Search Documents

By Peter O. Wilkinson

Ascot Racecourse in the UK is a major international venue for horseracing. The racecourse is being redeveloped to provide entirely new public facilities. The development includes the construction of a new grandstand. A site investigation was earned out comprising mainly cone penetration testing. The site is underlain by the Bagshot Formation, comprising predominately cohesionless deposits of medium dense becoming dense, silty fine to medium sand, containing occasional layers of clay. Shallow foundations would present uncertainty regarding total and differential movement; hence a piled foundation solution was chosen using a continuous flight auger (CFA) piling system. The possibility that piles may found either directly on or within the influence of cohesive material suggested uncertainty regarding toe resistance. In order to measure shaft friction, an instrumented preliminary test pile was undertaken. The results were compared to published correlations of cone and shaft resistance. This approach resulted in a net saving in terms of pile length which resulted in optimum value engineering and hence a cost saving to the client.

Jan 1, 2006

By Guillermo Manrique

El presente texto describe las estrategias planteadas por la empresa Southern para la convivencia pacífica con las comunidades afectadas por el desarrollo de las operaciones mineras. Para ello, se requiere definir los objetivos y la filosofía corporativa (responsabilidad social) que garantice el apoyo de dichas propuestas. Asi también se realiza un estudio base de la comunidad, donde se priorizen las necesidades de las comunidades a través de la estrategia de concertación y así ejecutar proyectos participativos de desarrollo social. Finalmente, la información recolectada se sustenta y validad por las experiencias llevadas a cabo en las 36 comunidades del entorno de las operaciones de SPCC, convirtiéndose en un aporte para el tratamiento comunitario.

Sep 13, 2001

By S. R. Sankaranarayanan, T. Sowmya

Slags and fluxes used in metallurgical processes are typically made up of oxides (especially silicates), with additions of fluoride and carbonaceous matter. Despite the efforts made towards understanding the role of slags in various processes, little information is available on the structure of these slags. Tools such as X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and electron microscopy could be used for this purpose. This paper is based on an ongoing spectroscopic and structural investigation of slags and related materials. Spectroscopic studies of various commercial slags (predominantly ferrous), ores, glass and related materials, covering a wide range of compositions, have been carried out to understand the structure. The infrared spectra were recorded, predominantly, using FTIR spectrometer (Bruker IFS 66U) spanning 4000 to 100 cm-1using the KBr pellet method. The resolution was typically 4 cm-1. The spectral outputs have been compiled in terms of bands present (corresponding to different bonds) and then compared with the typical bands expected for such bonds. Efforts are in progress to identify the trends with respect to the chemical composition?for example, the effects of SiO2, Al2O3, and non-bridging oxygens. Data obtained so far indicate some trends such as (i) a shift in the Si-O band (969 to 1099 cm-1) towards a higher wave number with increasing silica content (almost 2 to 92 weight percentage) and (ii) further strong shifts as a function of the alumina content. These are being further investigated structurally and in terms of chemical composition/parameters. Keywords: slags, silicates, structure, spectroscopic analysis, shifting of bands

Jan 1, 2004

By Ray Jambakhsh, Gabrielle Bourget

In the summer of 1998, Ontario Hydro awarded a contract to demolish an obsolete and inefficient chimney by blasting. The Ontario Hydro Thunder Bay Thermal Generating Station (T.G.S.), is a fully operational hydro thermal generating station located in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. The Chimney was a 356 ft (108 m) high freestanding structure constructed of reinforced concrete with a brick liner. Falling the chimney required careful planning due to the highly sensitive structures and equipment which surrounded it. Damage either sustained to the existing systems through ground vibrations or direct contact would have resulted in expensive power outage and/or lost production. The role of Explotech Engineering Ltd. on this project was to provide and evaluation of the proposed demolition procedure, defme the predicted and maximum seismic vibrations at sensitive structures including underground services, conduct pre-blast / post-blast inspections and recommend various safety precautions. The general contractor for the project, LeBrun Northern Contracting Ltd., of Thunder Bay, Ontario was responsible for all site preparations and post-blast clean up. All demolition blasting calculations and operations were conducted by Dykon demolition experts from Tulsa, Oklahoma. On September 13, 1999, the chimney was successfully demolished. Extensive analysis of the vibration records and visual post-blast inspections of the surrounding structures concluded that the demolition event induced no damage to any of the Ontario Hydro facilities.

Jan 1, 2000

By S. Ranganathan

Production of ferro-chromium in the submerged-arc furnace is highly energy-intensive. Several process rates have been attempted to reduce the specific energy consumption in the production of this alloy. An exhaustive understanding of the thermo-chemical features of the production process can be used to reduce the specific power consumption significantly. The knowledge can be used to reduce the energy drain through undesired reactions in the process can be minimised. Plant trials have shown that specific energy consumption up to 100kWh/tonne of hot metal can be obtained by adopting this strategy. The process requires modification in operation practice and does not require any capital investment unlike other processes adopted for reducing power consumption. The principle of thermo-chemistry involved in this process development and results of plant trials are discussed in detail.

Jan 1, 2007

Developments in the technology of explosive production and deliveryallow a greater amount of flexibility in rock fragmentation by blasting. The rock fragmentation efficiency of an explosive is currently given by a rating which is determined by the explosive manufacturers using proprietary formulae and methodology. Hence, comparison of explosives from different manufacturers may be misleading. Modeling of explosive energy, using a thermochemical code such as CHEETAH provides an objective standard by which the likely performance of different explosive formulations can be determined. Such modeling can be used for optimisation of explosive composition to match specific rockfragmentation objectives.

Jan 1, 2001

By E. F. Perry

Simulated weathering tests are used to estimate leachate quality of rocks containing varying concentrations of pyrite and carbonates at mines. This study reports the inter-laboratory results from the third phase of a three part effort to develop a standardized, reproducible simulated weathering test for coal mine overburden. Initial development in phases I and II included evaluation of different test apparatus, effects of particle size, gas composition, leaching frequency and other variables. Phases I and II results are reported by Brady et al (2004) and Hornberger et al (2004). In Phase III, a standard column leaching protocol was used by eight commercial, government and university labs to test five rocks of different lithology, pyrite and carbonate content. Ideally, a simulated weathering test should have three characteristics to be useful in mine drainage studies. These include the capability to produce repeatable results, accuracy in simulating field conditions, and a concise test protocol of weeks to a few months. Simulated weathering, or kinetic testing, produces an effluent that simulates mine drainage composition. This can be beneficial for predicting mine drainage quality in comparison to whole rock analyses. The effluent may be tested for the same water quality parameters as the drainage produced during mining, such as pH, acidity, alkalinity, sulfate, iron, manganese, aluminum or other parameters. If the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the kinetic tests are representative of those found in the mine environment, leachate composition may be used to estimate the water quality parameter concentrations produced during mining. Hornberger and Brady (1998), and Geidel et al (2000), compiled comprehensive chapters on kinetic tests for mine drainage prediction. These sources included: (1) a chronology and synopsis of scientific literature on these kinetic tests as they have developed over approximately 50 years, (2) discussion of the influence of physical, chemical, and biological processes, and (3) general guidelines for test procedures, data interpretation, and recommendations for further research to develop standard methods. Most of the kinetic test methods in use today were substantially developed and applied more than 40 or 50 years ago, including leaching columns (Braley, 1949), humidity cells (Hanna and Brant, 1962), Soxhlet reactors (Pedro, 1961), and field scale tests (Glover and Kenyon, 1962). . The most commonly used kinetic tests for mine drainage prediction are leaching columns and humidity cells. While these kinetic test methods and others have been used in hundreds of mine drainage studies as shown in Hornberger and Brady (1998) and other references (e.g. Sorini, 1997), they have rarely been used in coal mine permitting by either regulatory agencies or the mining industry. The major impediment to routine use of kinetic test methods is the variation in the design and operation of these kinetic tests, and lack of a standardized, accepted (e.g. by EPA or ASTM) test method. Interpretation and data comparison from different studies can be difficult. METHODS Five rocks of varying lithology, mineralogy, carbonate and pyrite content were collected in bulk from Pennsylvanian age coal measures in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Indiana. Mineralogical composition of the samples was characterized in detail by Hammerstrom et al (in press) using optical, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe methods. Acid Base Accounting (Sobek et al 1978; Skousen et al, 1997, Kania, 1998) was performed on bulk samples for % total sulfur (%S) as a measure of pyrite and potential acid generation, and Neutralization Potential (NP) as an index of carbonate content. A modified NP test, following the procedure suggested by Skousen et al, 1997 was also conducted for four of the five samples. The modified NP test accounts for initial acid consumption, Fe oxidation, and subsequent Fe hydrolysis by the iron carbonate mineral siderite. Siderite, even though it is a carbonate gives zero net alkalinity. Lithologic, Acid Base Accounting and general mineral composition data for the five rocks are shown in table 1 (see Appendix). Whole rock elemental analysis for major and trace elements was conducted on a sub-sample of each rock type. One laboratory was contracted to mix, homogenize, and size the bulk samples and prepare sub-samples for all the participating labs. Splits were sent to eight labs, and each organization was provided a detailed set of instructions for column assembly and leaching procedure. The protocol was developed based on results from phases 1and 2 of this study. The principal features of the column assembly are: a specific composition of particle size by weight (table 2), weekly leaching cycles, and incubation under humidified air containing 10% CO2. Figure 1 shows the column construction. [ ] The particle size distribution of the crushed rock sample is largely an artifact of the crushing process, rather than a natural systems process like the particle size distribution of a soil or an unconsolidated sedimentary deposit. The standardized particle size distribution, shown in Table 2, promotes operational consistency of the weathering test procedure, and provides better control over reaction kinetics. Large amounts of fine particles within specific zones of the leaching columns have been found to impede uniform fluid flow and/or gas flow (Hornberger and Brady, 1998). Regarding reaction kinetics, the importance of surface area to volume ratios has been described in a previous phase of this study (Brady et al., 2004), and significant differences in crushed particle size distributions and effective surface areas were found among the lithologic units. Standardizing the particle

Jan 1, 2009

By Louis A. Carapella, William E. Shaw

Magnesium and its alloys have long been characterized as possessing limited capacity for mechanical forming at atmospheric temperatures prior to rupturing despite their outstanding performances in this respect at elevated temperatures. Responsible for this behavior are the fundamental facts that these hexagonal-type metals have comparatively few slip elements at low temperatures for any extensive deformation and that, at high temperatures, additional slip elements become operative, thus enhancing greater plasticity under strain. The transitionai point has been set at 2 25°C by Schmidl for single crystals, and at 250°C by Morel1 and Hanawalt² for extruded magnesium metal. In a recent X-ray investigation on poly-crystalline magnesium-alloy sheets, Barrett and Haller3 have revealed that, below the transitional tempelature, the initial plastic deformation proceeds mostly by a twinning action; that, above such a temperature, the action is mostly by slip. The deep-drawing performance of the magnesium + 1.5 pct alloy sheet† over a wide range of temperatures has been investigated by Weber and Vanden Berg,' and their results are presented in Fig I. It should be noted from this work that a maximum drawability of about 25 pct at room temperature has been obtained on this alloy under the conventional deep-drawing operations. For the same alloy, it is now possible to augment the cold drawability to about 40 pct by a process to be disclosed. Hitherto, this value has been obtained only by deep-drawing the alloy at around 230°C. That greater plastic flow is attainable at atmospheric temperatures on magnesium under certain deformational techniques was discovered by the authors6 in their analyses of plastic-deformational behaviors of pure magnesium. This fact is best illustrated in Fig 2 from the Har-greaves analysis6 performed by the authors under two different modes of loading. For direct test, a separate unstrained specimen was used for each load duration, whereas for the integrated test the same specimen was employed for all the five intermittent loadings so that the load duration was made additive throughout the investigation. The higher plastic flow-rate at room temperature, as designated by the Har-greaves constant S, was obtained by the integrated or intermittent loading procedure. The authors6 in further tests showed that, under such a procedure greater plastic flow was also realized with a progressive increase in deformatione 1 loads. These findings have been applicd

Jan 1, 1947

By William E. Shaw, Louis A. Carapella

Magnesium and its alloys have long been characterized as possessing limited capacity for mechanical forming at atmospheric temperatures prior to rupturing despite their outstanding performances in this respect at elevated temperatures. Responsible for this behavior are the fundamental facts that these hexagonal-type metals have comparatively few slip elements at low temperatures for any extensive deformation and that, at high temperatures, additional slip elements become operative, thus enhancing greater plasticity under strain. The transitionai point has been set at 2 25°C by Schmidl for single crystals, and at 250°C by Morel1 and Hanawalt² for extruded magnesium metal. In a recent X-ray investigation on poly-crystalline magnesium-alloy sheets, Barrett and Haller3 have revealed that, below the transitional tempelature, the initial plastic deformation proceeds mostly by a twinning action; that, above such a temperature, the action is mostly by slip. The deep-drawing performance of the magnesium + 1.5 pct alloy sheet† over a wide range of temperatures has been investigated by Weber and Vanden Berg,' and their results are presented in Fig I. It should be noted from this work that a maximum drawability of about 25 pct at room temperature has been obtained on this alloy under the conventional deep-drawing operations. For the same alloy, it is now possible to augment the cold drawability to about 40 pct by a process to be disclosed. Hitherto, this value has been obtained only by deep-drawing the alloy at around 230°C. That greater plastic flow is attainable at atmospheric temperatures on magnesium under certain deformational techniques was discovered by the authors6 in their analyses of plastic-deformational behaviors of pure magnesium. This fact is best illustrated in Fig 2 from the Har-greaves analysis6 performed by the authors under two different modes of loading. For direct test, a separate unstrained specimen was used for each load duration, whereas for the integrated test the same specimen was employed for all the five intermittent loadings so that the load duration was made additive throughout the investigation. The higher plastic flow-rate at room temperature, as designated by the Har-greaves constant S, was obtained by the integrated or intermittent loading procedure. The authors6 in further tests showed that, under such a procedure greater plastic flow was also realized with a progressive increase in deformatione 1 loads. These findings have been applicd

Jan 1, 1947

By Kunihisa Katsuyama, Yuji Ogata, Yuji Wada

The one free surface blasting of a concrete block was simulated by Discontinuous Deformation Analysis(DDA) method. Comparing the simulated results with the concrete block blasting experiment, the crack growth and the free surface displacement which were simulated by DDA were observed with a high speed camera.

Jan 1, 1996

By Cheng Lin

The Group Equivalent Pile (GEP) approach was proposed by researchers to analyze a laterally loaded pile group. This approach enables engineers to evaluate the behavior of a pile group in single pile analysis software, such as LPILE. A previous study showed that the calculated results using the GEP approach for piles agreed well with field test data. To evaluate the accuracy of the GEP method for analyzing laterally loaded shafts, two case studies with different shaft diameters were performed in this study. The comparisons showed that the calculated results using the GEP method and considering the contribution of the shaft cap if embedded generally agreed with the measured from the full-scale tests.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. E. Kogel

Industrial minerals play a central and dual role in the sustainable development (SD) of natural resources. Over the past decade the mining industry has increasingly focused on sustainably extracting and processing industrial minerals. This trend has been driven by higher energy costs, diminishing water resources and sensitivity towards environmental stewardship. Industrial minerals have been used throughout human history as low cost, naturally occurring, materials. Today they are critical components of recycled packaging, energy efficient building materials, light weight paper coatings, and other products critical to the responsible utilization of global resources. As industrial minerals become more widely used in ?green? products, mining companies have established best practices for the sustainable management of industrial minerals mining and processing. These management practices include reducing energy consumption, minimizing water usage, increasing waste recovery through recycling and process optimization, and maximizing the amount of ore extracted per acre of disturbed land. With the commitment to SD principles, quantitative methods for objectively measuring SD performance have become increasingly important. Measuring sustainability impact is a valuable tool for effectively applying SD principles and for making choices that balance sustainable development against other business objectives. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MINING Sustainable development is a term that has become a common part of our lexicon; however, it has multiple meanings and interpretations leading to a sometimes confusing and contradictory array of definitions. The absence of a single, precise definition reflects the fact that SD is a broad concept or paradigm that offers guiding principles as opposed to a specific set of criteria or regulations enforceable by government or other oversight agencies. While a principle based conceptual approach allows businesses to broadly apply SD practices that are tailored to their specific situation, it has also led the public to sometimes view voluntary corporate SD programs with a degree of skepticism (Walker and Howard 2002). This is particularly true in the mining industry. One reason for this skepticism is that the relationship between SD and mining is misunderstood and to many, sustainably developing non-renewable mineral resources is a contradiction (Rajaram et al. 2005). However, this view takes a very narrow interpretation of the tenets of SD. The second is that mining carries a legacy of poor environmental stewardship that does not accurately reflect current corporate environmental practices Many minerals companies have adopted the Brundtland Comission?s definition of SD (United Nations 1987): ?? development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs?. This definition is very broad and can be interpreted in a number of ways. It provides a general context for sustainable development and is not intended to provide detailed guidelines addressing specific aspects of sustainable development. To fill this gap the following SD principles were drafted by the international minerals community in 2003 (ICMM 2003): 1. Implement and maintain ethical business practices and sound systems of corporate governance. 2. Integrate sustainable development considerations within the corporate decision-making process. 3. Uphold fundamental human rights and respect cultures, customs and values in dealings with employees and others who are affected by our activities. 4. Implement risk management strategies based on valid data and sound science. 5. Seek continual improvement of our health and safety performance. 6. Seek continual improvement of our environmental performance. 7. Contribute to conservation of biodiversity and integrated approaches to land use planning. 8. Facilitate and encourage responsible product design, use, re-use, recycling and disposal of our products. 9. Contribute to the social, economic and institutional development of the communities in which we operate. 10. Implement effective and transparent engagement, communication and independently verified reporting arrangements with our stakeholders. These guidelines insure that SD concepts are applied equally across the industry while setting a clear performance standard and benchmark against which to evaluate success. By adopting these principles and issuing the Milos Statement (http://www.sdimi.org/milos_decl_October%206_2003.pdf), which provides a more detailed vision for integrating SD into everyday business operations, the minerals industry has embraced SD as a core corporate value. The unifying and holistic approach embodied in SD principles impacts the entire mine to market life cycle and addresses the economic, environmental and social consequences of mining. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS The world economy relies heavily on minerals; they are essential to economic prosperity and the quality of life. Industrial minerals are non-metallic, non-fuel minerals that provide the raw materials for a vast range of products used in most every aspect of daily life. They are mined and processed worldwide and they span the spectrum from relatively low value, high volume commodities (e.g. common clay, crushed stone) that are usually mined locally to high value, low volume specialty materials that are sourced from unique one of a kind deposits (e.g. barite, talc, mica). High volume commodity mining operations are often located near the end use market which, in most cases, means areas of high population density where construction and other urban activities drive demand. In these situations the strict adherence to SD principles is particularly critical as these are highly visible operations that must meet the public?s demand for good corporate citizenship. These operations are similar to chemical or other manufacturing facilities that operate near population centers. In contrast, some mining operations are located in remote but environmentally sensitive regions of the globe where the pressure to mine sustainably is driven by the need to preserve habitats and other

Jan 1, 2009

By A. Fisne

Outburst of gas, coal and rock can be defined as sudden release of coal and rock accompanied by large quantities of gas into the working face or other mine workings. The outburst events appeared rarely in some metal mines has generally occurred in salt and coal mines especially bituminous coal mining. The most important factors that influence the occurrence of outbursts are gassiness of the coal seam, tectonics, properties of the coal and rock and vertical and lateral stresses occurring in the seam and or rock or part of the coal seam. This paper describes the problem of gas and coal outbursts in underground coal mines. The outburst events occurred in Zonguldak Coal Basin located on the Black Sea coast was investigated since 1969. Geological and gas conditions of Zonguldak Coal Basin are described. The incidents are analyzed statistically with the criteria such as amount of coal and gas outburst, depth of workings, effect of tectonism, thickness and inclination of coal seams.

Jan 1, 2012

By Eric E. Cather

Approximately 270,000 cu yd (20[0],000 cu m) of inferred subeconomic auriferous gravel resources were estimated in three Tertiary deposits in the Polk Springs study area (fig. 1 and table 1). These resources are exposed between tuff-breccia and lava flows of the Pliocene Tuscan Formation and Paleozoic or Mesozoic metamorphic rocks which suggests that although no deposits were identified in the other RARE II areas, they may be concealed beneath the Tuscan Formation. Difficulty in choosing drilling targets will make the likelihood of resource discoveries small. The development and production of these deposits would also be prohibitive under current economic conditions due to the thick covering of volcanic rocks. Recent stream gravels of Deer Creek in the Polk Springs study area contain enough gold to attract gold hobbyists; however, the stream gravels do not have sufficient volume to be considered a resource. Potential exists for additional auriferous gravels near the Occidental Mine in the Polk Springs RARE II area.

Jan 1, 1983

By S. Shrivastava, R. G. Reddy

Spent potliner is generated in the electrolytic process of reducing alumina to make aluminum metal using molten fluoride electrolytes. Spent potliner (SPL), obtained at the end of the pots life contains a small amount of cyanide and fluoride which present environmental problems. SPL became a listed hazardous waste under RCRA (KO88) in July, 1990. One of the possible uses of spent potliner is as a substitute for Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) as a fluidizer in iron- and steelmaking and in the glass industry. A low viscosity and a low melting point are prime requirements for accomplishing the above. In the present study, viscosity measurements were performed. Effect of various additives, such as sand, limestone, dicalcium silicate dust, and MgO baghouse dust on the viscosity of SPL was studied. The results showed that with the addition of sand and limestone, very high fluidity of SPL melt can be obtained at significantly low temperatures. The results suggest that spent potliner mixed with additives could potentially be used as a substitute fluidizer.

Jan 1, 1999

By Richard A. Winters

In 1985, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied 34,000 acres of the 58,040-acre Little Jacks Creek Wilderness Study Area (ID-111-6) in order to evaluate the mineralized resources. The study area is located in Owyhee County, 10, about 21 miles southwest from Bruneau. No mining districts are in the study area, nor were any mines or claims recorded or found. The northern half of the area was covered by oil and gas lease applications; all were cancelled prior to 1985. No economic concentrations of minerals were found in the study area. INTRODUCTION This report describes the USBM (U.S. Bureau of Mines) portion of a cooperative study with the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) to evaluate mineral resources and potential of the Little Jacks Creek study area at the request of the BLM (U.S. Bureau of Land Management). The USBM examines individual mines, prospects, claims, and mineralized zones, and evaluates identified mineral and energy resources. The USGS evaluates potential for undiscovered resources based on areal geological, geochemical, and geophysical surveys. Results of the investigations will be used to help determine the suitability of the study area for inclusion into the National Wilderness Preservation System. Although the immediate goal of this and other USBM mineral surveys is to provide data for the President, Congress, government agencies, and the public for land-use decisions, the long-term objective is to ensure the Nation has an adequate and dependable supply of minerals at a reasonable cost.

Jan 1, 1986

By M. Görnerup, A. Kapilashrami, Seetharaman. S., A. K. Lahiri

Simultaneous reduction and foaming of chromium-rich slag have been studied in a laboratory furnace equipped with X-ray image analysis. Reduction of the metal oxides by graphite generated CO, which caused the melt to foam. The slag composition continuously changed due to reactions and dissolution of lining. Gas generation rate, foam height, and gas bubble size were studied and correlated to slag composition. Viscosity increased significantly during the experiments due to a change in slag composition. Bubble sizes varied little during the progress of reactions but differed considerably for different slags. Bubble sizes were largest for V2O5 containing slag, which is contrary to the general understanding that the presence of strong surface active agents reduces the bubble size. The foaming index did not follow expected trends for bubble size and viscosity, suggesting that foaming index is not a suitable parameter for discussion of foams under dynamic conditions. Keywords: slag, foaming, dynamic conditions

Jan 1, 2004

By R. B. Toombs

In describing the Canadian mineral industry in a world setting, this paper examines the industry from four points of view. First, mineral industry growth is related to trends in economic activity thereby providing a measure of the industry's importance in the Canadian economy. To give perspective to the Canadian scene, reference is made to economic trends in several of the world's leading mineral producing and mineral consuming countries. The Canadian mineral industry is next examined in terms of its major developments of the past 20 years and the resultant size, structure, and production diversity of 1964. The position of the Canadian mineral industry in the world industry is then analyzed by tracing changes in mineral supply and demand patterns. Growth of the Canadian industry depends greatly on expansion of export markets because three fifths of the value of production is accounted for by exports. Finally, attention is directed to the outlook for the Canadian mineral industry. Problems facing the industry are surveyed, and an appraisal is made of economic policies that have encouraged industry growth. A forecast of mineral production value in 1970 is included.

Jan 1, 1964

By Robert W. Waytulonis

This publication contains 1,000 citations of technical and semi-technical literature treating diesel-powered equipment usage underground both generally and specifically. These citations were gathered by U.S. Bureau of Mines personnel over the period of 1978-1983. The citations concern diesel engines as powerplants for underground mining use; their design, emission characteristics and control, maintenance, usage; and health and safety aspects. All citations have been abstracted and arranged 1n a subject classification system with extensive cross-referencing.

Jan 1, 1983

Distinguished guests ladies and Gentlemen. As many of you know, before I became a Labour Member of Parliament, I had an unusual career path for a politician, in that I spent quite a few years working in the business community. In other words, I was mainstreamed before I was institutionalised. Given that some of this time was spent working for the then Macraes Mining Company Limited, now Gold and Resource Developments NL, I feel that I may have a perspective on how things are seen, on both sides of the fence. In terms of public perception and esteem I am not sure which career option was the step up and which was the step down. So far what I have found very familiar, is that in both roles there is a gulf between the reality and the perception of that reality - a gulf that is both huge and hard to bridge. I think it is a point worth making here amongst another busy industry cluster, that we can all too easily get so embroiled in the day to day activities, that we lose sight of how this might look to those running on a different treadmill. I can still remember scratching my head at the beginning of some days, as I worked to get new mining projects started that I knew were going to bring real jobs and economic benefit to New Zealand, but ending the day feeling like I may instead have been proposing bringing back both strip mining and slavery. If I learnt one valuable lesson out of that time it was this: .... mining has become so publicly demonised on the road to ecological nirvana, that even attempting a lucid dialogue on mining issues, with some, is incredibly difficult.

Jan 1, 2000