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The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 requires that each operator of a coal mine shall take accurate samples of the amount of respirable dust in the mine atmosphere to which each miner is exposed, a measure designed to prevent the development of coal workers' pneumoconiosis. This textbook manual is used in the training of personnel to operate respirable dust sampling devices and to conduct sampling programs. It contains the portions of the act applicable to respirable dust standards, the procedures to be followed to insure compliance with Federal regulations, and descriptions of sampling devices.

Jan 1, 1971

In spite of advances in measurement techniques and an explosive increase in the volume of research, our understanding of human strength remains in its introductory stages. It is clear that muscle strength is a highly complex and variable function that depends on a large number of factors. It is not surprising, therefore, that large differences in strength exist not only between individuals, but even within the same individual tested repeatedly on a given piece of equipment. The issue is compounded by the fact that correlations of strength among different muscle groups in the same individual are generally low, and tests of isometric strength do not necessarily reflect the strength an individual might exhibit in a dynamic test. As a result of these and other influences, great care needs to be exercised in designing, evaluating, reporting, and interpreting muscular strength assessments. Traditionally, tests of muscular strength were in the domain of the orthopaedist, physical therapist, and exercise physiologist. Such tests are also an important tool for the ergonomist, however, because of the high strength demands on workers in manual materials-handling tasks. In some cases, task demands may approach or even exceed the strength that an individual is voluntarily willing to exert in a test of strength. In such cases, evidence suggests that the likelihood of injury is significantly greater than when the task demands lie well within an individual's strength capacity. Because the relationship among strength capabilities, job demands, and musculoskeletal injury has been established, it is apparent that tests of muscular strength may benefit the ergonomist both in designing jobs and in ensuring that individuals have sufficient strength to safely perform physically demanding jobs. Several strength assessment techniques have been employed for these purposes, each possessing unique characteristics and applicability to job design and worker selection procedures. Our main purpose has been to elucidate these strengths and weaknesses, so that tests of strength may be properly applied in designing jobs and selecting workers. One of the crucial points we have emphasized is that any test of strength used in job design or worker selection must be directly related to the demands of the job.(1) For example, if an occupational lifting task has a high dynamic component, a test of isometric strength is not likely to provide the data necessary for proper design of the job. Of course, dynamic strength tests would also be misapplied in assessing a job requiring isometric exertions. Another potential pitfall is using tests of strength on isolated muscle groups and assuming that they are indicative of whole-body strength. For example, one might mistakenly assume that dynamic trunk extension strength represents a person's capability to perform a lifting task. However, an individual's lifting capacity may be entirely unrelated to trunk extension strength. It may, instead, be limited by an individual's arm or leg strength, depending on the task being performed. A final point on strength assessment should be made. An individual's strength capability cannot be considered a fixed human attribute. Strength training regimens can increase an individual's strength capability by 30%-40%. Whether

Jan 1, 1998

By J. MCGUIRE, E. J. Haas, B. Demich

Near misses can enhance awareness of the potential causes of injury and prompt safety management initiatives. Although most companies require near-miss reporting, the value of these reports and how they influence subsequent actions or controls to reduce on-the-job risks are unclear. Researchers at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a case study with an aggregates company in which near-miss reports were analyzed at each of their locations over an entire quarter during the summer of 2018. Within that quarter, workers recorded 249 near misses. The analysis provides insight into ways that risk-communication and management programs can be improved to reengage workers and their situational awareness on the job.

By Jerold Bishop, Grant Bearss, Aleksey Egorov

"When a shock wave is released in the bottom of a drill hole filled with wet concrete slurry, the result is called an electrohydrodynamic effect, or EHDE. The energy is carried through the fluid with minimal loss because the slurry is an incompressible medium. Repetitive discharges provide a series of energy pulses that compact the soil along the pile shaft and at its base. The process is analogous to repeated applications of low-energy blast densification or to dynamic compaction. In general, the process is not depth dependent. EHDE was identified in the 18th century by an American scientist who observed that a spark between two electrodes placed under water induced a burst of pressure. In 1957, two Russian engineers formulated a process and received a patent for a method of creating a pressure wave by transforming power from an electrical discharge to a mechanical impact. They derived more than 200 applications for technical and industrial processes.In the 1970s, civil engineers at the Engineering and Building Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, began to look at EHDE to improve the capacity of drilled piles. Early experiments showed that electric discharges in a wet concrete slurry mix could create a pressure wave of up to 26 MPa (3700 psi). Later tests demonstrated that this pressure level could be created in a drilled pile hole. The researchers devised equipment and in the early 1990s began to study pulse technology as applied to drilled piles.This application was accepted into the Russian Federation Building Code in the 1990s. The code treats “regular” drilled piles with equivalent bearing area as having roughly half the capacity of a driven pile. However, the code considers drilled piles treated with the EHDE technique a direct “one for one” substitution for driven piles and allows higher values if the capacity is established by static load testing. Hundreds of projects have been completed in Russia using this technology to value engineer drilled pile projects. In several instances, the number of drilled piles installed was fewer than half of the number originally planned for due to the capacity increase that EHDE-treated piles provided.Drilled PilesIn drilled pile construction, the EHDE process creates a mechanical pressure wave that impacts the base and sidewall of a drilled pile shaft. Soft, poorly consolidated or loose soil is compacted by successive pulses of pressure created by electrical discharges. These mechanical impulses are made by inserting a discharge probe into the wet concrete slurry. A discharge across the tip of the probe creates the pulse that travels outward to the sidewall and base of the drilled pile through the incompressible medium of the slurry. The power pack ratings for equipment presently in use are 35 and 50 kJ (kilojoule).Each pressure wave strikes the soil, causing compaction and expanding the hole. Workers apply the pulses until the size of the hole stops increasing. They watch the slurry level during pulsing. When the level quits dropping, further soil compaction in the drill hole sidewalls and base is not possible. After the pulse process is complete, workers insert a rebar cage and the pile is finished.The process does not alter the soil mineralogy. The electrical discharge is internally grounded and does not arc to the sidewalls of the drill hole. Soil is not scorched or altered in any manner; it is only compacted by the pressure wave. This technique has been used in urban areas with no effect on electrical or electronic equipment."

Jan 1, 2009

By J. W. Cash

The mineralogy and textures of cyclone dust, sludge, and occasional build-ups in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) direct iron making pilot plant at Universal, Pennsylvania have been studied by reflected light, transmitted light, and cathodoluminescence microscopy, and phase compositions have been determined by SEM-EDS. The cyclone dust consists of particles of carbon, metallic iron, sulfur-bearing iron, and wustite. Measurements of particles in the sludge indicate that 69% are less than 2.5 µm across, 21 % are 2.5-5 µm, and 10% are larger than 5 µm. Mineralogically the sludge particles are mainly carbon and metallic iron, with minor wustite and sulfur-bearing iron. Build-ups that sporadically develop in the furnace consist of olivine, hercynite spinel, metallic iron, wustite, pyrrhotite, pseudobrookite, akermanite-ferroakermanite and gehlenite. The microtextures shown by the build-ups indicate that much of that material has precipitated at the build-up loci. This study has been supported by AISI and the U.S. Department of Energy.

Jan 1, 1995

By R. A. Perry

DURING 1943, supplies of lead, like those of most base metals, moved from a position of scarcity to one of ample supply for all possible war requirements. The principal worry in the market, as 1944 began, was that surplus stocks might increase too rapidly to maintain price stability. The problem of postwar stockpiling had definitely entered the picture. The end of the year finds the lead industry having met all use demands, but not without depleting stocks to a critical low in spite of heavy importations. The principal reason for this dangerously reduced stock position is lack of adequate man power, which, without question, has become the lead industry's number one problem. This condition became obvious about the middle of the year, after Selective Service placed in effect orders that no deferments would be given employees under 26 years of age, and to a complacent attitude toward the industry assumed by the War Manpower Commission. It has become progressively worse since then. The WPB continued its policy, started during 1943, of easing restrictions on materials to be used for maintenance, repairs, and operating supplies. The policy of premium payments established by the Metals Reserve Co. was continued and, in spite of expressions to the contrary, has proved quite satisfactory. In short, the Government continued its program of stimulating the lead industry in practically all

Jan 1, 1945

By E. F. Schnitzer

During 1996 and 1997, Oregon experienced flooding on a scale not seen in many years. Some gravel pits located near rivers experienced erosion and, in several cases, breaches between the gravel pit and the river. Initial evaluation of several sites that experienced breaches indicates that impacts to the river system are complex and vary significantly from site to site. The impacts to the adjacent river system may be viewed as both positive and negative. Several floodplain-mining sites in Oregon located in areas of historic river flow have reverted to active riverbed. In many cases, state and federal fisheries biologists and university researchers see the resulting increase in channel complexity and habitat as favorable. The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries -Mined Land Reclamation Program (DOGAMI-MLR) is performing additional studies of the impacts to the off-channel areas that resulted from the 1996 floods. More data is needed to make sound floodplain decisions regarding mining.

Jan 1, 1999

By R G. Moreby

The purpose of this paper is to provide the rationale for decision making when considering the use of three heading gate roads in Australian underground coal mines.There are currently 30 underground longwall mines in Australia with all but two employing two heading gate road longwall layouts. The volumetric capacity of these two heading ventilation circuits is evidently viable in typical block lengths and in low to moderate gas regimes. However, in gassier regimes, potential longwall production rates of 10 Mt/a, and or where block lengths are being extended to well beyond historical norms, a conventional two heading U circuit may not be adequate. Other than seam gas emission, block length and production dependent heat loads together sealed area management requirements also have to be considered.The two mines currently employing three heading gate roads have the opportunity to revert to two headings at any time but, based on operational experience to date, have not done so due to the consequential reduction in gas management capacity and lower production rates associated with gas delays and limitations on tailgate access.Although there are a number of alternative two heading longwall circuits available and employed worldwide, the custom and practice of promoting inert goaf atmospheres in most Australian coal mines to mitigate the risk of catastrophic gas explosions and spontaneous combustion often prevents the use of gas loaded bleeder systems. In this respect, Australian underground coal mines may be considered the safest in the world.The current situation is that three heading gate roads have been proven successful in Australian conditions, albeit at additional cost, where two heading ventilation circuits cannot manage net seam gas emission to the ventilation system at the production rates required. In this respect, a further important driver for decision making is the short to medium term value of CO2-e emission taxation in Australia.CITATION:Moreby, R G, 2013. The rationale for use of three heading gate roads in Australian underground coal mines, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 13-26 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

"How Wall Street Darling Molycorp Undermined the U.S. Economy, Degraded our National Security and Distorted the Global Economic Balance and How These Falsehoods Continue to be Promoted Even Today INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY In 2007 the Molycorp Mountain Pass rare earth mine was resurrected from its desert-grave in California by its then-owner Chevron Mining. Responding to elevated rare earth prices Chevron began processing on-site rare earth concentrates left over from past mining operations that were terminated in 1998i. Chinese demand had sparked what was being described as a commodities super-cycleii. Commodity prices were on the move. Wall Street smelled opportunity. In 2008 Goldman Sachs, Pegasus Partners, Resource Capital Funds, Traxys North America LLC and Carint Group LLC acquired the mining assets from Chevron. In an environment of ever-declining ethical standards and regulatory consequences the private capital group and their investment bankers would bring Molycorp to market. Molycorp, with its high powered investment banking team of Morgan Stanley and J.P. Morganiii, easily dominated the contest. Molycorp promoted itself, largely based on its past operating history and proven reserves, as the best company to challenge China’s monopoly control over the production of rare earths: a group of elements critical to most advanced technologies and U.S. defense systemsiv. Most of Wall Street’s hottest investment sectors were dependent on these materials: alternative energy, green technologies, computing, personal communications, advanced electronics and defense systems. By late 2010 there were dozens of prospective rare earth start-up ‘mining companies’ seeking capital. Eventually the number of prospective rare earth mining companies seeking capital exceeded 400, despite the reality that supply requirements of this market were disproportionally small when compared to other natural resource sectorsv. In the world of finance ‘smart money’ picks the winners. Consequently just twovi projects attracted nearly all of the capital (Molycorp and Lynas). Wall street picked Molycorpvii. This paper will primarily focus on Molycorp. By early 2010 the words “Molycorp” and “Rare Earths” electrified many people in the mining industry, most non-Chinese manufacturing technology companies, U.S. & allied defense contractors, technocrats in the U.S. national security community and eager investors across most of the world’s stock markets. It was the hottest story of the yearviii. The financial, technology and defense press coverage verged on euphoric: heaping fuel on fuel until the highly combustible Molycorp-pyre cast a long shadow over all of its rivalsix. When the IPO match was lit the spectacular flaming pyre sucked all of the oxygen out of the rare earth spacex. Molycorp was ranked the most lucrative IPO of 2010, resulting in record breaking profits to its private investors and massive returns for its early stock holding investors."

Jan 1, 2017

The addition of copper sulfate to mineral slurries in order to ?activate? sulfide mineral surfaces for enhanced collector molecule adsorption, and hence enhanced recovery via flotation, is a com-mon mineral processing practice. It has been established in a laboratory situation that the addition of CuSO4 in conjunction with xanthate collector increases the flotation rate of pentlandite as compared to the addition of collector alone. However, it remains unclear whether the addition of CuSO4has a similar effect within mineral processing circuits. We examine here the effect of pre-activation oxidation on the copper activation of pentlandite and monoclinic and hexagonal pyrrhotite. All activation experiments were carried out at pH 9 using a total solution content of copper ions equivalent to one monolayer (0.210 -4 moles, 110-4M). Copper loss from solution was extremely rapid in all cases with less than 10 % remaining after 10s. EDTA extraction and solution analysis clearly demonstrated that copper activation was via direct surface adsorption and not an ion exchange process, as is the case for sphalerite, and that most copper on the surfaces is in the form of Cu(I). ToF-SIMS analyses of the mineral surfaces subsequent to copper activation show increased surface oxidation on increased conditioning time prior to copper activation. However, there is a significant decrease in surface oxidation on comparison of samples that have otherwise been prepared in the same manner but where one has been exposed to copper solution rather than water. This suggests that copper activation stabilises the surface and reduces the propensity for oxidation. Regardless of the length of pre-activation oxidation time only Fe(III) (no Fe(II)-S) was observed by XPS analysis, indicating a highly oxidised surface layer dominated by Fe-O-OH species. The presence of Cu(II) on the mineral surface is indicative of the formation of Cu(II)-containing precipitates and indicates non-mineral specific activation resulting in increased recovery but lower grade. Mineral specific copper adsorption, as evidenced by the presence of Cu(I), is required to improve both grade and recovery. Prolonged oxidation prior to copper activation causes a reduction in the Cu(I) to Cu(II) ratio on the mineral surfaces as compared to either fresh surfaces or surfaces oxidised for 1 minute only. This strongly indicates that the copper activation process is less effective on highly oxidised surfaces.

Jan 1, 2014

By C. J. Bise, M. F. Sindelar

Regulations, such as the MINER Act of 2006, require the installation of redundant and secondary communication systems to assure that contact can be established with coal miners who may become trapped underground as a result of an event such as a fire, explosion or inundation. For half a century, the orientation towards underground communications has been that more complex systems better serve the coal miner. However, if a goal is to provide for an alternative means of establishing communication between the surface and trapped miners underground, then some of the technology employed should be simple, reliable and cost-effective. Coal mines spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on exploratory drillholes to characterize reserves, sometimes decades ahead of mine development. During the pre-mine planning phases, certain exploratory drillholes could be located and then outfitted with a simple communication link that would remain compatible with the continuing evolution of communication systems. Inexpensive links, whose locations would be accurately recorded, would be exposed by continuous miners during mine entry development, thereby allowing an underground phone to be connected to a surface station in the event of an emergency. A latent network of these communication links could be installed for less than $500 each, minimally affecting drilling and grouting operations, and could be designed to be compatible with many communication devices. This research examines methods and materials for incorporating an embedded communication link during pre-mine exploration drilling, addresses significant factors affecting its implementation, and presents a recommended design. Since mine plans are known to change, the objective is to minimize cost so that, if not used, the investment is minimal for a potential secondary means of communication between the surface and underground workings.

Jan 1, 2014

By Whitman E. Brown, Louis J. Erck

The installation in 1948 of a Hum-phrey~ spiral concentrator section at the Hill-Trumbull plant of The Cleve-land-Cliffs Iron Co. is the latest commercial method on the Mesabi Range being used for the recovery of fine iron ore. In two stages of concentration 84 spirals treat approximately 120 long tons per hour of minus ? in. ore. These spirals augment the production of the heavy-density plant which recovers the plus 36 in. iron from the plant crude ore. Structure of the ore is such that, when crushed, about 50 pct of the plant crude is minus ? in. size. After de-sliming in a 66 in. Akins classifier, grinding the classifier product in a ball mill and again desliming in a 78 in. Akins classifier about 15 pct of the crude ore remains to be treated in the spiral plant. Overall recovery of the ball mill feed in the Hill-Trumbull spiral plant during the 1948 season was about 53 pct of the weight and 66 pct of the total iron content. Of the actual feed delivered to the spirals from the 78 in. classifier 64.9 pct of the weight was recovered containing 73.7 pct of the total iron. The average analysis of the spiral concentrate is 55.05 pct Fe and 14.83 pct SiO2. An average of mill assays during the 1948 season is given in Table 1. The Hill-Trumbull plants treat both wash ore and jig-type ore. During the 1948 season spirals were used only on the fine sizes of jig-type ore. At times the deslimed minus ? in. size is of sufficient grade to warrant bypassing the spirals but in the main the fine size is delivered to the 48 first stage spirals and thence to the 36 cleaner or second stage spirals. In the past several years numerous Mesabi Range ores in the fine size cate- gory have been tested by a wide variety of beneficiating equipment. The prodigious amount of research devoted to the recovery of values in the fine ore reflects the dire need of the iron industry to squeeze the last possible unit of iron from the mined ore and to develop suitable equipment and processes to satisfactorily concentrate the leaner horizons as they are encountered in the process of mining. Large governmental and private appropriations have been allotted, new laboratories built, research and technical staffs increased, and operator-manufacturer cooperative agreements applied to hasten the solution of the problem. The University of Minnesota, at its Eighth Annual Mining Symposium in January 1947, dedicated as its objective the bringing to light of technological developments in iron ore beneficiation. Papers were given at that time relating to processes being developed. Specifically, these papers reviewed flotation, Baum jig, selective media concentrator, Hardinge concentrator, Dorrco sizer, heavy media concentration, Hydrotator, and the Humphreys spiral. The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., after encouraging results from tests in a small pilot plant using one full size spiral, made the first commercial installation of Humphreys spirals on the Mesabi Range at their Hill-Trumbull mine, Taconite, Minn. This company

Jan 1, 1950

By Arthur F. Hagner

The titaniferous magnetite deposit at Iron Mountain, Wyoming, is in Precambrian anorthosite. Individual ore bodies are lenses, commonly arranged en echelon, conformable to the platy crystal structure and compositional layering of the anorthosite; a few transect these features at various angles. The ore bodies are on the east flank of the principal anticline in the anorthosite mass. Magnetite and ilmenite, accompanied by spine!, are the ore minerals. The principal gangue minerals are olivine, which was introduced with the ore, and plagioclase, the chief constituent of the anorthosite. The anticlinal region appears to have been a structurally weak zone, and westward-bowing curves of the axis were especially favorable sites for localization of the two largest massive ore bodies. These bodies are synclinal and plunge southeast. The proportion of magnetite-ilmenite to olivine and to anorthosite appears to be related to structural features. Where magnetite-ilmenite is present with olivine, the magnetite-ilmenite is encountered along the most pronounced parts of a fold where anorthite content is highest, whereas olivine is associated principally with more gently folded portions. During granulation and recrystallization of the anorthosite mass, temperature and pressure changes furnished the energy required to release and mobilize iron and other elements that migrated to areas of low pressure, the ore zone. Some iron and magnesium may have combined with silica from partly dissociated plagioclase to form olivine. The ore formed by replacement of anorthosite as indicated by: (1) the marked changes in mineralogy along strike, dip, and plunge of an ore body; (2) the concentration of massive ore in folds and olivine on limbs; ( 3) the halo of low-grade mineralized rock that transects the structure of the anorthosite in the hanging wall; and ( 4) the layering in the large southern ore body, that strikes more easterly than the trend of the body.

Jan 1, 1968

By Prakash AJ, Singh PK, Dhar BB

Safety and stability of underground mine openings, coal pillars and water dams in the near vicinity of operating surface mines are endangered from excessive blast induced vibrations. This paper deals with the investigations carried out in four coal mines. Simultaneous measurements at equal distances from the source indicated higher level of vibration on the surface than those produced in the underground workings. The values of peak particle velocity (PPV) measured on coal pillars, body of water dam were lower than those measured on roof and junctions of the roadways. The parting of coal (3-4.5 m) between two sections vibrated with higher PPV compared to the roof of top section and floor of bottom section. In one case the influence of total charge fired in a round was significant in generation of vibration compared to the maximum charge/delay where monitoring was done vertically below the source.

Jan 1, 1995

By M. Rancourt, J. Levay, D. K. Murphy

INTRODUCTION The LG-2 project is one element of the La Grande Complex, an integrated development of hydro-electric potential being constructed in north-western Quebec by the James Bay Energy Corporation. The project is located on the La Grande River about 65 miles east of Fort George on the James Bay coast and 600 miles north of Montreal. It comprises a 525 foot high dam, 81,000 feet of dykes, spillway and river diversion works and a 16 unit underground powerhouse that will have an installed capacity of 5,328 MW. The power installations at LG-2 represent approximately half of the total potential for the complex. When completed in 1982, LG-2 will rank as the largest underground powerhouse in the world. Studies and site explorations for the project were begun in 1971, construction commenced in 1973 and the roll date for the first machine is scheduled for February, 1980. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF POWER INSTALLATIONS As shown in Figure 1, the power installations are located on the south bank of the river about 4 miles downstream from the main dam. The general arrangement of the complex is presented in Figures 2 and 3. The intake structure consists of 2 groups of 8 gated intakes separated by a central service area. Sixteen 26 foot diameter in-

Jan 1, 1976

By J. E. Murphy

A method is being developed by the Federal Bureau of Mines for recovering lead metal from galena without the generation of SO2. Lead chloride is obtained by leaching lead concentrate at a temperature of approximately 100° C with FeCl3 solution: PbS + 2FeCl. " PbC1 2 + 2FeC1 2 + S. Electrolysis of the PbCI 2 product in a fused-salt bath results in deposition of molten lead metal at the cathode and evolution of chlorine at the anode. The chlorine can then be absorbed in the spent leach solution to regenerate FeCl3 for recycling. Optimum electrolyte composition was a PbC12-LiCl eutectic containing 7.6 wt-pct LiCl. The PbCl2-NaCl eutectic also proved satisfactory. Electrolysis in the PbCl2-LiCl bath at 450° C yielded 99 pct current efficiency at a current density of 5 amp/in2 with an energy requirement of only 0.24 kW-hr/lb metal produced. This compares with 98 pct current effi¬ciency and 0.26 kW-hr/lb metal produced for the PbCI2-NaCI bath. A typical lead deposit contained less than 100 ppm total detectable metallic impurities. At the low temperature employed for electrolysis, there was essentially no vaporization of Pb or FbC12.

Jan 1, 1974

By Rolland L. Blake

The Bureau of Mines investigated the mineralogy, tonnage, and beneficiating characteristics of oxidized (nonmagnetic) taconite iron resources of the Western Mesabi Range as part of its program to insure adequate future domestic mineral supplies. Magnetic taconite currently provides about 95 pct of Mesabi production, but the large tonnages of oxidized taconite between the magnetic deposits will be needed to help meet future domestic demand for iron ore. Three bulk samples that represent large tonnages from the Western Mesabi Range were selected to determine their mineral composition and liberation by light optical microscopy and to test their beneficiating response. This report describes the mineralogy and liberation characteristics of the three samples of the Biwabik Iron-Formation for 26.5 mi (42.7 kID) from Keewatin to Grand Rapids, MN. (Details of response to beneficia-tion were reported previously.) The samples represent mostly material from the Lower Cherty Member of the Biwabik-Iron Formation, although one sample included some Upper Cherty Member. Minerals of all three samples were quartz (chert), hematite, goethite, and minor to trace amounts of magnetite, iron carbonate, and iron silicates. It was concluded that the oxidized taconites of the Western Mesabi Range represent a subeconomic indicated resource that can be selectively mined and beneficiated as a future large source of iron feed for steelmaking.

Jan 1, 1983

Dear Member: The Proceedings for the Institute for the past year are enclosed. We hope you will read them, for there are some good ideas expressed, and the papers are far above the average. The job of publishing the Proceedings has always worried the Secretary. The Secretary, being at the same time the Treasurer, has to pay the bills, and this time he enlisted the co-operation of some of our friends. You will find this co-operation shown in the ads in the proceedings. Read the ads just as carefully, even more so, than you do the text. They carry messages from our friends. Don't forget the winter meeting in Denver, the last of February, the 26, 27 and 28. Another good paper to be read then will be that of A. L. Jones on the subject of "Power Problems of the Coal Mine." In the meantime you can do two things for the Secretary. Let the few who haven't paid their dues remit quickly so we can get our books closed. Also, when you know of a changed address of any of the Institute members, drop the Secretary a line. so he can keep the mailing list straight Very truly yours, THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL MINING INSTITUTE By [ ] Sec?y-Treas. BS AHH

Jan 1, 1922

ALEXANDER BRYDEN Alexander Bryden, clean of engineers in the anthracite mining field, and a member of the pioneer Pittston family, was claimed by death Wednesday, September 26, 1917. The announcement was not a surprise, as he had been in a critical condition for several days. Mr. Bryden had been in failing health for a year past, but his indomitable will kept him at his accustomed duties until quite recently. Two weeks before his death he attended the regular weekly meeting of the Board of Directors of the Miners' Savings Bank in Pittston, Pa. At that time he apparently felt that his end was fast approaching, as he bade farewell to his associates on the bank board. Until a few days before the end, he continued to give attention to business matters at his home, in preparation for the end, which he met unflinchingly. In the passing of Mr. Bryden, northeastern Pennsylvania loses one of the best-known mining engineers, and the community, a man who, throughout his long life, was actively interested in its social welfare and business prosperity. He was for many years prominent in the management of the mining operations of the Pennsylvania Coal Co., and at the time of his death held the position of consulting engineer of the Pennsylvania and Hillside Coal. Companies.

Jan 12, 1917

By AIME AIME

NO MORE SUITABLE time and place than LOS Angeles on Thursday and Friday, July 28 and 29, could have been chosen for the Western Regional Meeting of the~1nstitutk. After attending two clays of technical sessions and enjoying the luncheons and dinners of the meeting, visitors, on the following days, could see the opening ceremonies and events of the Olympic Games, which started on July 30 and continued to Aug. 14. Such d spectacle can be seen only once in a generation in this country.

Jan 1, 1932