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By Richard J. Mainiero

The Bureau of Mines has developed a prototype nonincendive explosive rock-breaker charge that can be fired unconfined in underground bituminous coal mines without the danger of igniting a flammable atmosphere that might be present. At present, unconfined shooting in underground coal mines is prohibited, but there are situations where the use of such shots would yield an overall improvement in safety. The charge consists of l-1/2 lb of permissible water gel explosive in the form of a short cylinder 7 inches in diameter and 7/8 inches high, surrounded by a l/2-inch-thick layer of damp salt, and encased in latex rubber reinforced with cheese cloth. The latex rubber housing provides a charge package that is strong enough to resist rough handling yet is pliable enough to conform to an irregular stone surface. A charge of this shape was found to be more effective at breaking rock than charges with lined or unlined cavities. Incendivity tests in a gallery have shown that the prototype charge will not ignite a flammable methane-air atmosphere when fired. Rock- breaking tests made with limestone boulders indicate that the charge will satisfactorily break stone slabs weighing 1 to 2 tons, and that two or more charges might be effective for slabs weighing up to 10 tons. In cooperation with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), a test protocol for the certification of these charges as "permissible" for use in flammable atmospheres is being developed.

Apr 1, 1982

By Prince Lazarovich, Hrebelianovich

I WAS asked by the chairman of one of the Sessions on Employment Problems to talk about the viewpoint of the foreign workingman. I am not a workingman. I have never done what a work-hand might call an honest day's labor; that is, I have never been in a factory or manufacturing plant or in a mine, though in truth, hard work and I are well acquainted. I was a soldier, am an engineer, have long been actively interested in the most important waterway construction in the near East, have served politics and diplomacy, written books and lectured at universities. My knowledge of the foreign workingman in this country comes from the fact that my own compatriots here at various times came to me and appealed for advice and help, and last year I was asked by the employment manager of a corporation to undertake a welfare job at one of their plants. I went out, saw the plant, talked with the superintendent and outlined certain of my ideas which he personally heartily approved, but which did not find favor with those higher up. I approach the subject of the foreign workman's point of view with the understanding that the industrial employer's effort is for the maximum of efficiency. I am conversant with labor conditions abroad both in industry and agriculture. What I have learned of industrial conditions in America as they affect the foreign immigrant has been chiefly gathered from the cases referred to of foreign workmen who from time to time have come to me with their troubles. In the course of those investigations, in order to give whatever help or advice was possible, I have been impressed with the fact that the great United States industries evidently had- pot yet sufficiently recognized the value of studying the conditions of the workingman in the lands of his origin across the seas. A careful study of that which could be called the moral element in connection with its foreign labor would give industry a knowledge of the man's reason for coming, what' grievances he brings with him, his hopes for a future, and the peculiar character of his capacities. The employer would thereby be enabled to meet the man, to be helpful to him, to aid him and at the same time promote industrial efficiency, inasmuch as a workman who believes that he is being dealt with humanly and squarely is contented and satisfied and will give willingly, and even with pride, the best that is in him; justice and a fair deal is all the man wants.

Jan 4, 1918

By M. W. Robotham, H Wang

removal efficiency is analysed from a stochastic

Apr 1, 1995

By Tim Brick, Peter Jewell, Stephen Thompson, Simon Morgan

The $980m (€750m) Dublin Port Tunnel, Europe’s biggest urban highway tunnel project, was opened in December 2006. The culmination of this immense scheme is set to transform the environment, mobility and road safety of Ireland’s capital city. This paper summarizes the key aspects of a project linking both sequential and parallel construction of individual tunnels and describes various approaches to bored, mined and pre-support cut-and-cover tunneling in a wide variety of ground types and depth of cover. Examples of innovative approaches to deal with structural and geotechnical problems while maintaining full operation of both road and rail traffic and the integrity of properties in a dense urban corridor are described.

Jan 1, 2007

By Stephen A. Swan

This Bureau of Mines report discusses research to analyze and evaluate extended bumper systems in order to determine the degree of protection provided to equipment operators in the event of rear-end collisions be-tween off-road rear-dump haulage trucks. The basic characteristics of rear-end collisions were determined, and a detailed analysis of the col-lision dynamics was performed to identify the magnitude and direction of impact loads, the amount of energy that must be absorbed during impact, and the major factors that affect the outcome of a collision. Separate bumper designs were developed to facilitate attachment to four 170-st-capacity haulage truck frame types.

Jan 1, 1987

By K. P. Kavun, M. N. Denisov

Discussed in the paper is the redesigned reserve/resource classification for solid minerals being put forth by the authors to replace the acting Russian classification of 19961. The new version is based on the traditional foundations of former Russian classifications and the principles of the ‘McKelvey box’, both categorizing mineral resources according to the degree of geological assurance and economic viability. Based on these approaches the classification deliberately deals with both reserve and resource categories very similar to those established by the Geneva Accords in terms of definitions implied. The authors proceed from the UN-ECE proposed concept of ‘reserves’ being a part of ‘total resources’ explored in great detail by geological and feasibility studies and economically mineable at the time of reporting. The draft classification distinguishes ‘proved’, ‘probable’ and ‘possible’ categories of reserves depending on the stage of feasibility assessment carried out, i.e. the degree of detail and accuracy with which modifying factors affecting mineability of an orebody are taken into account. The reserves are regarded as a product of feasibility assessment of ‘measured’, ‘indicated’ and ‘inferred’ resources. The portions of them not having been classified as ‘reserves’ are regarded as composed of two classes: ‘subeconomic’ and ‘potentially economic’ resources (or ‘resource base’). All the cells of the classification matrix are provided with traditional for Russia alphanumeric designations and appropriate UNFC codes. The classification scheme recommended is viewed as a step forward in improvement of the State inventory and reporting mineral resources in market conditions, conducive to cross-border professional collaboration in the field of providing reliable information on the mineral rawmaterials base of the world’s economy. Besides, it recommends an easy way to get rid of amethodological error in the UNFC classification scheme where consecutive stages of geologicalexploration are identified with a single inherent degree of geological assurance. Keywords: mineral resources, mineral reserves, classification, geological assurance, feasibility studies, subeconomic resources, undiscovered resources, competent person.

Jan 1, 2003

By M. Shapiro, L. A. le Grange, B. Henning

A paper was presented by Bateman Minerals and Metals at INFACONX (2004) describing a simplified Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Model for predicting the temperature and velocity distributions in all the fluid zones of a single electrode DC Furnace simultaneously with the temperature distributions in the refractory lining of the vessel. The boundary conditions imposed on the model consisted of the arc current, external surface film coefficients and ambient temperatures. The temperature and velocity distributions in the free-board, slag and metal were solved simultaneously by coupling across the interfaces between the fluids and transportation phenomena developing in the plasma arc. A simplified model was used to describe the ex-change of energy by radiation between the arc and surfaces enclosing the freeboard region. The strengths of this model were reported as being the ability to: ?Solve the different zones and transportation phenomena simultaneously without the need to transfer partial numerical results between different numerical analysis applications. ?Solve velocity and temperature distributions without assumptions regarding internal film coefficients and additional internal temperature boundary conditions. One of the disadvantages of the model was that the energy absorbed by the process was not modelled, resulting in vessel performance predictions under heat loss conditions only. Whilst this allowed potential problem areas such as localized refractory heating to be identified, the model was only capable of predicting how these could be improved by varying the overall geometry and materials of construction. This paper presents improvements in the application software and user defined subroutines of the model as follows: ?Incorporation of surface to gas, gas to gas and gas to surface radiation models to improve the accuracy of radiative heat transfer mechanisms within the freeboard. ?Incorporation of a process energy absorption model based on a theoretical temperature dependant enthalpy curve which incorporates melting, smelting and superheating in selected areas of the bath. This enables the effect of feed distribution and power to feed ratio changes to be estimated. The effects of a commercial arc at full power on the freeboard and slag can now be simulated with increased accuracy.

Jan 1, 2007

In February 2001, Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) commissioned its first full-scale ultra fine grinding (UFG) plant to supplement existing roaster concentrate treatment capacity. This process involves the fine grinding of refractory pyritic concentrate to 10µm, followed by direct cyanide leaching for the recovery of gold. By this means gold is economically extracted from the concentrate without the need to first oxidise the host pyrite. This paper details the history of the project from initial laboratory testwork comparing possible treatment options, to current performance of the 12 tph plant. This includes the cost comparison of the major treatment options, the laboratory and pilot scale UFG performance, the UFG mill selection, cyanide leaching of UFG product, commissioning and plant performance to date.

Jan 1, 2002

By J. M. Schaekers

In the first part of the article, the authors give a broad overview of the chemistry and some engineering aspects of bioleach processes, eventually leading to the important and critical issue of the stability of arsenic-containing residues, especially those derived from bioleaching of sulphidic gold ores. In the section ?Factors affecting arsenic stability? they give an excellent summary of the factors normally affecting the stability of such residues. This is followed by some valid comments on the suitability of a single leach test to evaluate the long-term stability of solid waste streams. However, they fail to mention that, up till now, no tests procedure has been accepted by either environmentalists or the mining/processing industry as a valid method to test the long-term stability of solid wastes. Their own method is no exception, although, like many others, it is useful to identify potential problems with solid wastes considered for disposal.

Jan 1, 2001

Declining metal prices over the last few years have reduced the number of new metallurgical plants being built and limited opportunities for introducing new processes. However, technological advances are still being made. With increasing economic pressures, the emphasis is now on reducing unit costs by making equipment larger and through use of technologies with lower operating costs. This trend can be seen in the increasing size of grinding mills and flotation cells used in recent plant designs and in the adoption of HPGR crushing as an alternative to SAG milling. Few new technologies achieve widespread introduction until there are clear economic or operational drivers. These might currently include: ò          increasingly stringent environmental standards; ò          availability of exotic materials for equipment construction; ò          increasingly sophisticated instrumentation and control systems; ò          the need to treat increasingly refractory oretypes; and ò          the length of supply routes to many new plants. As a result of these drivers, a number of new and revitalised technologies will get increasing prominence in the design of new operations, such as: ò          use of ultrafine milling equipment such as MIM's Isamill for treatment of refractory gold ore concentrates; ò          use of thiourea as an alternative for cyanide in sensitive locations; ò          novel hydrometallurgical routes for treating base metal ores in remote locations; ò          paste thickening for tailings deposition; and intensive cyanidation of gravity concentrate

Jan 1, 2000

By Edward J. McNamara

People in the real estate industry are fond of saying that the three most important features of a piece of property are, in order, location, location, and location. This is perhaps the reason that the owners of a well known high-end restaurant chain chose to spend $15 million dollars to renovate 5000 square feet of basement in a 22-story commercial building in the heart of New York City's Time Square. The goal was to create a music club with a stage area and dance floor with a mezzanine level surrounding the dance floor. In order to create the 50' x 40' dance floor and 20' x 40' stage area, 3 concrete columns were removed. New transfer girders were used to transfer the loads of these columns to new steel columns. For the mezzanine, nine columns had to be underpinned. All work continued while the restaurants, shops and offices above carried on business as usual. This paper details some of the means and methods utilized as well as the challenges faced by Underpinning & Foundation Constructors, Inc. in underpinning the columns and installing the new transfer steel.

Jan 1, 2000

By Eduardo M. Sacris

The performance of the grinding circuit, from the initial stages of operation to the present, is discussed. The mill efficiency as measured by the Bond grindability data and the operating work index is presented. The objective has been to produce a sand cyclone overflow containing not more than 6% +65 mesh. However, this has never been attained even at low milling rates. On the other hand, significant improvements in throughput were achieved by instituting some equipment changes and process modifications within the grinding circuit. The latest approach to solving the coarse grind problem is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. D. Hull

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B.Sc. (Eng.) (Mining) degree As a partial fulfilment for the degree of B.Sc. (Eng) (mining) at the University of the Witwatersrand, a dissertation was to be completed in the mining industry. This was done at Finsch mine, with the purpose of determining the best solution to the required secondary breaking problem. In order to complete the study of the secondary blasting method available for use in the new block 4, cave mining method at Finsch mine the following problem statement was identified and solved ?The methods currently in use, for the secondary breaking of oversize rocks at their source in the current production levels, are to be investigated, and their applicability to the new block 4mining project determined?. To effectively achieve this problem statement above; time was spent researching and investigating, in depth, the methods that are currently in use at both Finsch and Koffiefontein mines; so as to gain practical knowledge of these. The methods were identified and independently evaluated, taking into consideration factors such as costs of the equipment, time to break oversize rocks, advantages, disadvantages, safety and labour requirements, etc. This in turn then allowed for a direct comparison between the methods and the decision as to the best to apply to the new block 4 production level. The methods that were investigated included: ?Concussion blasting, where concussion bombs and lay-on charges are used to break hang-ups and boulders. ?Drill and blast methods, where holes are drilled in large rocks and charged manually with explosives. ?Emulsion secondary blasting, which is a new project in use at Koffiefontein mine from African Explosives Limited. ?The Ro-BustTM breaking system, a hydro-fracturing breaking system. Once all the methods had been evaluated and compared it was found that the Ro-BustTM Breaking system was the most applicable for the breaking of boulders, with, the Emulsion Blasting System being used for hang-ups. Further information and the more in-depth version of this report, is stored in the resource centre at De Beers?Finsch Mineand the School of Mining Engineering WITS University.`

Jan 1, 2002

By Fred Leonard

This report is principally concerned with the engineering and economic feasibility of area surface coal mining systems other than draglines. This analysis evaluates shovel/ trucks, shovel/crusher/conveyors, and shovel/rail excavation and haulage systems for an assortment of geologic environments and production rates in the Powder River Basin (PRB). Shovel/trucks, front-end loaders trucks, and shovel/crusher/conveyors were studied in a multi-seam, dipping geologic area of the Four Corners Region. The Texas lignite engineering and economic research involved bucket-wheel excavators (BWE), BWE/backhoes, and scraper/backhoe combinations for overburden and coal excavation. The PRB truck/shovel study utilized the most recent computer simulation available in both the design and cost analyses. Detailed engineering analysis, followed by in-depth operating costs (operating and depreciation), result in a complete evaluation of each mining system. Cost comparisons of the different mining systems under similar geologic and production constraints are presented in the report to illustrate the estimated capital investment and production costs per ton of coal and bank cubic yard of overburden.

Jan 1, 1980

By Garry M. Johnston, Matthew L. Sutcliffe, Nicholas J. Welham

"The predominant current processes for the treatment of oxidized copper–cobalt ores use a reductive acid leach to bring the desired metals into solution. However, the indiscriminate nature of acid leaching results in a solution, akin to a metal soup, containing not only the Cu and Co but also an extensive suite of other metals. These other metals, notably Fe, Mn, Al, Ca, Mg and Si, all have to be eliminated from solution before the copper and cobalt can be recovered. Generally precipitation processes are used, but these tend to result in significant losses of copper and/or more usually cobalt from solution, leading to reduced recoveries. The AmmLeach® process uses ammonia-based chemistry to selectively leach the target metals, leaving the rest behind in the leach residue. This approach eliminates any need to clean the solution of unwanted metals and the consequent metal losses. After solid–liquid separation, the leach solution is immediately subjected to separation and concentration of the copper and cobalt using solvent extraction and electrowinning. INTRODUCTION The Copper Belt extends through the northern part of Zambia and the southern province of Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and contains the richest and highest grade deposits of copper and cobalt remaining in the world. Whilst there are a number of mines that produce sulphide concentrates, using froth flotation, the largest deposits are those where near-surface sulphides have been weathered over time to form oxides. The oxides cannot be concentrated by conventional physical means to give high recoveries. Despite this, a number of dense medium separation plants have been installed and used to produce a higher grade concentrate which is typically exported (while the rejects, typically 2 to 3% Cu are stockpiled for treatment at a later date). These plants generally have low recoveries and can only be used on the dwindling supply of high grade materials. In exporting the concentrate, little value adding is undertaken within the country, thus greatly reducing the economic benefits to the country. Recent changes to the regulations in the DRC will effectively ban the export of low value ores, concentrates and intermediates in favour of high value metals. This will necessitate mines to install new processing circuits in order to comply with these regulations. The head grade of ores currently being treated in the DRC is slowly decreasing as the extremely high grade materials are being selectively mined out. In many cases, the removal of a small volume of high grade materials leaves a much larger volume of economically marginal ore behind. This is due to a desire for short-term profits overtaking long-term prosperity. The remaining ore, which in many cases is still of relatively high value by world class standards, is likely to be only treatable by low cost heap leaching. There are some initial trials of heap leaching within the DRC, but implementation at a large scale has yet to be adopted."

Jan 1, 2015

By Fred D. Wright, Philip B. Bucky

FOREWORD By E. D. Gardner[$] THE present known petroleum reserves are limited, and unless important new fields are discovered the Nation will be dependent, in the not too distant future, upon imports or upon synthetic liquid fuels to supplement domestic petroleum supplies. As a national defense measure, it would appear desirable to develop a substitute source of liquid fuels within the borders of the country if new discoveries of petroleum should prove disappointing. Congress undoubtedly had this in mind when it passed the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act (78th Congress, approved April 5, 1944). The act directed the Bureau of Mines to construct and operate demonstration plants for producing synthetic liquid fuels from coal and oil shale, and from forestry and agricultural products. As a part of this program, the Bureau of Mines has built a demonstration plant at Anvil Points, near Rifle, Colo., for retorting the oil shale, and has developed a mine to supply the plant with oil shale. At the beginning of mining operations, the physical qualities of the oil shale, which would have a bearing upon the selection of mining methods and practices for exploiting the deposits, were largely unknown. A comprehensive mining-research program has been set up to determine the best methods and practices to follow to obtain the lowest overall practicable mining cost for producing the oil shale on a large scale. Unusually low mining costs will be necessary for shale oil to be produced commercially. Consideration now is being given to exploiting a series of flat-lying beds 70 ft thick by a room-and-pillar method of three benches with the advance heading at the top. This report is one of a series giving the results obtained in research on mining problems. INTRODUCTION The structure and physical qualities of the oil shale indicate that the 70-ft interval of the oil-shale measure can be safely mined in open stopes; studies indicate that this method would be the most economical one to use.1 As labor will be a major item of expense, the largest equipment that could be operated efficiently in the workings would be required to obtain the lowest practicable mining cost. It was therefore desirable to know the maximum safe span of unsupported rooms and the size of pillars necessary to support the overburden. This paper describes the work done at the Columbia School of Mines Barodynamic Laboratory in determining the maximum safe unsupported roof spans and the minimum safe pillar dimensions for the oil-shale mine at Rifle, Colo.

Jan 1, 1947

By C. Daly

The Faculty of Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) offers a core first-year engineering design and innovation course, ENGG1000, undertaken during the first and second semesters. This course is highly regarded in the sense that it provides an introduction to many concepts and activities that students will experience over the four-year minimum for which they are undergraduates at UNSW. Approximately 1400 students enrol in the semester 1 course across the Faculty, typically 80 of which undertake the Mining Engineering stream. Students in teams of between six and eight design and construct a physical model to represent an aspect of their chosen discipline. For example, in 2013 the mining engineers designed and built a model dragline. This paper concentrates a major aspect of the course ? the involvement of team members in group activities and the development of the associated skills of peer assessment and peer review as the course progresses over a period of 12 weeks. The term ?peer assessment? in this paper refers to the requirement for students to assess the design components of their peers. This course has a structured requirement in terms of how a successful design is a result of a sound design process rather than a ?try and see? approach. Each student must describe in detail the process they undertook to achieve their final design ? hence the approach is independent of the discipline and/or project selected. Peer review is a process whereby students review the contribution of their team members to the overall design. This activity encourages team involvement and interaction. The final assessment mark can be moderated by the outcome of this peer review, although it is run twice during the semester. The first ?run? is for feedback only during week six and hence no moderation is undertaken. It was found through consultation with students and from questionnaires that both processes are well accepted and highly regarded by students, as they give them a degree of ownership of the assessment process. In addition, the processes provide rapid and relevant feedback on the progress of individual students. Peer review and peer assessment are also considered to be very valuable tools for use in courses in succeeding years. For instance, many of the courses in mining engineering rely heavily on group assessment tasks.

Jan 1, 2014

By C. Daly

"The Faculty of Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) offers a core first-year engineering design and innovation course,ENGG1000, undertaken during the first and second semesters. This course is highly regarded in the sense that it provides an introduction to many concepts and activities that students will experience over the four-year minimum for which they are undergraduates at UNSW. Approximately 1400 students enrol in the semester 1 course across the Faculty, typically 80 of which undertake the Mining Engineering stream. Students in teams of between six and eight design and construct a physical model to represent an aspect of their chosen discipline. For example, in 2013 the mining engineers designed and built a model dragline. This paper concentrates a major aspect of the course - the involvement of team members in group activities and the development of the associated skills of peer assessment and peer review as the course progresses over a period of 12 weeks.The term ‘peer assessment’ in this paper refers to the requirement for students to assess the design components of their peers. This course has a structured requirement in terms of how a successful design is a result of a sound design process rather than a ‘try and see’ approach. Each student must describe in detail the process they undertook to achieve their final design - hence the approach is independent of the discipline and/or project selected.Peer review is a process whereby students review the contribution of their team members to the overall design. This activity encourages team involvement and interaction. The final assessment mark can be moderated by the outcome of this peer review, although it is run twice during the semester. The first ‘run’ is for feedback only during week six and hence no moderation is undertaken.It was found through consultation with students and from questionnaires that both processes are well accepted and highly regarded by students, as they give them a degree of ownership of the assessment process. In addition, the processes provide rapid and relevant feedback on the progress of individual students.Peer review and peer assessment are also considered to be very valuable tools for use in courses in succeeding years. For instance, many of the courses in mining engineering rely heavily on group assessment tasks."

Jan 1, 2014

By Paul L. Michael

Roof warring signals from eleven underground coal mines (principally in the Pittsburgh seam) were studied and analyzed. The character of individual acoustic warning signals is shown to be dependent on spectral distribution of energy. Reverberation tires (pulse decay rates) were found to be usually between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds. Listening tests were conducted to assess the miner's ability to discriminate speech and roof talk signals in noise and in quiet, with and without ear protectors and with various levels of hearing loss. The ability to detect roof talk is shown to be generally degraded while wearing car protection in quiet, although, if car protectors are worn only when required by high noise levels, the ability to detect roof talk will be preserved at its maximum.

Jan 1, 1972

By Maryam Sadeghi, Jonathan Roy, Claude Bazin

"The operation of mineral processing equipments is intimately related to the mineral composition of the ore. However unit performances are usually characterized in terms of metal contents or recoveries as this data is easier to obtain than the mineral contents. This paper describes a method that combines the operations of material balancing and estimation of the mineral contents of the ore. The estimated mineral contents can be used for process analysis and diagnosis of operating problems.IntroductionThe ore that is feeding a concentrator is made of minerals that condition the energy requirements for the ore comminution and the performances of the subsequent separation circuit. Indeed a change in the mineral composition of the ore may lead to lower grinding mill throughput as well as lower recovery or grade of the economical products. Despite this relationship is recognized the mineral composition of the ore is seldom measured or estimated to provide regular information for the diagnosis of operating problems. Some methods such as the QEM-SCAN (Whiten, 2008; Lamberg and Vianna, 2006) are available to measure the concentration of the minerals in ore samples but the method is time demanding and plant operators usually base their evaluation of the plant performances on chemical assays of metals or elements since this data is easier to obtain from ore samples.Usually samples of the streams of mineral processing plants are collected on a daily basis to be assayed for strategic elements. The obtained concentrations are balanced to produce coherent data with the material conservation constraint and then used to characterize the day to day operation of the plant in terms of recovery of valuable metals and grades of the marketable concentrates. The behavior of contaminant elements can also be monitored from this data allowing the operators to explain for instance a lower zinc concentrate grade by a more important contamination of iron. However such diagnosis is only partial as the contaminant element can be transported by different minerals. Indeed the iron contamination of a zinc sulfide concentrate may be caused by an inadequate depression of pyrite or due to another iron carrying mineral. A possible way to answer the question is to determine the concentrations of the various minerals in the ore and produced sealable concentrates. Since measuring the mineral contents of the ore could be a demanding task one should consider to estimate this data from the daily chemical assays of the sample collected on the main streams of the circuit. Some authors have already investigated the problem. Whiten(2008) described a method to estimate the mineral contents of an ore sample. Lamberg and Vianna(2006) proposed a method to do a sequential mineral reconstruction followed by a material balance. Few of these methods account for the mass conservation of the reconstructed mineral contents."

Jan 1, 2016