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By Wayne Loel

The application of aerial photographs to all phases of geologic mapping is set forth, indicating the advantages to be gained in different types of country and undcr varying climatic conditions. Methods of field and office procedure are given from a geological point of view, as well as suggestions regarding the best methods of aerial mapping for different uses and under varying field conditions, including the study of submarinc geology. Aerial photographs with accompanying geologic maps are shown to illustrate the appearance from the air of different geologic features under varying climatic and topographic conditions. Introduction The following paper is in no sense a contribution to knowledge; it is merely an attempt to indicate some of the benefits that may be expected from the use of aerial photographs in geologic mapping and to mention some inherent limitations. The writer has used aerial photographs in his own work for the past 13 years and has had ample opportunity to observe their use in the hands of others. From this experience certain conclusions have been drawn, which may be helpful to those using aerial photographs for the first time. It must he remembered that a photograph of the earth's surface can delineate only that which the eye can see; therefore the geologist should not expect more from an aerial photograph than he would be able to observe were he in the photographer's airplane looking at the area to be photographed. Theoretically, if the geologist had sufficient artistic ability, he could draw as good a geologic map from his position in the plane as he could from observation of the photograph. Practically this cannot be done because the airplane moves at a high rate of speed, which in itself prohibits detailed observation and, no matter how great the geologist's artistic ability, he could not reproduce the detail that can be recorded by a camera. An aerial photograph is a picture map of an area. The picture may be studied in the office until the geologist is thoroughly familiar with every minute detail of the surface of the ground he is about to geologize. If it is an area, underlain by sedimentary rocks, much may be learned

Jan 1, 1941

By Michael G. Zabetakis, Aldo L. Furno, Henry E. Perlee

The Bureau of Mines conducted an experimental study with liquid and gaseous hydrogen to determine the hazards associated with the use of liquid hydrogen as an ionizing particle detector in bubble chambers . The glass window , the vacuum chamber , and the vent system were investigated . In addition , a study was made of the detection and ignition of escaping hydrogen and of the available electrical equipment for use in hydrogen atmospheres . Materials such as tempered glass , aluminum , and stainless steel are not penetrated readily by the small fragments formed when fully tempered glass is shattered and propelled by hydrogen at initial pressures up to 100 psig ; long , slender fragments from untempered glass may penetrate thin walls of relatively soft materials such as rubber gaskets and lead . Hydrogen can be vented satisfactorily from a vacuum chamber with a well - designed vent system . However , the rapid leakage of hydrogen into the surrounding air is a serious problem because the available detectors are satisfactory only when the accumulation of hydrogen is slow . Much of the electrical equipment currently available was designed for use in hydrogen- air atmospheres .

Jan 1, 1963

By S. Cotten

The concept for a Mine Escape Vehicle (MEV) is motivated by the desire to enable personnel to evacuate a mine rapidly as the first and most desirable response to any underground emergency. Under a NIOSH contract, Raytheon UTD developed a conceptual design for a vehicle that coal miners could use to facilitate their rapid exit from an underground coal mine in the case of emergency, including fire or explosion. The vehicle requirements include the capacity to provide life support functions for a number of miners, operate in an oxygen deficient, low or no visibility atmosphere, and travel at speeds faster than miners can walk out of the mine. To develop the MEV concept, three primary tasks were identified and executed. The first task focused on developing a realistic concept of operations (CONOPS) and associated high level vehicle requirements. The second task identified and evaluated currently available equipment and technologies that could be applied to address the CONOPS. The final task developed a design concept that integrated the identified components for the five (5) MEV sub-systems to provide the foundation for future detailed engineering design and prototype construction. The resulting MEV design concept is centered upon retrofitting existing mine personnel carrier chasses with available, mine-worthy equipment capable of addressing the MEV requirements. This approach offers a practical and economic avenue to prototype development and delivery with minimum lead-time and risk. Furthermore, by integrating familiar and available equipment into the design and CONOPS, the resulting Mine Escape Vehicles should also be more readily accepted by the mining industry.

Jan 1, 2010

By André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva

O sistema ferro-oxigênio alumino tem sido investigado há muitos anos em função de sua importância para a indústria do aço. Uma grande fração de todo o aço plano produzido é de aço de baixo carbono acalmado ao alumínio, não apenas pelo baixo conteúdo de oxigênio residual em solução que pode ser obtido mas, também, pela importância do alumínio residual na formação de AlN, ferramenta importante no controle de estrutura e textura obtidas. O sistema Fe-O é relativamente bem compreendido e quantificado, da mesma forma que o sistema Fe-Al. Entretanto, há discrepâncias significativas na quantificação do comportamento do sistema Fe-Al-O havendo, ainda, bastante controvérsia com respeito a equilíbrios importantes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é (a) realizar uma revisão crítica dos experimentos e avaliações termodinâmicas principalmente do equilíbrio Al-Fe-O–Al2O3 (b) avaliar os métodos atualmente usados para descrever este equilíbrio e (c) apresentar recomendações sobre os dados, com base em sua confiabilidade e consistência.

Aug 16, 2017

By Gordon W. Hines

This paper, dealing with network planning in an industrial complex, discusses the type and size of project that can be handled on a manual basis. After a review of the fundamentals of network planning, and specifically of the Critical Path Method, the author analyses several different types of projects, each with its own characteristics. Some can be handled in conjunction with a computer, but others can be dealt with equally well without one. Among the projects discussed are a blast furnace reline, the installation of a billet mill flying shear, and routine maintenance-type operations.

Jan 1, 1967

By James A. Browning

Conventional flame channelling operates continuously at over 120 db --flame-drill channelling at a maximum of 95 db. The latter process was developed under this program. Individual drill holes are spaced to leave narrow rock webs. Sound and dust passing from the hole are effectively treated by a muffler and water injection.

Jan 1, 1980

By D Morgan, D Sato, B Lumsden, S Senanayake

Laboratory flotation tests on fresh cyclone overflow samples are a useful tool to troubleshoot and indeed to improve plant performance; however, reproducibility between laboratory flotation test and plant performance is important for interpretation of the laboratory tests and hence their usefulness. Chemical reproducibility can be achieved with the addition of the required reagents; however, reproducing the physics of forces and energy in a 5 L cell compared to a 50 000 L plant cell or a 500 000 L plant cell is not generally studied or discussed. For some tests such as collector evaluation the physics of the flotation process may not be critical, but for some evaluations in the laboratory, it can be important.All flotation plants suffer from losses of valuable <20 µm mineral. Selective mineral aggregation has long been recommended to improve the poor flotation recovery of <20 µm sulfide minerals; however, successfully testing any type of selective sulfide mineral aggregation’s effect on flotation recovery in the laboratory on practical plant samples requires reproducing plant cell physics. The energy input per litre and the forces in a laboratory cell are vastly different to a plant cell. Reproducibility between laboratory and plant tests requires that these differences be minimised. The physics of the laboratory flotation cell is particularly important when fine mineral aggregation tests are carried out.This paper outlines a modified laboratory aggregation and flotation method that closely reproduces plant performance in a laboratory test.CITATION:Sato, D, Lumsden, B, Senanayake, S and Morgan, D, 2014. Development of a laboratory flotation method to test plant mineral aggregation, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 173–178 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By R. E. Mussier

This investigation was made to study new methods to prepare high-purity yttrium metal, Various methods were used to prepare pure intermediate compounds, primarily chlorides, bromides, and iodides, which were subsequently reduced to metal. The process found most suitable for the preparation of pure anhydrous yttrium chloride involved thermal dehydration of a mixture of hydrated yttrium chloride and ammonium chloride while under vacuum. Yttrium bromide and iodide were prepared most effectively by the direct halogenation of yttrim carbide. Yttrim carbide was obtained by reacting and melting yttrium oxide-carbon mixtures in a carbon-arc furnace. Yttrium halides were purified by vacuum distillation and reduced by alkali or alkaline-earth metals. Lithium and sodium proved to be the best reductants from the standpoint of yield (>95 pct) and purity (>99.8 pct) of the yttrium. The product of the reduction step was sponge metal, which was consolidated readily by conventional cold-mold, arc-melting procedure. The purest yttrium obtained in laboratory scale work was prepared by sodium reduction of yttrium chloride and contained only 125 pp oxygen; other impurities did not exceed 1,000 ppm. In larger scale tests yttrium containing only 800 to 1,000 ppm total impurities was obtained by lithium reduction of yttrium chloride. The tensile properties of high-purity yttrium were determined. Mechanical tests showed that yttrium can be forged, extruded, rolled, spot welded, and deep drawn.

Jan 1, 1963

By Charles S. Allbright

To develop a method for predicting the stability of a fuel during long-term storage from rapid aging tests at 200° F, the Bureau of Mines determined the stabilities of three gasoline base stocks and an alkylate blending stock in both sealed storage and aerated storage at 110° F for periods extending to 32 weeks. Stabilities of samples containing gasoline-additive compounds were compared by aging, using two methods--rapid aging in a bomb at 200° F for intervals up to 16 hours and storage at 110° F. The additives used were an uninhibited tetraethyllead motor mix, N,N'-di-sec-buty1-p-phenylenediamine and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpheno1. Results were related by graphs that enable predictions of gum and sediment formation during storage from data obtained in bomb tests. A premium-gasoline base stock and the alkylate proved to be stable, but the two regular-grade gasoline base stocks were found to be unstable. Addition of the diamine antioxidant improved the stability of both of the regular gasoline base stocks, while the phenol antioxidant improved only one of them. The presence of the tetraethyllead decreased the storage stability of all four fuels, both with respect to formation of gum and precipitation of inorganic sediment. The rapid test at 200° F appears to offer promise as a basis for a method of predicting gasoline stability in long-term 110° F storage.

Jan 1, 1968

By M Francoeur

Oct 12, 2022

Attention is drawn to the largest eruptions with dense rock equivalent (D.R.E.) volumes approx-imating 50 km3. These have been strongly clustered during the last 40 000 years, with 11 recognised in the period 35 000 to 22 000 years ago, and 10 in about the last 9000 years, but none in the period 22 000 to 9000 years ago. With the latest such eruption, at Tambora, only 175 years ago, it is likely that we remain in a period of increased activity. During the last 100 000 years, roughly the period during which modern Homo sapiens has existed as a species, there has only been one eruption an order of magnitude larger (>_ 500 km3 D.R.E.). This took place at Lake Toba, Sumatra, about 75 000 years ago, and is estimated to have deposited ash to a thickness of a centimetre or so in parts of Ethiopia, Somaliland, Saudi Arabia and Iran, and to a thickness of a few millimetres in the eastern Mediterranean. The average interval between global eruptions of this magnitude is probably about 40 000 to 50 000 years. Insufficient work on the Quaternary history of volcanoes has been carried out to suggest where the next such eruption might occur. At Yellowstone, which has been well studied, the average interval between very large explosive eruptions is about 700 000 ¦ 120 000 years.As a prerequisite for magnitude-frequency analysis of eruptions, and hazard and risk impact assessments, it is important to classify past eruptions in a consistent manner. In an attempt to find a universally applicable method to estimate order of magnitude D.R.E. volumes from the distribution of airfall tephra, an empirical correction has been derived for the elongation of tephra dispersal fans due to wind. Dispersion distances for various thicknesses of tephra, recalculated for windless conditions, have been obtained from a study of about 40 tephra isopach maps for which D.R.E. volumes have been calculated, and a range of distances derived, equivalent to D.R.E. volumes from 106 m3

Jan 1, 1990

By Mark J. Zdunczyk

"Frac sand is industrial silica sand much like glass, foundry, filtration and blast sand. The sand must meet certain specifications set forth by the industry that consumes the product. The production and consumption of frac sand has experienced record growth in the last 10 years because of new oil and gas drilling, new horizontal well drilling, multi-stage fracturing and the stimulation of older wells that have little or no production. Frac sand is needed to “prop open” the fractures in the rock reservoirs to allow oil and gas to flow out more freely.According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the estimated production of frac sand in 2015 was 71 percent of the total production of industrial silica sand or 67.4 Mt (74.3 million st). This is a decrease of about 12 percent from 2014. However, the silica sand industry and other industry sources estimate only 50 Mt (55 million st) of frac sand were produced in 2015. In recent years both the USGS and industry studies have been very close in estimating the production of frac sand but with the recent downturn in frac sand production, perhaps, reporting to the USGS was not as accurate. These discrepancies may be that the USGS statistics are based on voluntary reporting by the industry and some companies report their approximate production, others may not. It is always difficult to obtain accurate production figures of any industrial mineral or construction aggregate operation as most companies tend to keep those figures somewhat confidential. It is certainly accurate to report that the production of frac sand had decreased since the last quarter of 2014 and through 2015. The oversupply of oil and natural gas has led to this decline in frac sand usage. Oversupply has idled drilling rigs and well completion activities. World Oil Magazine reports that 2015 was the worst year for rigs in a quarter century. The only wells being completed are those that have contract agreements to do so, others have been capped. Very few new wells are being drilled. Since about 98 percent of well completion is sand and water, the sand supply has caught up with the demand. There are some bright spots in the “oil patch” as the Permian Basin in Texas and the Woodford Shale in Oklahoma have kept pace somewhat with drilling and completion. It has been reported that the frac sand producers in the Brady-Voca, TX area are producing to nearly capacity. The northern frac sand producers like those in Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota are feeling the downturn because of the cost of shipping sand to these moderately active basins and plays. The “rule of thumb” is that freight is 2/3 and sand is 1/3 the cost."

Jul 1, 2016

By Gerald M. Bandholz

Exxon Minerals Company, a division of Exxon Corporation, has been exploring for base metal deposits in the Precambrian volcanic rocks in northern Wisconsin since 1970. Aerial electromagnetic surveys of the area, conducted in 1974, reported an anomaly, near Crandon, in Forest County. In the summer of 1975, the first diamond drill entered the anomaly, representing the 25th prospect Exxon had drilled in Wisconsin. This first hole revealed significant mineralization containing zinc and copper. Subsequent drilling confirmed the discovery of a sizeable zinc-copper massive sulfide are body. 1.1.2 Location The deposit is located in northeastern Wisconsin within a topographical high called the Northern Highlands region. The deposit lies about 5 miles directly south of Crandon and about 2 miles east of State Highway 55 on Sand Lake Road (see fig. 1). Other local communities include Rhinelander 28 miles west, Antigo 45 miles south, and Iron River and Iron Mountain, in Michigan, 75 and 44 miles east and north of Crandon respectively. In relation to the lakes and streams, the deposit lies 0.25 miles north of Little Sand Lake, and about 1 mile south of Swamp Creek.

Jan 1, 1981

By G. Shaw

IN recent years, most of the reconnaissance work of the Geological Survey of Canada has been mapped on a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles. Topographic base maps, commonly made from aerial photographs, were available to the geologist for such work. The advent of war curtailed aerial photography for civilian purposes, and by 1941 all areas already photographed had been geologically mapped. Nevertheless, the need for geological maps to assist post-war prospecting was so apparent, and the country to be covered is so vast, that some new method of rapid mapping had to be devised. It was felt that the need would be met if geological maps could be produced at a scale of 1 inch to 8 miles, provided they were sufficiently accurate in topographic detail to serve as guides to travel. Though in such maps there would be considerable sacrifice of geological detail, they would serve to outline, at least approximately, the major geological units, some of which might prove of sufficient interest to warrant later detailed study. It seemed that such mapping would be particularly useful in the northern regions of Canada which the work of early explorers has indicated are underlain largely by granitic rocks. These, so far as is known, are barren of mineral deposits, but within them are known to be areas or bands of 'greenstones' of the type that, in some localities, have been found to contain valuable orebodies. The problem, then, was to devise a method of mapping, particularly of such greenstone bands, that would make it possible to cover a relatively large area-say 30,000 square miles-in one season and at a cost below that of 4-mile mapping, with, of course, some sacrifice of accuracy. The problem seemed to be threefold: (a) to observe as much of the bed-rock as possible; (b) to produce a topographical map of as much of the area as possible, with particular reference to portions of geological interest; and (c) to cover as large an area as possible in a limited time, which meant faster modes of travel than have hitherto been used. The obvious answer to all three phases of the problem was the use of aircraft. If rock types could be broadly differentiated from the air, reconnaissance traverses by air would supply the answer to the first part of the problem. For topography, air photographs taken on reconnaissance flights appeared to be the answer. For the third phase of the problem, the use of aircraft was ideal.

Jan 1, 1943

Thomas H. Beddall, so we are informed by Major J. B. Carlock, has been promoted and is now Adjutant of the 1st Battalion, 1st Gas Regi¬ ment. He was awarded, last summer, the Croix de Guerre. R. A. Bull. See letter in Proceedings of Milwaukee Meeting. Captain Stanley C. Bullock's record since entering the service is given as follows in a letter recently received from Mrs. Bullock: Resigned position of mine manager in Chile in November, 1915, to return to England to obtain commission in Royal Engineers. Joined Officers' Training Corps, Dec. 20, 1915. Commission gazetted, Jan. 27, 1916, 2d Lieut., R. E. Landed in France, Feb. 6, 1916. Posted to 179th Tunnelling Co., R. E. Took part in following battles: Somme, 1916; Ypres;1917; Arras, 1917; Somme, March and July, 1917; Messines, 1917. Gazetted: Acting Captain, July 11, 1916; Temp.-Lieutenant, Oct. 26, 1916; Captain, Sept. 29, 1918. Awarded Military Cross, Jan. 1, 1918, for conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty under a heavy enemy gas bombardment, when, by his example and perseverance in spite of every difficulty and obstacle, mining work was successfully completed which was vital for the success of the operations. The Cross was presented to Capt. Bullock by the King, on Sept. 25, 1918. First Lieut. J. J. Cadot, in a letter sent to Mr. H. `V. Hardinge from France, says he has been at the "Front." He also mentions that the Boche "is a good sprinter."

Jan 12, 1918

By Daniel Mesquita Duarte

A configuração física de equipamento do sistema de desenfornamento do laminador Morgan na unidade Resende, que é preparado para laminação em dois veios, torna o controle de GAP entre barras muito complexo. O sistema de controle original era suscetível a variações, acarretando na limitação do GAP mínimo na entrada do laminador em cinco segundos. Tendo como base as fontes de variação do projeto original, foi desenvolvido um novo sistema de controle que reduziu as variações em até 1700 %, reduzindo o GAP mínimo de cinco para dois segundos. No que tange à questão do GAP mínimo, o novo sistema de controle garante uma tolerância de 0,1 segundo. Este novo sistema pode ser dividido em duas partes: o controle e correção do GAP entre o forno e a primeira gaiola, e a correção de GAP no trem desbastador.

Jul 30, 2018

By M. S. Cetiner

This report describes the prototype development If a medium to high voltage coupler, suitable for underground coal mining operations. The coupler has such unique features as automatic dust covers and continuous phase pin shielding. The coupler is rated at 7500V and 250A continuous operation.

Jan 1, 1982

By Michel L. Bilodeau, Brian W. Mackenzie, Dallas W. Davis

"The paper formulates an evaluation procedure for examining the effects of location on the economics of developing mineral deposits. This methodology is applied to assess locational aspects of Nova Scotia's competitive position f or mine development relative to other Canadian regions and provinces. The appraisal concerns two representative mine development opportunities, a medium-size open-pit tungsten deposit, and a small underground gold deposit. The influence of regional economic conditions is initially assessed. Then, the consequences of taxation are isolated. Finally, the combined impact of regional and taxation conditions is examined. SettingThe economic potential of mining may be assessed in a number of ways. One approach, increasingly used for both corporate planning and government policy purposes, is to evaluate the competitive position of an actual or potential mineral producer in the international marketplace relative to other suppliers.Such examinations of competitive position vary from cost league comparisons of breakeven costs for operating mines, through the assessment of medium-term costs associated with developing new mine capacity, to long-term evaluations of the economics of mineral supply from the start of exploration. The complexity of the analysis increase s with the scope and timeframe of interest. Many factors are involved. One component of competitive position is the quality of the mineral resources available. Other key factors include existing technology, wage and salary rates, labour productivity, the cost of capital, infra structure requirements, distances from sources of materials supply an d to mineral markets, management attributes, organizational efficiency, government mineral policies (particularly taxation), and inflation and exchange rates. The paper fits within this competitive position framework.The variable economic conditions which exist within Canada have a direct bearing on the viability of mine development and, thereby, on mineral exploration potential. The paper examines locational aspects of Nova Scotia 's competitive position."

Jan 1, 1986

By Joe B. Rosenbaum

New applications and concepts of solvent extraction as a unit operation in extractive metallurgy have been developed in the last decade. Wider use is being made of established solvent extraction techniques in processing spent nuclear fuel elements and in winning columbium-tantalum, hafnium-zirconium, thorium, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. Commercial application has been extended to recovery of beryllium, boron, bromine, copper, molybdenum, phosphorus, rare-earth metals, and rhenium. Systems in use and proposed typically extract metals or salts as anion, cation, or neutral species from aqueous media by reaction with a recycleable organic reagent.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. G. Miller

An overall study was conducted to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of consolidation for oil sands fine tailings produced using different extraction processes. As part of this overall study, consolidation tests using slurry consolidometers were carried out for caustic and non-caustic fine tailings. The influence of a change in bitumen extraction process (caustic versus non-caustic) on consolidation properties, namely compressibility and hydraulic conductivity, was determined, as was the effect of adding a coagulant (calcium sulphate [CaSO4]) to caustic fine tailings. For fine tailings originating from two different oil sands ores (Ore A and Ore B), results were presented in terms of variation in average void ratio with time (settlement), void ratio with effective stress (compressibility), hydraulic conductivity with void ratio and coefficient of compressibility and hydraulic conductivity with sodium adsorption ratio. Findings indicated that chemical characteristics of fine tailings (water chemistry, degree of dispersion) do not have a significant impact on their compressibility behaviour and have only a small influence at high void ratio (low effective stress). The biggest advantage of non-caustic fine tailings and treating caustic fine tailings with coagulant is an increased initial settlement rate and slightly increased hydraulic conductivity at higher void ratios. Thereafter, compressibility and hydraulic conductivity is governed by effective stress.

Aug 1, 2010