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By V. V. Ivanov, A. I. Khanchuk, E. V. Mikhailik, M. G. Blokhin, P. E. Mikhailik

At present, marine ferromanganese crusts of seamounts are of great interest as a source of high-tech metals. The metals most enriched in these deposits are essential for a wide variety of green-tech, emerging-tech, and energy applications (Hein et al., 2013). There is a grate number data on the content of major and minor metals (thousands analyses). However, information on the content of such elements as platinum, gold and silver in the world literature is limited. The concentrations (N – number of analyses) of platinum, gold and silver in the Pacific are 418 ppb (N = 105), 35 ppb (N = 72), 1.02 ppm (N = 26), respectively, and in the North Pacific Prime Zone - 477 ppb (N = 66), 55 ppb (N = 13), 0.1 ppm (N = 4); in the Atlantic Ocean is 567 ppb (N = 2), 6 ppb (N = 2), 0.20 ppm (N = 18), in the Indian Ocean, 211 ppb (N = 6), 21 ppb (N = 2), 0.37 ppm (N = 9) respectively; (Hein et al., 2013). The northern part of the Pacific is poorly studied in this question. The samples of ferromanganese deposits (FMD) was recovered from the Govorov Guyot (Magellan seamounts), MZh-33 Guyot (Marshall Islands), as well as the Detroit Guyot (Imperor Ridge) and Yomei Guyot (Fe-Mn placer Holes 431 and 431A DSDP, Imperor Ridge).

Jan 1, 2018

By N. S. Tanious

The need to provide better mine roof support and control in longwall tailgate entries prompted the Bureau of mines to search for a replacement product for wood cribs. Their search isolated steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFC) as the most effective replacement. Through successful laboratory and underground mine tests, handmade SFC cribs proved to be a viable and more effective roof support system. However, to ensure wider usage, U. S. Steel Mining Co. initiated a joint development and evaluation program with Burrell Construction Company in order to mass produce SFC blocks of reasonable dimension, weight, and cost. Small specimens and full-size cribs were evaluated during this program to determine their compressive strength and post failure characteristics. After considerable testing and adjusting of various concrete mixtures, a final formulation for the SFC crib blocks was selected. That formulation permitted the construction of SFC cribs possessing a nominal crib strength of 3200 psi (22.1 x 106 Pa) and a nominal modulus of elasticity of 1.0 x 106 psi (6894.76 x 106 Pa). These SFC cribs can support from 3.5 to 14.5 times as much load as a wood crib, depending on the size of the wood crib being replaced. Both laboratory and limited mine tests, conducted by U. S. Steel Mining Co. have shown the SFC crib to be an economical and effective means of roof control.

Jan 1, 1984

By Eduardo Luiz Sales Marinho

A Central Termelétrica SOL, ou CTEs 5 e 6, foi construída com o objetivo de fazer o aproveitamento da energia do gás oriundo do processo de coqueificação do carvão mineral realizado em fornos específicos para este fim, em um processo denominado “Coqueria Heat Recovery”. Nesta unidade operacional de responsabilidade da área de energia da ArcelorMittal Tubarão, seguindo o plano plurianual de manutenção nas turbinas Fuji, foi realizado intervenção de manutenção nos dois turbo gerados CTE’s 05 e 06 no ano de 2015. Durante as atividade de inspeção de manutenção foi detectado que existiam trincas nos pés das palhetas encaixadas no rotor da turbina nº6. A partir desta constatação, o equipamento ficou sem confiabilidade para operação continua, precisando de substituição das palhetas danificadas. O trabalho proposto apresenta as alternativas possíveis até a solução definitiva que foi a substituição das palhetas defeituosas por novos spare parts. As possibilidades descritas a seguir, serão o objeto de tomada de decisão até a normalização do equipamento: i) Montar TG e operar com palhetas do ultimo estágio trincadas até a chegada do sobressalentes para troca; ii) Deixar equipamento parado aguardando chegada dos sobressalentes para troca e conclusão da montagem e testes; iii) Remover por usinagem de campo, o ultimo estágio de palhetas do rotor montagem e operação do TG6 até a chegada do sobressalentes vindos da Fuji Japão.

Aug 17, 2017

By Oliver Bowles

"Conservation of slateWaste slate is a problem of outstanding importance in the slate industry, for a very large proportion of all slate quarried is thrown on the waste heap. While many uses for waste slate have been found, the demand calls for merely a fraction of the present supply of unused material. If the slate industry is to increase in prosperity, the producer's energy must be directed toward the development of ways and means of reducing waste to the lowest possible point. The Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior has devoted much study to this problem and a recent bulletin ** contains a detailed discussion of the waste problem.Attention has recently been directed toward an improved method of cutting slate in quarries, a method that promises to reduce greatly the percentage of waste material. The method has been introduced since that bulletin was published, and this supplementary paper covers the details of the process.A reversion in method,In connection with this new mode of operation history is repeating itself in a very interesting way, for the old quarry bar used years ago with steam drills, and later discarded in favor of the channeling machine .and the hammer drill, has been salvaged from the scrap heap, and again put to active use. The occasion for its employment is an attempt to improve quarry methods by the substitution of drilling for channeling or blasting."

Oct 1, 1923

By Lloyd A. Morley

This eight-chapter document is the second volume of a two-volume report that presents a comprehensive outline of coal-mine electrical power systems from theory to practice. Together, the two volumes contain the vital aspects that go into planning and designing a mine power system. Building upon Volume I, the subject of protective equipment and relaying starts Volume II, first as an introduction in Chapter 8, then by a treatment of device selection in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 continues system protection in terms of transients and overvoltages. Chapter 11 describes the design of major power equipment, including power centers, switchhouses, and substations. Solid-state applications in mining are given in Chapter 12, and batteries and battery charging are discussed in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 covers electrical-equipment in hazardous locations of mining operations. The report concludes with Chapter 15, a discussion of electrical maintenance as well as some specific mine electrical problems. Information on surface and underground use is included in all these chapters. An index finishes the documentation and is cross-referenced to both report volumes.

Jan 1, 1982

By AUDLEY H. STOW

I. INTRODUCTION. THE general drift of the discussion as to the relative merits of pressure- and exhaust-fans has resulted, if we may judge from the prevailing practice, largely in favor of the latter. The subject has been hitherto treated, however, with special reference to highly gaseous mines, the effect of the form of ventilation upon dust-explosions having been too little considered. Even in mines containing practically no gas, dust-explosions may occur; and if, as I believe, pressure-fans are to be preferred for their effect upon dust, it may be worth while to reopen the debate, and to challenge the advisability of exhaust-ventilation under certain conditions. There are several forms of colliery-ventilation, which may be described as follows: Plain or simple pressure-ventilation, in which the fan acts as a pressure-fan, and the movement of coal is unobstructed at the surface by doors or equivalent devices in drifts or shafts, the traveling and haulage thus being in the return-current. Plain exhaust-ventilation, in which the fan acts as an exhaust-fan, the movement of coal being likewise unobstructed at the surface, and the traveling and haulage being in the intake. Obstructed pressure-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the intake. Obstructed exhaust-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the return. The apparent advantages in running a fan "pressure" during working-hours, and " exhaust" between shifts, seem to justify the recognition of this combination as a standard form of ven-

Feb 1, 1909

By J. L. Carr

On average, one to two fatalities occur every year when a miner is struck or pinned by a continuous mining machine (CMM). Proximity detection systems offer an effective means to prevent these types of injuries and fatalities by sensing the presence of a miner and automatically disabling machine motion. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) is expected to finalize a regulation that would require the use of proximity detection systems on all CMMs. Approximately one-fourth of all CMMs in use in the United States are already equipped with such a system. The use of these systems will save lives, not only by automatically preventing accidents but also by acting as a tool for educating miners and reinforcing safe work practices. Researchers at the Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) have conducted a series of field evaluations to quantify the performance of these systems in an underground coal environment. These field evaluations measured the distance at which the warning and stop zones were activated. The technology provided consistent activation of the warning and stop zones under many of the conditions tested. However, some performance inconsistencies were observed which present opportunities to improve the reliability of proximity detection system technology. Some of the notable variables that caused significant changes in performance and should be considered in the design, implementation, and use of proximity detection systems include interaction with the trailing cable, performance changes during tramming, and orientation of the miner-worn component.

Feb 23, 2014

By H. J. Kelly

[This investigation of the refractory properties of seven Pacific Northwest chrome ores and concentrates has shown that five of the ores and one of the concentrates are suitable for making refractories and that all may be used in combination with high-grade chromite. The specific objectives of the investigation were to determine the inherent physic al and chemical characteristics, to shapes using each of the chrome ores and concentrates, to compare the refractory qualities of the laboratory-prepared with commercial chrome refractories. As far as possible, standard tests were used as criteria.]

Jan 1, 1952

By Tamara Nestorovic, Luan T. Nguyen

"With the aim to mitigate excavation risks and reduce the costs caused by tunnel boring machine (TBM) stoppage when tunneling under uncertain soil conditions, prediction ahead of the tunnel face has become an increasing interest in the tunneling community. Our research topic is concerned with developing effective concepts for nondestructive identification of geological anomalies ahead of the tunnel face by waveform inversion of reflected tunnel seismic waves. The authors demonstrate that this new technique is promising in providing tunnel engineers with an accurate image of the geological situation that the TBM is going to encounter thanks to the waveforms’ rich information about the geological structure that affects propagation, reflection/refraction and mode conversion behavior of the elastic waves. By setting up a 2-dimensional numerical model for simulation of tunnel seismic wave propagation influenced by a dip layer change ahead of the tunnel face, the authors show that the waveform misfit to be minimized by the inversion process is highly multimodal and therefore propose a hybrid stochastic optimization method that can quickly and robustly converge to the global minimum. DEVELOPMENTS IN TUNNEL ADVANCE EXPLORATION Conventional site investigation by drilling boreholes helps to draw a general image of geological structures along the borehole axes but that image is likely to misrepresent the detailed geological structure due to limited sampled locations. Due to high costs and restricted boring space which deep tunneling and tunneling under urban areas encounter, many industrial and academic research groups have had great interest in developing nondestructive ahead of the tunnel face prediction systems. That means only excitation sources and receiving sensors, which are usually placed on the ground surface or on the side walls or on the cutter head of the TBM, are used for acquisition of the measurement data. The recorded signals in the form of seismic or electromagnetic/ electrical waves, which travel through the geological structure or are reflected back from it, hold the signature of the geological structure of concern, such as geological layer changes, fault zones, erratic rocks, boulders, construction remnants, etc., and therefore can be used to reconstruct the spatial and material properties of those hidden geological structures. Most common nondestructive ahead-of-tunnel investigation systems to date are based on interpretation of reflected elastic/ acoustic waves (seismic waves) and analysis of electromagnetic/ electrical resistivity signals (Mooney et al. 2012). However, due to insufficient penetration depth and spread of signals generated by radar and geoelectric sources, the use of seismic waves for ahead of the tunnel face prediction (tunnel reconnaissance) is more preferable (Kneib et al. 2000; Bohlen et al. 2007)."

Jan 1, 2016

By D Mather, H R. Asche

"In the civil tunnelling field, the use of tunnel boring machines (TBM) has now overtaken the use of conventional excavation methods (drill and blast / roadheader). This is due to a number of reasons, including the increasing availability and reliability of TBMs, the ability to deal with a wider range of face conditions, and the reduced excavation cost that TBMs can bring.Mining companies have spearheaded the advances in shaft boring by mechanised means, both in blind and raise boring. However, mining companies have been slower to adopt mechanised tunnelling.When contrasted with a conventional mining contract, there are good reasons why TBMs in mining applications are relatively rare. A conventional decline contract may have very little geotechnical information. The decline alignment can be subject to change as the tunnelling progresses. The infrastructure requirements are less for a conventional decline, and the sunk cost prior to excavation commencing is lower. Contract documents can be very simple.The history of TBM use in mining is reviewed and lessons are described. From the case histories and lessons learnt, the paper identifies ways that mining companies can maximise the potential benefit of TBM technology.We believe that despite the additional requirements for TBM declines, the cost and time advantage to mining companies is very attractive. The challenge is to recognise and to meet the requirements for success in a TBM drive to achieve the advantages of: faster advance rates reduced rock damage/overbreak reduced support requirements uniform muck characteristics greater personnel safety.From the case histories and lessons learnt, the paper identifies ways that mining companies can maximise the potential benefit of TBM technology.CITATION:Asche, H R and Mather, D, 2014. Use of ?tunnel boring machines in the mine environment, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014, pp 655–662 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Sep 17, 2014

By Paul Gottlieb

This paper reviews the status of automated applied mineralogy today and describes the history and fundamental theoretical and practical bases underpinning the development of automated systems. Details are given of the technical challenges that were faced in creating the new technology and in applying it to a range of applications. In recent years, automated mineralogy has become established as an essential enabling technology for the reliable acquisition of statistically sound comprehensive mineralogical and metallurgical data. This has had a revolutionary effect on the industrial use of such data in the study of geology, mining and mineral processing. Previously, using manual methods, it was not feasible to attempt this work because the large data sets required could not be assembled in a realistic timescale. There was a reliance on individual expert mineralogists and this was not scalable. The speed, reliability, detail and repeatability of the modern automated measurements has now made this type of analysis routine. Automated Applied Mineralogy has come of age! More than 100 systems have been installed around the World. Automated mineralogical analysers such as QEMSCAN® were originally developed as diagnostic metallurgical tools to improve mineral processing plants using samples drawn from plant surveys, bench and pilot-scale tests. They were used mainly for the assessment and auditing of size fractions of mill products, such as concentrates and tails. Subsequently, they began to be used for concentrator design and optimisation where ore characterisation was used to help understand the relationship between the feed ore and its subsequent behaviour in the plant. They are now widely used to measure exploration cores and drill chips from drilling programs to predict eventual metallurgical performance. Ore samples can be classified into metallurgical, as well as geological types, by combining mineralogical features in the ores with metallurgical properties related to grade control, separation, comminution, flotation and leaching behaviour. Three-dimensional block models of ore deposits are now being created based on processing response in addition to geological and mining properties. The development of automated systems began in Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There were many technical challenges. Mathematical theories of randomness, sampling theory, image analysis and stereology were developed to ensure sample representivity so that meaningful information could be obtained. Sample preparation, presentation and measurement methods were developed to ensure that the random sampling was preserved during the measurements. Methods of automatic measurement and mineral identification evolved from the use of electron microscopes, fitted with backscattered electron brightness and energy dispersive X-ray detectors. Operational procedures were required to ensure that these instruments could accommodate a large number of samples and operate unattended for long periods of time. The new technology was progressively applied to a range of commodities and applications and new analysis methods, such as liberation measurement, were needed for metallurgical interpretation of mineralogical data.

Jan 1, 2014

Constraints on the mineral industry are best treated as issues that have to be understood and managed in partnership rather than in conflict with communities. The Zapopan development at Mt Todd in Australia and the Martha Hill development at Waihi in New Zealand are but two of many recent successful examples at the local level. However, at the national level, the issues are more complex and more difficult to resolve because the most influential stakeholders are now the urban electorates and governments defer to their perceptions when making decisions and policy.

Jan 1, 1995

By J. W. Jensen

EXTENSIVE research and development was performed on the manganese-copper vibration-damping alloys to determine the relationship between the properties of the alloys and variations in composition, fabrication, Mid heat treatment. Mn-Cu alloys with unusually high specific damping capacity, 20 to 25 percent at a stress of 5,000 psi, have also the following useful properties: Tensile strength, 90,000 to 110,000 psi; yield strong, 60,000 to psi; elongation, 20 to 25 percent; hardness, 90 Rockwell B; and fatigue limit at, 28,000 to 30,000 psi. Both standard and special methods of testing were employed to obtain data on strength, modulus, hardness, resistivity, dilatation, micro-structure, crystal lattice, and damping capacity. The extensive tabular and graphical data on these properties are presented for alloys containing 50 to 85 percent as quenched d solution) and after various aging treatments. Expansion coefficients for all Mn-Cu solid solutions are graphed and a dilatometer study of contraction during aging is reported. Although high damping capacity is associated with aging to precipitate a-Mn from solid solution, with a cubic-tetragonal transformation and with the occurrence of antiferromagnetic ordering in Mn-Cu alloys, a tenable theory of the damping mechanism has not been reached.

Jan 1, 1965

By Y Li, Z Fu, D J. Williams, E Topal

Mine waste rock is unavoidable in the recovery of ore by open pit mining methods. Effective management of waste rock movement covers the removal and placement of the waste rock, generally in a surface dump in the most cost-effective way while satisfying the long-term environmental expectations. Since the 1960s, there has been significant research carried out into planning of ore movement from open pit mines such that the overall net present value (NPV) of the project can be maximised. Currently, several software packages are available to achieve this task as a common practice within the mining industry. However, planning of mine waste rock movement is still achieved manually, as the available software does not consider optimal waste rock movement and dump design. This paper describes a tool to optimise waste rock placement, which minimises the haulage cost while creating environmentally friendly waste rock dumps through selective placement and encapsulation of the reactive waste rock in the dump. The embedded methodology in this tool has been developed based on the mixed integer programming (MIP) modelling technique to optimise the waste rock movement. The methodology provides an easily-manipulated and fully-automatic tool for professionals to complete waste rock dump scheduling in four main steps: data input, model construction, model computation and solution retrieval. The application of the new tool into a real case project in this paper shows that it can determine economically and environmentally optimised waste rock dump schedules in an acceptable time frame.CITATION:Fu, Z, Li, Y, Topal, E and Williams, D J, 2015. A new tool for optimisation of mine waste management in potential acid forming conditions, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 333–342 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By Vsevolod Krivobok

THE re-crystallization of metals has been the subject of much scientific investigation, some of which has resulted in a better understanding of this extremely important and interesting phenomenon. Unfortunately, while many have propounded theories of re-crystallization, but a few have presented experimental evidence as to how it takes place. If this can be determined the question, why re-crystallization occurs, may be answered more definitely. Re-crystallization in single phase metals consists of a complete rearrangement and re-sizing of the grains, of which the structure is composed, while the type of structure remains the same. That is to say, if the structure before re-crystallization is composed of a number of polyhedral grains of different shape and size, a particular spot after re-crystallization will be seen to consist of grains in no way different from the original except in size and shape. The re-crystallized grains may be smaller or larger, depending on the treatment received; and, while the re-crystallization may be brought about by means of heat treatment only in passing through a critical range, yet it is common knowledge that single phase metals subjected to cold working are possessed of a tendency toward re-crystallization, even if the heating does not reach critical range. The study of re-crystallization would, of course, be much easier if we had single crystals of any metal as the original material with which to study the phenomenon of re-crystallization, since it would permit the observation of structural changes at what amounts to enormous magnification, by changing the scale of the specimen. In metals of more normal grain size the crystal boundaries introduce complications, but the process, it may be assumed, is essentially the same. Such an opportunity

Jan 2, 1926

By S Jahanshahi

In an earlier LCA study, the authors showed that the electricity consumption of the electric furnaces used in the production of the ferronickel and ferrochrome feedstocks made significant contributions towards the Gross Energy Requirement (GER) of stainless steel production, on a æcradle-to-gateÆ basis. Given the relatively low efficiencies associated with electrical power generation, substantial reductions in the GER for stainless steel production could be anticipated if more direct use of thermal energy was made in the ferronickel and ferrochromium smelting stages.In view of these findings, a follow-up study was undertaken to investigate the likely environmental benefits of using bath smelting processes for the production of ferronickel and ferrochromium compared to the traditional rotary kiln-electric furnace processes, but still utilising the electric furnace process for stainless steel production. The METSIM process simulation software package was used to set up models of the two bath smelting processes and provide process energy requirements that were incorporated into the LCA. The environmental impacts considered in the LCA were greenhouse (Global Warming Potential, GWP) and acid rain gas (Acidification Potential, AP) emissions and solid waste emissions.The results of the study showed that the bath smelting route reduced the GER for ferronickel production by about 37 per cent over the traditional route, which translated to about a 21 per cent reduction in the GER for stainless steel. The corresponding reduction for ferrochromium was about half that for ferronickel, and when combined with the ferronickel result gave a 25 per cent reduction in the GER for stainless steel production. Similar reductions were also observed for the GWP and to a lesser extent the AP for both feedstocks, as all primary energy inputs were essentially fossil fuel based. Substantial reductions in solid waste emissions were also indicated for the direct use of ores in smelting. By utilising bath smelting processes for the production of the ferronickel and ferrochromium feedstocks, stainless steelÆs suitability for meeting many of the goals necessary for sustainable development, already recognised because of its particular properties, would be even further enhanced.

Jan 1, 2004

"Developed by CRIRSCO, IRT is a document that draws on the best of the CRIRSCO-style reporting standards. These reporting standards are recognised and adopted world-wide for market-related reporting and financial investment.The IRT is not an international reporting code and does not supersede existing national reporting standards. Rather it is a guideline that encapsulates the content of these standards for the benefit of the international mining industry and its various stakeholders.The template is a 'living document' that is continuously updated and improved as new national laws, rules, codes and guidelines are created or amended.The International Template is advisory only and where national codes already exist, these will take precedence. The International Template is intended to assist those countries that either do not have a reporting code or whose code is outdated, to produce a new code consistent with international best practice. It also provides a consolidated version of national codes that reflects their compatible international components and may thus be used in comparisons with other international reporting systems. The word 'Template' is used advisedly to indicate that this document is a model for code development and does not in itself constitute a 'code' which implies that it has legal or other regulatory force.From this point forward, the Template includes words that imply a mandatory action, such as ""requires"", ""applies"", ""must"" etc. This is to enable the Template to be easily adopted by countries and organisations wishing to do so, and does not imply that the Template itself is a mandatory reporting standard.INTRODUCTION2 In this edition of the International Reporting Template (""The Template""), important terms and their definitions are highlighted in bold text. The guidelines are placed after the respective Template clauses using indented italics. They are intended to provide assistance and guidance to readers for interpreting the application of the clauses in the Template.Indented italics are also used for Appendix 1 — 'Generic Terms and Equivalents"", and Table 1 —'Check List of Assessment and Reporting Criteria' to make it clear that they are also part of the guidelines for the application of the Template.Appendix 1 contains a table of generic terms and their equivalents, designed to avoid unnecessary duplication or ambiguity in the textAppendix 2 provides Rules of Conduct for Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimators that may be considered in addition to the Codes of Ethics or Practice normally applying to members of professional institutions."

Jan 1, 2003

By C. L. Karr

U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) research has shown that fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms (GA's) have great potential for industrial process control. A technique has been developed by the USBM in which GA's are used to substantially reduce the time needed to design fuzzy logic controllers (FLC's).This technique shows promise as an efficient, robust approach to developing control systems. The research described in this report is twofold. First, the basic approach to developing an FLC using GA's is presented. The GA-designed FLC is developed for a specific physical system, a pH titration system. Second, empirical results are presented in which variations in the FLC implementation are compared. Specifically, the effects of altering five aspects of the pH FLC are considered: (1) membership function form, (2) number of fuzzy classes, (3) the center-of-area method, (4) implication operator, and (5) fuzzy rule form. Results indicate that (1) the technique in which GA's are used to design FLC's is effective, and (2) when this technique is used, variations in FLC implementation have little effect on FLC performance in a chosen control problem.

Jan 1, 2010

By D. Harrington

As no cure is known for silicocis after it has developed, prevention is the only effective remedy. There are two main lines of approach to the problem of dust-disease prevention in industry - the engineering, through control of dust production, and the medical, through selection of workers by examination; success probably depends upon a combination of the two. Hatch (146) considers the following measures essential to a complete, well-balanced program of control of the dust hazard in industry: 1. Selection of workers by means of physical examinations in order especially to eliminate those with tuberculosis and other disorders of the respiratory system. 2. Reduction of the duct concentration below the standard of permissible dustiness through adequate moans of dust control and good housekeeping. 3. Limiting the frequency and duration of employment in the dusty occupations, thus reducing the rate of deposition of dust in the lungs. 4. Routine measurement of the effectiveness of the dust-control program by means of periodic medical examinations and duct surveys.

Jan 1, 1935

By Henry H. Tayler, Eric Sturel

1 Triton Square was originally a six-storey building with a one-level basement located within a commercial development near Euston, London. It was designed and constructed in the 1990s and the foundation scheme comprised straight shafted London Clay piles arranged singly beneath columns. The scheme added three storeys and a five-storey infill in the central atrium area to increase the building floorplate by 70% and maintained the usability of the basement space. As the loads to support the additional floorplate area were greater than the capacity of the existing foundations, an optimised strengthening scheme of small diameter piles installed within the existing basement and a slender retro-fitted raft was installed to augment the existing piles. The re-use and strengthening of almost all of the existing foundations enabled re-use of a very high proportion of the superstructure and in approximately 35,000 tonnes of concrete and 1,900 tonnes of reinforcement and structural steelwork being re-used. The structural embodied carbon for the refurbished building scheme is estimated at an average of 136 kgCO2e/m2, achieving a Structural Carbon Rating Scheme (SCORS) “A” rating with components detailed in the paper.

May 1, 2022