp. 107 to 133.) This paper cannot fail of being of great interest and value to all who are interested in the cyanide process, on account of the important developments which it records. Mr. Johnston is to be commended for the large amount of detail which he gives, and the company and its management for permitting the publication of data of this character, which while of great value to others could well be considered private property. It might be discussed from a number of standpoints: First, as an example of recent practice in mill and cyanide plant construction; second, the mill practice; third, the cyanide practice; and fourth, the new features in cyanide treatment involved. Perhaps a more vivid way of expressing it would be : First, the equipment or tools with which the various operations are carried on, are they the best and most efficient which could have been selected for their respective uses; and, second, is the best use in every case made of these tools? It may be well inquired is the highest possible recovery of silver made at the lowest cost per ounce recovered? For after all, the making of the greatest ultimate profit is inseparably associated with successful metallurgical practice; there must therefore be at all times a careful balance maintained between recovery and cost of obtaining it. I wish to call attention in a very general way to the equipment used and to an anticipation of questions which are bound to arise in this connection. However, the. bulk of my discussion will be confined to the presentation of certain additional data, together with a more or less general discussion showing the line of development which leads up to the present practice and .the applicability of certain features of it to similar problems elsewhere. There are a number of vital points of broad general interest involved in Nipissing low-grade practice upon which metallurgists will by no means be agreed to which I wish to call particular attention in the hope that it will lead to the presentation of data y others of practice in other districts which will' assist in reconciling this divergence of opinion.

Jan 7, 1914

By J. K. Stanley, R. F. Meel

The recrystallization of cold-worked metals is studied ordinarily by determining the temperatures required for complete recrystallization to occur within a given arbitrary time period, usually within 15 min. to 2 hr. The results obtained are conventionally assembled in a three-dimensional diagram relating this temperature to the amount of cold-work (percentage deformation) and the resultant grain size, though sometimes other modes of representation are emp1oyed.l Such three-dimensional diagrams are not complete, for the number of variables exceeds the number represented. The process of recrystallization is characterized by a time-rate, a fact that is not portrayed upon ordinary recrystallization diagrams. It is known that recrystallization consists in the formation of new nuclei and the growth of these nuclei, a process that continues until the matrix is completely consumed and the original set of grains entirely replaced by the new. This knowledge is old.2 Truly heterogeneous reactions invariably proceed by nucleation and growth; the decomposition of eutectoid solid solutions provides an example about which much is known,3 and freezing, originally studied by Tammann, provides the classic example. Although recrystal- lization is not a heterogeneous reaction within the orthodox meaning of the term, the mechanism of the process is the same. As in eutectoid inversion and freezing, it should be possible to study the rate of isothermal recrystallization as a function of time, and it should also be possible to analyze the isothermal reaction curve into the component rates of nucleation and growth that determine them.* Other methods, not employing the rates of nucleation and growth, have been used to represent the rates of such reactions, but these in general have been artificial and have not led to progress. 4,5 The theory of recrystallization is not in advanced state; if recrystallization data were obtained in terms of the rate of isothermal recrystallization, and in terms of the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth of recrystallized grains, and in particular if the temperature coefficients of these rates were measured accurately, an adequate theory should be more readily developed.27 Such an effort requires proper experimental technique, but especially requires suitable methods of mathematical analysis to convert mcasurements made upon a surface of polish into values for the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth and to combine these into a rate of isothermal recrystallization. These methods are now available for the case of three-dimensional recrystallization (recrystallization of

Jan 1, 1942

By R. F. Meel, J. K. Stanley

The recrystallization of cold-worked metals is studied ordinarily by determining the temperatures required for complete recrystallization to occur within a given arbitrary time period, usually within 15 min. to 2 hr. The results obtained are conventionally assembled in a three-dimensional diagram relating this temperature to the amount of cold-work (percentage deformation) and the resultant grain size, though sometimes other modes of representation are emp1oyed.l Such three-dimensional diagrams are not complete, for the number of variables exceeds the number represented. The process of recrystallization is characterized by a time-rate, a fact that is not portrayed upon ordinary recrystallization diagrams. It is known that recrystallization consists in the formation of new nuclei and the growth of these nuclei, a process that continues until the matrix is completely consumed and the original set of grains entirely replaced by the new. This knowledge is old.2 Truly heterogeneous reactions invariably proceed by nucleation and growth; the decomposition of eutectoid solid solutions provides an example about which much is known,3 and freezing, originally studied by Tammann, provides the classic example. Although recrystal- lization is not a heterogeneous reaction within the orthodox meaning of the term, the mechanism of the process is the same. As in eutectoid inversion and freezing, it should be possible to study the rate of isothermal recrystallization as a function of time, and it should also be possible to analyze the isothermal reaction curve into the component rates of nucleation and growth that determine them.* Other methods, not employing the rates of nucleation and growth, have been used to represent the rates of such reactions, but these in general have been artificial and have not led to progress. 4,5 The theory of recrystallization is not in advanced state; if recrystallization data were obtained in terms of the rate of isothermal recrystallization, and in terms of the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth of recrystallized grains, and in particular if the temperature coefficients of these rates were measured accurately, an adequate theory should be more readily developed.27 Such an effort requires proper experimental technique, but especially requires suitable methods of mathematical analysis to convert mcasurements made upon a surface of polish into values for the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth and to combine these into a rate of isothermal recrystallization. These methods are now available for the case of three-dimensional recrystallization (recrystallization of

Jan 1, 1942

By M. R. Geer, H. F. Yancey

INTRODUCTION The maximum yield of washed coal and the required ash and sulfur contents are the only performance factors of direct, immediate interest to any operator. Yet since the turn of the century coal preparation engineers have repeatedly sought more sophisticated performance criteria that could be used to draw comparisons between different cleaning operations and to permit generalizations about types of cleaning equipment or kinds of coal. Proliferation of efficiency formulas resulted. Hardly a year goes by, and certainly not an International Coal Preparation Congress, without the introduction of some new formula or some new concept of an existing criterion. This is merely the usual quest for improvement, because the performance criteria available today, although highly useful, are imperfect. Moreover, they are not as widely understood as they might be. The First International Coal Preparation Conference, which was held in Paris in 1950, accomplished a great deal toward establishing uniformity in terminology and methods of expressing cleaning results; the proceedings of that conference provide a wealth of detailed information on the various performance criteria, their uses and their limitations. For ease of discussion, the various performance criteria can conveniently be classed according to the degree to which they are dependent on the density composition of the raw coal treated. Some are directly dependent, some are only indirectly dependent, and some are, under certain circum- stances, essentially independent. DEPENDENT CRITERIA The yield and ash content of a washed coal are directly dependent on the washability characteristics of the raw coal from which it is derived. Thus, they are manifestly unsuited to comparing the performance of different plants, because no two plant feeds are the same. In fact, yield and ash content, by themselves, are inadequate for even routine day-to-day control. The continuous variation that occurs in the amount of impurity in raw coal, and sometimes in the float ash, make it impossible to tell whether a reduction in yield or an increase in the ash content of the washed coal results from any malfunction or misadjustment of the cleaning equipment. Recovery Efficiency For many years the most popular performance criteria that are only indirectly dependent on the washability characteristics of the raw coal have been efficiency formulas. Of the many that have been proposed, the one advanced by Fraser and Yancey in 1923 has had the widest accept-

Jan 1, 1968

By H. C. Otis

During the past year or two considerable time and money have been spent in developing equipment for tubing large-volume high-pressure oil and gas wells without loss of production. That the efforts have met with success is proved by the fact that any properly cased well, regardless of its production or regardless of its rock pressure or working pressure, can now be safely tubed with no appreciable loss of production, provided experienced crews handle the new equipment. It is conceded that a far better gas-oil ratio can be secured by flowing a well through tubing of a proper diameter—the diameter of the tubing depending, of course, upon the volume of fluid and gas and the depth of the well—than by the more usual method of installing a choke at the mouth of the well. Where possible it is becoming the practice to bring wells in through tubing, though in the majority of instances this is not feasible. In many instances it has developed, after a well has been brought in through tubing, that the tubing installed is either too large or too small for the most efficient operation or that the well had not been drilled deep enough. The equipment described in this paper, in the hands of experienced men, permits the tubing of these wells after they have been brought in, with the size of tubing then determined by actual observation to be best suited for each particular well, and with no danger of the well getting out of control, of catching fire, of drilling itself deeper, or of any loss of production. The deeper the flowing production with the consequent future higher lifting costs, the more essential it is that the size of tubing used be such as to give the best possible gas-oil ratio. The ability to bring in these deep wells through the casing and then, immediately after their completion, regardless of volume or pressure, to tube them with the size of tubing that permits the most efficient use of the gas present will doubtless save many dollars. Uses for the New Equipment The equipment permits a further step in the operation of wells where the conservation of gas is of major importance. Perhaps 3-in. tubing

Jan 1, 1930

By Max C. Eastman, V. H. Wilhelm

California had a record year in production and drilling activity, but the results have not been sufficient to keep up with the enormous increase in demand due to war activity. During the year, 164 dry wildcats were drilled, 80 dry wells in proved areas, 31 gas wells, and 1158 successful oil-well completions for a total of 1433 wells, compared with a total of 765 in 1942. With new discoveries of only 20,000,000 and production of 283,000,000 bbl. for the year, total reserves of California oil have decreased more than 250,000,000 bbl. However, revised estimates of the reserves of old fields indicate an increase in the state's reserves of I00,000,000 barrels. The completion of 1158 wells has served only to maintain the maximum efficient daily rate of production at 800,000 barrels. There is evidence in many fields that oil is being withdrawn too rapidly to obtain the maximum recovery, and more rapidly than is conducive to good production practice. Statistics for 1943 as compared with I942 are shown in the table in the next column, Supply and Demand Steadily mounting needs of the military forces and increased industrial consumption raised total demand for all petroleum products on the Pacific Coast to 914,000 bbl. daily in 1943. That all-time record demand was 149,ooo bbl. daily higher than in 1942 and 214,000 bbl. daily above 1941 demand. Despite restrictions due to shortages of critical material, crude-oil production was boosted from 680,000 bbl. daily in 1942 to 779,000 bbl. daily in 1943, the highest level in 15 years. However, the new crude supply plus natural gasoline production and imports from other states totaled only 840,000 bbl. daily, leaving a deficiency between supply and demand of 74,000 bbl. daily. That shortage had to be made up by withdrawals from inventories, which had been steadily depleted during the previous four years. Aboveground reserves, which totaled 159,574,000 bbl. on Jan. I, 1939, were down to ~8.000,000, bbl. at the end of 1943. Significantly enough, the greater part of that decrease occurred during the last six months of I9437 when more than 23,000,000 bbl. was taken from inventories of both crude and products. Although the size of total inventories on Dec. 31, 1943 might appear substantial, about 65 per

Jan 1, 1944

By Max C. Eastman, V. H. Wilhelm

California had a record year in production and drilling activity, but the results have not been sufficient to keep up with the enormous increase in demand due to war activity. During the year, 164 dry wildcats were drilled, 80 dry wells in proved areas, 31 gas wells, and 1158 successful oil-well completions for a total of 1433 wells, compared with a total of 765 in 1942. With new discoveries of only 20,000,000 and production of 283,000,000 bbl. for the year, total reserves of California oil have decreased more than 250,000,000 bbl. However, revised estimates of the reserves of old fields indicate an increase in the state's reserves of I00,000,000 barrels. The completion of 1158 wells has served only to maintain the maximum efficient daily rate of production at 800,000 barrels. There is evidence in many fields that oil is being withdrawn too rapidly to obtain the maximum recovery, and more rapidly than is conducive to good production practice. Statistics for 1943 as compared with I942 are shown in the table in the next column, Supply and Demand Steadily mounting needs of the military forces and increased industrial consumption raised total demand for all petroleum products on the Pacific Coast to 914,000 bbl. daily in 1943. That all-time record demand was 149,ooo bbl. daily higher than in 1942 and 214,000 bbl. daily above 1941 demand. Despite restrictions due to shortages of critical material, crude-oil production was boosted from 680,000 bbl. daily in 1942 to 779,000 bbl. daily in 1943, the highest level in 15 years. However, the new crude supply plus natural gasoline production and imports from other states totaled only 840,000 bbl. daily, leaving a deficiency between supply and demand of 74,000 bbl. daily. That shortage had to be made up by withdrawals from inventories, which had been steadily depleted during the previous four years. Aboveground reserves, which totaled 159,574,000 bbl. on Jan. I, 1939, were down to ~8.000,000, bbl. at the end of 1943. Significantly enough, the greater part of that decrease occurred during the last six months of I9437 when more than 23,000,000 bbl. was taken from inventories of both crude and products. Although the size of total inventories on Dec. 31, 1943 might appear substantial, about 65 per

Jan 1, 1944

By F. C. Miller

The metallurgical fuel of Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico has been a Veiny tardy member in the caravan of western industrial progress. The history of western coke has naturally been closely related to the development of the metallurgy of iron and steel and the precious metals, in the State of Colorado. It was at Leadville, with a population of 300 in 1877, that the Sentinel was published by Richard S. Allen. The Sentinel gave very full accounts of the various mineral discoveries at the new town of Leadville, which found their way to the more widely circulated journals of the East, and attracted the attention of many people. At the close of 1878, a census slowed a total of 5040 persons. The first smelter was established in 1877, at Malta, two miles from Leadville, by A. R. Meyer, but was not successful. It was succeeded by the Harrison Reduction Works, in 1878. The La Plata began with one furnace in June, 1878, and in 1879 had four furnaces in active operation. These furnaces used charcoal for fuel, and, because of hot tops, suffered a tremendous loss in lead and silver. This difficulty was overcome by the erection of 50 single-bank 10-ft. beehive ovens at Crested Butte, Colo., in 1880. The slack coal sent to these ovens was very pure, and yielded a coke carrying as little as 4.5 per cent. ash. Among the pioneers in the Leadville district were Grant, Eddy, James, Billings, Eiler, and Dickson. To these men the West owes the present expansion of its mining industry, and the erection of metallurgical processes for the treatment of precious metals. On Mar. 1, 1876, Pueblo was connected to the Atchison, Topeka & Sank Fe by the Pueblo & Arkansas Valley branch. The first smelter was erected in Pueblo by Mather and Geist. This modest plant grew into the immense Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co., now a part of the American Smelting and Refining Co. Coke for these small furnaces was made from unwashed Engleville coal, in 186 single-bank 12-ft. ovens at El Moro, in the Trinidad district, and it was not uncommon for the percentage of ash to exceed the percentage of fixed carbon in the coke. On Jan. 23, 1880, the Colorado Improvement Co. consolidated

Jan 1, 1920

The following letter has been received from Prof. Alfred C. Lane, of Tufts College, who is now in charge of the department, of mining in the College of Engineering, American E. F. University, Beaune, France. My DEAR MR. STOUGHTON: I have had a very interesting time here. We were received fast Saturday with great courtesy by the Schneiders at the Creusot plant, and saw many interesting things, from the mammoth guns clown. In one trip I saw a coal mine, an iron mine, an oilshale mine, a gypsum mine, and a most beautiful fluorspar mine. So you see we were not badly located. A mine like Epinac, which has a washery, a briquetting plant, and great central electric plant where coal that might otherwise be waste is converted into electricity and shipped away at 30,000 volts pressure, is of interest mechanically as well as geologically. Many of the French coal seams are very thick here and have especial mining methods. The Department of Mining has been manned by men with whom it was a pleasure and an honor to be associated, as well as with Dean Reber who was in charge of the College of Engineering as a whole. Names like Captain H. C. Ray, former professor at the University of Pittsburgh, on leave in the army, Captain Archbald of the Colliery Engineer at one time, whose work in the Pennsylvania coal mines is well known, Captain Vail of the Engineering and Mining Journal staff and Captain E. C. Dietrich of the Southwest, are familiar to members of the Institute, and Are guarantees of competent instruction.

Jan 7, 1919

By L. C. Snider

NO important discoveries of petroleum during 1932 are reported from Canada. New Brunswick, which has a small production from one field, was inactive, and the production showed a decline from 6600 bbl. in 1931 to about 6300 bbl. for the year 1932. The old fields in Ontario increased from 123,000 to about 131,000 bbl. Alberta showed a decline of more than one-third, from 1,413,631 bbl. in 1931 to about 913,000 bbl. in 1932. This decline was due principally to the restrictions placed on the flow of gas wells in the Turner Valley field, from which the crude naphtha is obtained that accounted for more than 93 per cent of the production of Alberta and for more than 80 per cent of the production of all Canada in 1932. The starting of new wells to the limestone that produces the naphtha-bearing gas was prohibited late in 1931, and only wells started before that time were finished during 1932. One well was drilled in the Turner Valley field to a depth of 7555 ft., establishing a depth record for Canada. It passed out of the Madison limestone at 5560 ft., and encountered showings of oil in the underlying formations, probably of Devonian age. Commercial production had not been established by the end of the year. Commercial oil wells were brought in in two areas in Ontario which had previously been considered as productive of gas only— in the Dawn gas field, Lambton County, and in Raleigh Township, Kent County. The discovery wells had initial productions of about 50 bbl. per day, but no production of major importance is indicated. In Alberta, outside the Turner Valley district, two wildcats were drilled northwest. of Lethbridge in the Keho Lake vicinity. Both failed to make commercial producers in the Madison limestone, but one was testing upper sands at the close of the year. Good showings of oil are reported. A very small production was found in the Madison limestone in a wildcat well on the Twin River structure southeast of Lethbridge and another well has been started near by on what is considered on geophysical evidence to be a better location structurally. About 15 locations were made on the Canadian side of the border north of the Cut Bank development in Montana.

Jan 1, 1933

By D. L. Blakeman, Trimble. J. W., S. W. Banning

Noranda's Grey Eagle mine and mill, in the Siskiyou Mountains of northern California, began shakedown operations in the late fall and early winter of 1982. This paper describes some of the unique features in mineralogy, milling, and water treatment operation at Grey Eagle. In addition, major start-up problems in the mill and water treatment plant are discussed along with measures taken to correct these problems.

Jan 1, 1986

By R. E. Rettger

The area referred to in this paper is the southern part of the Permian Basin lying in southwest Texas and southeast New Mexico (Fig. I). Those fields lying along the northern rim of the basin; namely, the Panhandle fields, are not included. The fields within this area are

Jan 1, 1930

By Sam N. Dewitt, Albert S. Trube

This paper presents a discussion of the pressure maintenance operations which were begun in the New Hope Field. Franklin County. Texas. in 1944. The project has required the injection of extraneous waters at depths from 7.300 to 8.000 ft with intake well-head pressures up to 4.000 psi in three different reservoirs — the Bacon. Hill. and Pittsburg. Records of oil and water production. water injection and the GOR have been kept for each reservoir and reservoir pressures were taken at regular intervals. These data indicate that the Bacon Reservoir had no apparent water encroachment up to the time of water injection. However. the Pittsburg and Hill reservoirs had some natural water influx hut not sufficient to prevent pressures from declining below the bubble point. The Bacon and Hill reservoirs responded almost immediately to water injection. while the Pittsburg which is the least permeable. has shown good pressure response only since .August, 1948. The principle objective of the project has been to increase ultimate recovery. Success of the project to date also has resulted in reduced lifting costs. Esti- mates based on the initial water breakthrough patterns indicate that the primary objective of substantial additional recovery will he accomplished, and there is a possibility that the original estimates elf oil recovery with pres-sure maintenance will he exceeded. INTRODUCTION This pressure maintenance project was one of the earliest primary pressure maintenance programs to he attempted on a multiple zone field. There are three producing reservoirs into which water is being injected for the purpose of maintaining pressure and increasing the ultimate recovery- from each. This paper is limited in scope to al1 account of the development of the project. the pressure production relationship prior to the injection of water and the effect of water injection on the producing reservoirs. Also discussed are the nature of the injection system and the indicated results on initial water break-through in the Bacon Reservoir. FIELD CONDITIONS The New Hope Field, which is located about 12 miles northeast of Winusboro, Franklin County, Texas, is an elongated symmetrical anticline containing four known oil reservoirs. The reservoirs are of the Trinity group of the Comanchean or Lower Cretaceous period and are found in Table I. The oil productive portion of each reservoir is not present in all of the producing wells because their areas and positions vary with respect to one another. Fig. 1 shows the relative position of the four reservoirs and illusIrate? how some wells could penetrate all four, while others are restricted to three. two. or perhaps one. depending on structural location. The first three reservoirs contain undersaturated oil. The deepest. the Elledge, has a primary gas cap. Although this reservoir covers a considerable area of the field. it has a very thin section and a low order of permeability. Elledge producing wells have generally been characterized by an early increase in GOR, making it necessary to recomplete them in other reservoirs. (At present. one well is completed in the Elledge. which is still producing.) Because of the difficulties en-countered in producing oil from this reservoir. and the small quantity of oil actually present. future attempts at producing it will probably be on a salvage basis during the later life of the program. For this reason, the remainder of this report will be confined to a discussion of the Bacon, Hill and pius-burg reservoirs.

Jan 1, 1950

By L. C. Glenn

In the preparation of this paper the writer has drawn freely upon the writings of Orton, Munn, Shaw, Mather, Miller, Hoeing, St. Clair, Jillson, and others, as well as upon his own personal knowledge of the fields of both states. It is to be regretted that certain data gathered by him and his assistants last fall are not available for publication. Oil in Tennessee A few wells drilled for brine for salt making in Tennessee between 1820 and 1840 obtained oil, but no definite search was made for oil until just after the close of the Civil War. Active drilling was then begun in Overton and counties southwest of it on the eastern half of the Highland Rim. A number of strikes were made at shallow depths in the basal part of the Mississippian but the wells were soon exhausted and abandoned. Drilling was revived, about 1892, when the Spurrier district in Pickett County was developed and was followed by the Riverton district in the same county in 1896. A pipe line was laid from the Wayne County, Ky., fields and about 60,000 bbl. of oil were run before a very heavy slump in the production, a failure to find an extension of the field, and excessive local taxation caused the removal of the pipe line in 1906. There was then no production in Tennessee until the discovery, in 1915, of oil near Oneida, Scott Co., at about 950 ft. (289 m.) in fissures in the Newman or St. Louis limestone. This field, however, soon failed and was abandoned. In 1916, oil was found at Glen Mary, Scott Co., in the Newman limestone at a depth of 1232 ft. (375 m.) A number of wells have since been drilled there, some of which were dry while others, close by, were produccrs. The largest one yielded, at first, about 340 bbl. per day and produced for several months, when it suddenly went dry. Several of the first wells began at 6 or 8 bbl. per day and are still maintaining that output. Production is from a fissured part of the limestone and varies greatly in accordance with the size and extent of the ramification of the

Jan 1, 1921

By Irving Cadoff, Kurt Komarek, Edward Miller

Barium can be purified by equilibration with titanium. The melting point of barium was found to be 726.2° i 0.5 °C. The room-temperature lattice parameters of BaTe and Bask are 7.004 * 0.002A and 6.600 * 0.002A. Melting points for BaTe and Base were found to be 1510° * 30°C and 1830° ± 50°C, respectively. HIGH-purity barium and its compounds are difficult to prepare because of the reactivity of barium with the atmosphere and the large heats of formation of the compounds. Purification of barium by vacuum distillation,' and the preparation and properties of barium oxide2 and barium sulfide3 have been reported. However, little has been done on the homologous compounds barium selenide and telluride. PURIFICATION OF BARIUM Distilled barium obtained from King Laboratories was used as the starting material. The analysis supplied with the metal showed the presence of: 0.4 wt pct Sr, 0.001 pct Mg, 0.02 pct F, 0.003 pct Cu, 0.005 pct Na and less than 5 x 10-3 wt pct of any other metallic impurity. Analyses for oxygen and nitrogen were not available. Since there is evidence4 that any barium nitride present in the starting material may decompose on distillation producing nitrogen which can contaminate the distillate, further purification was performed. At elevated temperatures, any nitrogen and oxygen present in barium should be removed by reaction with titanium. Assuming that the solubility of oxygen in liquid barium is negligible near the melting point of barium, any oxygen present will be in the form of BaO. Removal of oxygen from molten barium is expressed by the equation: BaO(S)+ TixOy(S) = Ba(l)+ TixO(y+1)(s) where Ti,Oy and TixO(y+1) are solid solutions of oxygen in titanium. At 1000°C, the change in free energy for this reaction is negative for (y+1)/x +y+1) x (100) 17.5 at. pct O.5 Since reaction with commercially pure titanium (containing 0.07 wt pct oxygen) results in a free energy change for the reaction of -19 kcal per g-atom, slight solubility of oxygen in barium would not hinder the oxygen removal. Since comparable thermodynamic data are not available to permit calculation of the partition of nitrogen between liquid barium and titanium, a similar quantitative relationship cannot be obtained. However, on the basis of work by Kubaschewski and Dench,5 complete removal of nitrogen from liquid barium can be expected. Since the melting point of barium is depressed markedly by small additions of nitrogen,' the change in melting point during reaction of barium with titanium was used to follow the purification reaction. MELTING POINT OF BARIUM A 50-g sample of barium was sealed by arc welding under argon into an all titanium crucible provided with a thermocouple well. The melting point of the sample was determined by thermal analysis, using a Pt/Pt-10 pct Rh thermocouple which was calibrated according to National Bureau of Standards specification6. The crucible was then heated for 48 hr at 950°C in vacuum and the melting point redetermined. This procedure was repeated until three successive thermal analyses agreed within ±0.5oC, the limits of error of the analysis. The melting point increased from an initial value of 720.0°C to a final value of 726.2°C. Analysis on samples quenched from 950°C gave a solubility value of 0.004 wt. pct Ti. Assuming that the titanium-barium phase diagram is similar to those of titanium-magnesium7 and titanium-calcium,8 the solubility of titanium in liquid barium decreases with decreasing temperature. Therefore, the solubility of titanium in liquid barium should be less than 0.004 wt. pctat the melting point (726oC), and the effect of dissolved titanium on the melting point would be negligible. Addition of up to 3 wt pct Sr does not significantly change the melting point of barium,7 so that the effect of the 0.4 wt pct Sr in the starting material will also be negligible. The value of 726.2" ± 0.5C obtained for the melting point of barium can be compared .with a determination carried out by Keller and coworkers in low-carbon steel crucibles,' who obtained a value of 725± 1C, using barium purified by fractional distillation. The higher value obtained in the present investigation is indicative of the effectiveness of titanium in removing traces of nitrogen. PREPARATION OF BaTe AND Base The compounds were prepared by direct reaction

Jan 1, 1961