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U.S. producers for more than 5 months have priced 99.5 percent primary aluminum ingot at 486 per pound. Sales by independent dealers in this same period reportedly declined by 0.5$-2.5$ to 43.50- 44.56 per pound. CADMIUM: U.S. producer-published cadmium prices for the last 5 months have been at $3 per pound. Dealer quotes in the same period fell by almost 504 and ranged from $2.45 to $2.55 per pound.

Jan 1, 1977

It is probably safe to say that, as the economic well-being of the mining industry goes, so goes the fortunes of mineral explorationists. And in 1977 the industry was not well at all. The year-long depression of the copper industry, marked by layoffs, temporary shutdowns, and mine closures, provided an appropriate background for the collapse of the nickel market, passage of a surface mining law that will affect the hard-rock industry in ways that are yet unclear, and the threat of operating under a new set of rules brought on by reform of the Mining Law of 1872.

Jan 5, 1978

By D. T. Randall

The burning of coal without smoke is a problem that concerns the Government directly because of the advantages of smokeless combustion both in public buildings and on naval vessels. In addition, smoke abatement is a factor in conserving the fuel resources of the United States. Hence, as part of its general investigation of the best methods of utilizing the coals of this country, the Bureau of Mines, which is in charge of the fuel-testing work formerly carried on by the United States Geological Survey, has made extended tests to determine the conditions necessary for the smokeless combustion of bituminous coal in boiler furnaces. Bulletin 39,¢ a preliminary report, treats the smoke problem from a theoretical point of view, detailing the steps that are being taken by municipalities, manufacturers, and citizens to abate smoke, also showing the possibility of a clean city. The present bulletin not only shows that bituminous coals high in volatile matter can be burned without smoke, but also that large plants carrying loads that fluctuate widely, where boilers over banked fires must be put into service quickly and fires forced to the capacity of their units, can be operated without producing smoke that is objectionable. Proper equipment, efficient labor, and intelligent supervision are the necessary factors.

Jan 1, 1918

By William W. Odell

In Europe and in certain other foreign countries studies have been made, extending over a period of years, relating to the winning of oil from oil shale. More work has been done in these countries than in the United States, for the reason that a supply of natural petroleum has not been so generally available there as here. Information has been obtained relating to present practices in these foreign lands in the development of a shale-oil industry. It is realized that in the past there has been very little inducement to invest capital in shale-oil enterprise in the United State's because the supply of petroleum has been plentiful; however, the time possibly is not far distant when the utilization of oil shale may be cons¬idered a desirable and financially sound venture, as it may be necessary before long to augment our supply of oil with that recovered by processing shale. The data presented herein portrays at least some of the thoughts of those engaged in obtaining oil from oil, shale in Europe, and they depict some of the results thus far obtained as well as certain plans for further efforts to win oil from shale; it is hoped that those who undertake the development of a shale-treating industry in this country will find useful information in this report.

Jan 1, 1946

By Mark S. Sanders

There is a growing awareness among mining professionals that the human factor plays a significant role in safety and productivity. Since the 1960's, the science of human factors, or ergonomics, has been making inroads into the mining industry, and a considerable amount of research has documented human-factor-related mining problems and solutions. This Bureau of Mines report is directed toward summarizing the application of human factors to improving safety, productivity, and the general physical and psychological working conditions of miners. The aim of this report is to familiarize the readers with the role of human factors in the mining industry and the benefits that can accrue by systematically applying available human factors principles and data. The text contains 10 chapters dealing with human, equipment, and environmental factors. Each chapter builds on the previous chapter; therefore, it is recommended that the chapters be read sequentially However, if the report is used as a supplemental text, say in a mining safety course, chapters can be assigned in any order to supplement other readings.

Jan 1, 1988

By Gordon T. Austin

The combined value of production of natural abrasives, which include tripoli, special silica stone, garnet, staurolite, and emery, increased in 1993. The increase in the value of tripoli production was the result of an increase in total production. Special silica stone experienced an increase in unit value but decrease in the quantity produced. Garnet showed a 19 % decrease in quantity and an 8 % decrease in value. Staurolite increased about 51 % in the quantity produced and 136 % in value compared with those of 1992. Staurolite's significant increase in value of production resulted from a 56 % increase in the unit value. The fused aluminum oxide industry showed an 8 % decrease in the quantity produced and a 13 % decrease in the value of production. The silicon carbide industry saw an 11 % decrease in the quantity produced and an 8 % decrease in the value of production. Combined, the industries decreased 9 % in quantity and 11 % in value compared with those of 1992.

Jan 1, 1993

By W. T. Adams

The production of natural abrasives var¬ied in quantity and value compared with 1975. Output of tripoli-type materials and garnet increased in both quantity and value; special silica stone products decreased in quantity and increased in value; the production of emery decreased. The production and value of manufactured abrasive materials increased for all types. [ ]

Jan 1, 1978

In 1970, the U. S. Bureau of Mines contracted with Theodore Barry and Associates, a management consulting firm, to perform a one-year industrial engineering study of working-face hazards in underground bituminous coal mines. The field data was accumulated from industrial engineering observations in fifty underground mines. Supporting data for the analysis was derived primarily from the Bureau's fatal accident reports for the years 1966 through 1970. This report, Industrial Engineering Study of Hazards Associated with Underground Coal Mine Production, consists of three main parts: 1) The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis, 2) The Industrial Engineering Analysis, and 3) Multiflow Process Charts and Standard Time Data. The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis (Volume I, Section II) is based upon individual USBM fatal accident reports for 1966-1970. These were read, coded and computerized in terms of 84 significant variables. Cross-tabulations of these variables have been used to identify major underground hazards and to quantify significant causal factors. A very strong relationship was found to exist between fatal accident occurrences and low task experience. This led to a recommendation for formalized training, certification and supervision programs for miners. Victim compliance with federal regulations, mine regulations and supervisor instructions was analyzed, indicating that supervisors provide the most crucial communication link to workers. Thus, every attempt should be made to ensure the competence of immediate supervisors in the industry. Analysis of roof fall variables revealed a fatal propensity on the part of the miners to work under unsupported roof or under support conditions that are marginal. The technical approach to the problem is to make it physically impossible for a miner to work under these conditions; the behavioral approach is to ensure adequate training and develop proper safety attitudes among the miners. The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis revealed a need for normalizing data to interpret the results more accurately.

Jan 1, 1971

The contribution of minerals to the growth and development of the United States is best demonstrated by the uses which have evolved during the past two centures. During pre-Revolutionary days the colonies were essentially agricultural in character, producing cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, grains and flour, fish, livestock, dairy products, and timber. Shipbuilding was the major manufacturing industry. In 1763, the total value of exports for Virginia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts was £2,722,000, of which £55,000, or 2 percent, was for "copper ore, and iron in pigs" (3)1 and £49,000 was for 21,000 barrels or hogsheads of "pot-ash." The value of 75 ships built for sale in 1763 by the colonies was £61,500.

Jan 1, 1976

By William O. Vanderburg

This paper gives the results of a reconnaissance of the mining districts in Humboldt County, Nev., made during the month of June, 19373/. During the field work, virtually all the mining districts in the county were visited and many data were obtained on a number of active and inactive properties. No attempt has boon made to include in this report all the properties in the various mining districts, and it should be emphasized that whether or not a property is mentioned herein has no being on its merit. The report covers the location of the various mining; districts, types of deposit, information on past operations and current activity, and general information likely to be useful to operators, investors, and others interested in mining. The geology of the deposits is discussed only briefly. The names of the various mining districts mentioned in this report are those generally used when they were organized for purposes of record and regulation. As organized, the districts embraced largo areas with no definite boundaries, and the names have little significance.

Jan 1, 1938

By Michael Rieber

Mineral economics interfaces the mineral sciences and engineering with finance and economics in the analysis of appropriate questions facing the minerals and energy industries. Its practitioners include those trained in the earth sciences; mining, petroleum, and geological engineering; metallurgy and mineral preparation; as well as finance, information systems, economics, and statistics-most usefully in one or more combinations. Allowing for some overlap, three general areas may be identified: evaluation, economic analysis, and resource appraisal. Evaluation begins with mine investment analysis (exemplified by Gentry and O'Neil, 1984) and process costing, for which the STRAMM Handbook (Anon., 1977) provides a well-known basis for mining and beneficiation. But it extends from property appraisal, often used for the determination of taxes and royalties, through the determination and comparison of transport costs (e.g., Richer and Soo, 1977), and to benefit/cost analyses of externalities. Economic analysis, the subject of this section, is displayed in rigor and extent both theoretically and as applied to commodity classes in Vogely (1985), but it is implicit though apparent throughout Lefond (1983). The text edited by Vogely places minerals in their aggregative context with economic growth and trade, proceeds to the theoretical analysis of minerals and their markets, analyzes the structure and performance of the major mineral sectors, and concludes with policy issues: fuel, nonfuel, and environmental. Resource appraisal employs quantitative methods for the estimation of mineral and energy resources. It moves through geologic, geophysical, and geochemical properties to the identification of estimation procedures for mineral endowment and for the economic measure of stocks and flows of specific minerals (Harris, 1984). It can be used to estimate the probable amount of a specific resource remaining in a given region and has been used to project sites in a specific

Jan 1, 2008

New Copper Deposit in Chile. - The recent copper discovery in Chile, made jointly by U.S.-owned Empresa Minera Utah de Chile, Inc., and Getty Mining Chile), Inc., awaits the passage of Chilean legislation which is expected to govern the terms of new foreign investment in the country's mining sector. Named La Escondida, the discovery is reported to have the potential for producing 100,000 tons of refined copper per year. This compares with Chile's total refined primary copper production in 1980 of 811,000 metric tons, and to U.S. refined primary production in 1980 of 1,122,000 metric tons derived from domestic material, and 89,000 metric tons from foreign material. U.S. Firms Buy Chilean Properties. - A bid of $18.1 million, made jointly by Chevron and St. Joe Minerals Corp., won over competing bids for the purchase of the Libra and Mena gold-silver-copper deposits in northern Chile. Chevron is the lead partner and owns 70% of the venture. The two properties purchased have not been developed to any significant extent. They are located near St. Joe's El Indio gold-silver-copper mine. The venture is also looking at the possible purchase of two other mines in the area.

Jan 1, 1981

Since early July, domestic producer listings in primary aluminum ingot have been at 53¢ per pound. Dealers, however, lowered their August quotes by 1.8¢-2¢ to 47.5¢-48¢ per pound. BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE -The wildcat strike of UMWA coal miners which began on June 23 in protest of cutbacks in medical benefits appears to have ended. According to the West Virginia Coal Association on September 7, 1977, all mines in West Virginia were back in operation on September 6 and again on September 7. The Kentucky Coal Association reported approximately 2,500 miners were on strike in eastern Kentucky on September 6, but there was full employment on September 7.

Jan 1, 1977

By Albert H. Fay

This glossary is publi~hed- by the Bureau of Mines as a contribution' to the mining literature in the belief that it will fill a long-felt need. It contains about 20,000 terms; these include both technical and purely local terms related to metal mining, coal mining, quarrying, petroleum, and natural gas, and metallurgical works; names of useful, important, and common minerals and rocks; an<lgeological terms. It presents in one comprehensive volume the available standard, technical terms relating to the mining and mineral industry, as well as provincialisms that have been or are now in use in English-speaking countries. The glossary also includes many terms relating to ceramics and the clay industry, glass making, foundry practice, railway and building construction, electrical installation and power-plant equipment, and chemical terms relating to metallurgical practice. Complete lists of terms for' each of these allied industries are beyond the scope of this glossary. Paleontological terms, although closely associated with geology, are far removed from mining and metallurgical operations, and for this reason have been omitted. In a compilation of this magnitude, it is difficult, within a reasonable time to verify all definitions as to the latest usage. Much verifying was done and it is hoped that the best and latest definitions have been used. Reference to the publications cited will enable the reader to determine approximately the period when the definition was used. Definitions in use by engineers of high national or international reputation are given first preference. When definitions from different sources are the same, credit is given to the earlier author as being the original or nearest to the original source. Immediately following each term the name of the locality wherein the word is presumed to have originated or is widely used is given, where such information is available. The name of the author or source from which the definition was obtained follows the definition, and serves as a key to the publications listed. The terms selected from the various glossaries and publications examined have been compared with the Webster,

Jan 1, 1920

By George H. Willis

In the second half of the nineteenth century, bimetallism progressively replaced by gold standard. After World War I and 1931-33 depression, gold mainly reserved for official international transactions and internal use restricted. Changes since 1971 have shrunk official international use of gold. International payments deficits and surpluses now financed by private and official credit, rarely by gold. Historical review covers evolution of: (1) internal and external private use, (2) internal official use, (3) external official use, (4) role in IMF and (5) use as unit of account.

Jan 1, 1978

By Ralph B. Stevens

The objective of the Automatic Fire Sensing and Suppression Systems for Mobile Mining Equipment program is to document the design, fabrication, factory testing, 11-month in-mine testing, and final demonstrations of auto¬matic fire protection systems on several units of mobile mining equipment including trucks, front-end loaders, cranes, draglines, coal haulers, and cutters. Proper sealing of all system components from the elements, especially in corrosive mine conditions, is essential for reasonable life-cycles with minimum maintenance. Also, adequate power supplies, wire, connectors, and plumbing with adequate protection from the harsh mine environments and physical damage were necessary during the in-mine tests. The fire protection systems were developed from technology employed during two previous Bureau of Mines contracts: HO122053, Improved Sensors and Fire Sensing Systems for Mining Equipment, and H0232059, Validation Testing of Truck Fire Protection Systems.

Jan 1, 1978

By Albert H. Fay

This glossary is published by the Bureau of Mines as a contribution to the mining literature in the belief that it will fill a long-felt need. It contains about 20,000 terms; these include both technical and purely local terms related to metal mining, coal mining., quarrying, petroleum, and natural gas, and metallurgical works; names of useful, important, and common minerals and rocks; and geological terms. It presents in one comprehensive volume the available standard, technical terms relating to the mining and mineral industry, as well as provincialisms that have been or are now in use in English-speaking countries. The glossary also includes many terms relating to ceramics and. the clay industry, glass making, foundry practice, railway and building construction, electrical installation and power-plant equipment, and chemical terms relating to metallurgical practice. Complete lists of terms for each of these allied industries are beyond the scope of this glossary. Paleontological terms, although closely associated with geology, are far removed from mining and metallurgical operations, and for this reason have been omitted.

Jan 1, 1920

Duties on Lead Imports from Mexico. - On September 15, the President signed Proclamation 4792 suspending concessions formerly granted as of January 1 on red lead imported from Mexico. The Proclamation also increased the duty payable on litharge imported from Mexico from 3% ad valorem to 3.5% ad valorem, effective September 15. Appeal of Lead Standards. - The U.S. Court of Appeals for Washington, D.C., rejected petitions by the Lead Industries Assoc. and St. Joe Minerals Corp. for a review of standards promulgated by EPA and OSHA. The Lead Industries Assoc. reportedly will appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court on the basis of the "benzene" and "cotton dust" decisions. Scheduled implementation of standards will continue during the appeal.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. W. Thompson

AN ACT prescribing the mode of maintaining and defending possessory actions on lands belonging to the United States. The People, etc. SEC. 1. Any person now occupying and settled upon, or who may hereafter occupy and settle upon any of the public lands belonging to the United States, unoccupied, except upon lands containing mines of any of the precious metals, may commence and maintain any action for interference with, or injuries done to his possession of said land, against any person or persons so interfering with or injuring such land or such possession. SEC. 2. On the trial of any such cause, the possession or possessory right of the plaintiff shall be considered as extending to the boundaries embraced by the claim of such plaintiff, so as to enable him to have and maintain any action as aforesaid, without being compelled to prove an actual inclosure; provided, that such "claim" shall not exceed in any case one hundred and sixty acres of land. SEC. 3. Every such claim, to entitle the holder to maintain any action as aforesaid, shall be marked out, so that the boundaries thereof may be readily traced, and the extent of such "claim" easily known, and no person shall be entitled to maintain any such action for possession of, or injury to, any claim, unless he occupy the same, or shall have made improvements thereon to the value of $100. SEC. 4. A neglect to occupy or cultivate such "claim," for the period of three months, shall be considered such an abandonment as to preclude the claimant from maintaining any action as hereinbefore mentioned. Sec. 5. Any person or persons claiming the right of possession to land under this act shall have the right to defend said possession and the claim thereto, and all the rights and privileges given them by this act.

Jan 1, 1918

By Joseph M. Kurtak

The Bureau of Mines (Bureau) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a 4-year (1979-1982) mineral assessment study of the Chugach National Forest (CNF), Ak, as part of the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) Program. The USGS remapped the geology and distribution of mineral resources. The Bureau investigated mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences. This report describes the results of Bureau work in the central 790,880 acres of the Forest. Copper, with by-product zinc, silver, and gold, has been the major metal produced from the study area as well as from the entire Chugach National Forest. The majority of the copper deposits are concentrated within basaltic rocks on Knight Island but the major producers are hosted by sedimentary rocks on Latouche Island. Approximately 182.6 million lb of copper, 1.5 million oz of silver, and an unknown but substantial amount of gold were produced during a 30 year period. Currently no mines in the area are producing. Inferred, indicated and measured reserves having mineral development potential total 4.6 million tons, with weighted average grades of 1.6% copper, 0.30 oz silver/ton, and 0.04 oz gold/ton.

Jan 1, 2011