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By Leijun Li, M. M. Mahapatra

"A three-dimensional finite element model with moving heat source was developed for pulsed-laser powder deposition (PLPD) process. Experiments were conducted to study the repair of superalloy components using the PLPD process. During the experiments, IN 625 powder was deposited on a superalloy substrate similar to IN 738. The process was modeled using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Element birth and death technique was used in the finite element model for simulating the deposition of powder layer on the substrate. A moving distributed heat source was used in the thermal model for realistic simulation of the process. Temperature dependent thermal material properties including enthalpy were used for the powder and the substrate in the transient thermal analyses. The fusion zones and peak temperature distributions of the deposits were predicted from the transient thermal analyses.IntroductionPoor weldability is a critical issue of superalloy repairing. The microstructural directionality of the superalloy components are disrupted when repaired by the fusion welding processes. Currently there is no widely accepted method to economically and reliably repair directionally solidified superalloys components. Pulsed laser powder deposition process (PLPD) is a promising repairing technique as the substrate is not severely affected by the heat source.In this study PLPD technology is used as the tool for superalloy repairing. In most of the land based turbine engines the directionally solidified nickel based superalloy similar to IN 738 [1] is used as the bucket material. The turbine engine blade tips are subjected to a combination of extreme operating conditions and corrosive environment. The tip of the nickel based turbine engine blades can be repaired using IN 625 material as suggested in the literature [1-2]. IN 625 is considered to be ductile and strong enough for the purpose of Ni based turbine engine blade tip repair[1-2]. During the present PLPD investigation, IN 625 powder was used as the deposit material on an experimental super alloy substrate similar to IN 738 superalloy used as the cast superalloy for the turbine engine blades."

Jan 1, 2012

By E. Ilgar

"Deposition studies were conducted in acid copper electrolyte to determine the influence of chloride ions on cathode morphology. A statistically designed screening test was carried out in the absence and presence of 20 ppm CI- using a three factor, two level factorial design, in an electrolyte containing 36 gl'! Cu2+ and 150 gl-! H2S04, The independent variables evaluated were agitation; current density and temperature and their influence on surface roughness was determined. The copper deposited at current densities where activation was the primary control mechanism appeared similar in morphology whether stirring was used or not. The addition of 20 ppm CI- to the electrolyte gave rougher deposits under the same conditions. In the mixed control regions, considerably rougher, dendritic deposits were obtained when CI- was present. Agitation was effective in reducing the copper surface roughness both in the apparent activation and mixed control regions in the presence ofCI-. The results of this study showed that 20 ppm Cl- polarized the copper deposition at low overpotentials but caused depolarization at higher overpotentials.IntroductionChloride ion is inherently present in copper electrolyte, either as an additive or from other sources such as make up water. The behavior of the chloride ion is well documented in electrorefining operations, but its role in copper winning is less obvious. However in both cases there is evidence that cathode growth and solution chemistry are strongly influenced by its presence. The mechanism and electrochemical action of the Cl"" have been shown to be very complex, therefore a better understanding of its influence on electrocrystallization is essential for improved cathode deposit growth control. It was proposed that Cl"" polarizes the copper deposition reaction at low concentrations due to CuCI formation but depolarization occurs at higher concentrations due to the formation of a soluble CuCI2"" complex [1,2]. Franklin [3] reviewed the mechanism of additives in the electrodeposition process and proposed that the Cl"" complexed with copper, adsorbed on the cathode as an induced anion leading to an increase in the reduction rate. At cathodic overpotentials less than 100 mY, lppm NaCl had a polarizing effect, i.e. an increase in impedance of the charge transfer step. At higher Cl"" concentrations up to 100 ppm, depolarization occurred as evidenced by a decrease in impedance, which was attributed to soluble cuprous complexes [4]."

Jan 1, 1997

By Wenbo Luo, Jilai Xue, Tiepeng Li, Jun Zhu

Sodium silicate solutions for producing silica have been ultrasound treated to enhance the precipitation process in laboratory scale. Higher precipitation rate was found with ultrasound treated solutions than those without ultrasound. The obtained SiO2 powder products were characterized using XRD, SEM, BET and laser particle size analyzer. The particle size distribution and the specific surface area of the powder products varied with the power input level and the processing time of the ultrasonic treatment. The results indicate that the efficiency of the precipitation process can be improved optimally when the ultrasound is conducted into the solutions before the nucleation stage.

Jan 1, 2015

By Jinrong Zhang

Fresh cyanide solution was treated by near UV light with the assistance of photocatalysts. Cyanide was oxidized mainly to cyanate. Photochemical behavior of the anatase and rutile forms of TiO2 was compared. It is found that anatase has a much higher activity than that of rutile. Bubbling of oxygen in the reactor showed no appreciable increase in cyanide oxidation, implying that the reaction is surface controlling. A very interesting finding in this study is that a natural mineral, ilmenite, can replace chemical titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst. Ilmenite without any treatment did not catalyze the oxidation of cyanide. But, after being roasted at high temperature with oxygen, the oxidation was enhanced dramatically. The mechanisms of photooxidation of cyanide and the roasting of ilmenite are proposed.

Jan 1, 1991

By Jie Li, Shu Yang, Zhongliang Tian, Xun Hu, Yanqing Lai, Shaolong Ye

The electrolyte with high solubility for Sc2O3 is very important to realize the preparation of Al-Sc master alloy by the molten salt electrolysis. The solubility of Sc2O3 in K3AlF6- Na3AlF6-AlF3 melts is determined with an isothermal saturation method. The effects of KR (ratio of K3AlF6 to K3AlF6+Na3AlF6), the concentration of Al2O3 and the temperature on the solubility of Sc2O3 are also investigated. The results indicate that the solubility of Sc2O3 in K3AlF6-Na3AlF6-AlF3 melts increases and then decreases with KR increasing. The solubility of Sc2O3 is 8.698 wt.% in (K3AlF6-Na3AlF6)(KR25%)-18 wt.%AlF3 melts at 940℃. The effect of temperature on the solubility is little, and the values are 8.575 wt.% and 8.762 wt.% respectively when the temperatures are 930℃ and 960℃. The solubility decreases from 8.809 wt.% to 7.058 wt.% as the concentration of Al2O3 increases from 1.5 wt.% to 5.0 wt.% at 950℃.

Jan 1, 2015

By Xiancong Zhao, Hao Bai, Qi Shi, Zhancheng Guo

Reducing electricity cost is important for energy intensive industries such as the iron and steel industry. With the implementation of time-of-use (TOU) electricity price, plenty of attention has been paid to the optimal management of byproduct gases. The time-of-use (TOU) electricity price is the practice of implementing different prices for different times of use. It is possible to reduce electricity cost by adjusting the amount of product gases stored or used for power generation throughout the day. In this paper, a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model concerning the TOU electricity price is proposed to optimize byproduct gas use. Compared with previous models, this model considers the optimal load shift between gasholders and boilers under TOU electricity price. The case study of a steel plant demonstrates that the electricity purchase cost can be reduced by more than 30% after optimization.

Jan 1, 2016

By Ashish D. Patel, Ramesh S. Minisandram

"Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) is the final and, hence, critical melting step for the production of a sound, segregation-free ingot for the manufacture of alloys used in rotating components in aircraft engines. A mathematical model for this process has been developed by the Specialty Metal Processing Consortium (SMPC). The model predicts temperature distribution in the solidifying ingot, flow in the molten metal pool, and the electromagnetic field in the ingot. These predictions may be used to estimate the effect of melting parameters on the pool profile in the ingot. In this paper, typical pool shapes and flow fields during VAR of Alloy 718 and Ti-6Al-4V are presented. The differences in the pool profile are primarily due to vastly different melting conditions. The model predictions are compared to the observed pool shapes from industrial-size VAR ingots.1. IntroductionVacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) is a process in which an electrode is melted in vacuum by the heat from a DC electric arc. Metal droplets from the electrode fall into the molten metal pool, which solidifies in a water-cooled copper crucible to form the ingot, as shown in Figure I. The ingot obtained from VAR is sound, and has superior cleanliness and chemical homogeneity. Hence, the process is the final melting process for most nickel-base superalloys and titanium alloys used in the manufacture of critical rotating components (discs & blades) of aircraft engines. Modeling of this process provides an insight into the effect of melting parameters on the molten metal pool in the solidifying ingot, which is a key first step in process optimization and defect prevention. In this paper, typical pool shapes, both measured and predicted, for VAR of Alloy 718 and Ti-6Al-4Vare presented. Alloy 718 is the most common VAR-processed nickel-base superalloy; whereas Ti-6Al-4V is the ''workhorse"" alloy for titanium-based alloys."

Jan 1, 2004

By Biswadeep Saha, Meenakshisundaram Ramanathan, Chai Ren, Sivaraman Guruswamy

"Fe-Ga alloys have a large low-field magnetostriction and these alloys are attractive candidates in energy conversion and harvesting applications. Small additions of W also increase the magnetostriction of Fe. In this paper changes in magnetostriction by W substitution for Ga in various Fe-x at.% Ga alloys are presented. Fe-Ga-W single crystals were grown using vertical Bridgman Growth technique. [001]-orientated single crystal samples were prepared with faces within 1 degree off <100> orientation. The samples were annealed at 1150 °C in the alpha-phase region and water quenched. The magnetostriction coefficient (3/2)A-100 measurements were made on these Fe-Ga-W single crystals. The result on the effects of W substitution and annealing on the magnetostrictive behavior of these alloys are discussed.*Support of this work by NSF-DMR under the award DMR-0854166 is gratefully acknowledged.IntroductionMagnetostrictive materials changes their dimension exhibit reversible strains and changes in elastic properties in the presence of an applied magnetic field or the reciprocal effect of changes in the magnetic properties with the application of stress [IJ and are very important in sensor, actuator device, linear motor, magnetomechanical devices, microelectro- mechanical devices, active vibration dampening devices application areas. The discovery of an order of magnitude enhancement in the magnetostriction of Fe with Ga addition coupled with low saturation magnetic fields, and excellent mechanical properties opened up the possibility of obtaining larger magnetostriction values in other low-cost ductile a-Fe phase based alloys with alloying additives that are less expensive than rareearths such as Tb and Dy [2·4l_ The magnetostriction values observed in Fe-Ga single crystals are sensitive to thermal history and composition. The formation of second short range ordering phases and local defects inside crystal structure can also cause a dramatic change to this alloy's magnetostriction behavior [5-9l_"

Jan 1, 2012

By Zuomei Jin

A laboratory study was conducted on the separation of Zn, Pb, Cu and Ag from a finely dissem-inated interlocked silver-rich multimetal sulphidc ore. These are often difficult to separate from each other by flotation. The thermodynamic calculations of Zn-S-O, Cu-S-O systems at different tem¬peratures were presented on predominance diagrams. Based on these diagrams the optimum temperature and gas composition were selected for roasting. The results of separating Zn, Cu from calcine by neutral leaching and acid leaching were found to be satisfactory. The distribution of silver in the roasting and leaching processes were tested. A flow sheet was proposed.

Jan 1, 1993

By Geir Wedde, Anders Sorhuus

"Vast quantities of energy are released as heat to the environment from industrial operations. Many countries target waste heat recovery to mitigate CO2 emission. Exhaust gases from industries such as primary aluminium smelting, carry a substantial portion of the waste heat generated. For a cost efficient capture of more valuable heat (higher exergy), heat exchangers should operate on the exhaust gases upstream of the gas treatment plants. Heat exchange surface would be exposed to dust laden gases with risk of fouling. Heat exchangers of innovated design and operation have overcome the potential of excessive fouling rates. Heat exchangers of the ""shell and tube"" design have been demonstrated for exhaust gases from ferroalloy as well as primary aluminium smelters. In addition to the heat recovery, gas cooling results in smaller gas treatment plants with lower costs and reduced emission. The aluminium experience is exampled in the paper.IntroductionIndustrial usage of energy continues to grow as a result of increasing volumes of production, a trend that is likely to continue in the coming decades as living standards keep rising globally. World energy consumption (Figure la) is to grow 49 % by 2035 (ref. 2010) as reported by EIA [1]. The industrial sector consumes somewhat more than 50% of the total world energy consumption predominantly the energy increased demand comes from non-OECD countries in Asia. The industrial consumption by production of metals iron and steel accounts for 14 % and for non-ferrous metals 3 % mostly for aluminium production (Figure lb). Aluminium production will be discussed in this paper as an example of an industry with large quantities of waste heat to recover"

Jan 1, 2012

By E. Anelli

Based on experimental continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams, an artificial neural network has been trained to predict the amount of microsturctural constituents and hardness resulting from and controlled cooling at rates from 150 to 0.015 K/s. It can be applied to quenching and normalizing processes of low-alloy steels with 0.05-0.30 C% and 0.4-2.0% Mn -with possible microalloying additions. Examples of the good predictive capabilities about 15 Vickers standard deviation for hardness and a few percent for volume fraction of phases) are reported&apos; Keywords: Austenite decomposition, low. And medium-carbon steels, artificial neural networks

Jan 1, 2003

By C. A. Silva

The kinetics of chlorination of titanium-bearing raw materials has been investigated. For comparison purposes pellets of controlled macro-porosity, made of analytical grade TiO2 and anatase concentrate (Brazil) , have been exposed to different combinations of gas composition - CO, CO2, C12 -, gas flowrate and temperature. A thermogravimetric technique and an adapted grain model have been used in order to assess the influence of the several experimental parameters upon the chlorination behavior.

Jan 1, 1997

"Recycling of solid wastes plays an important role in environmental protection. However, solid wastes are often contaminated with some undesired components so that many of these solid wastes are hardly economically recycled. Therefore, effective and efficient separation of undesired components from solid wastes becomes a crucial step for sustainable recycling of the solid wastes. There exist three general strategies of separation of undesired components from solid wastes: before-process separation, post-process separation and in-process separation. In this paper, different separation strategies are discussed in terms of energy requirement and availability, implementation complexity and additional need for environmental protection. It is concluded that of all separation strategies, in-process separation has the least energy requirement, the least implementation complexity and the minimum need for additional environmental protection.IntroductionIn industries, solid wastes almost come with every production process. Multi-million tons, if not billion tons, of solid wastes are being generated globally each year. These solid wastes are lowvalue materials in general, and often have very limited markets. As a matter of fact, many of these solid wastes have been stored on site or have been disposed of at landfills for many years, not only occupying lands, but also polluting environment. Therefore, effective and efficient recycling of solid wastes has been a very challengeable task and has played a very important role in environmental protection.One of the major barriers which hinder recycling of solid wastes is contamination of the solid wastes with some undesired components. These undesired components are components which are not wanted by production processes or applications where the solid wastes are consumed or recycled, since the undesired components often degrade qualities of the solid wastes, imposing negative effects on operations, facilities and product qualities of the production processes or applications. Sometimes, the undesired components may also pose severe environmental concerns. When undesired components are present in solid wastes at over-limit levels, the solid wastes tum to become destructive, useless and non-recyclable. Consequently, effective and efficient separation of undesired components from solid wastes becomes a crucial step for sustainable recycling of the solid wastes."

Jan 1, 2014

By K. S. Raja, M. Misra, S. K. Mohapatra

"Ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubular photocatalysts were prepared by a simple anodization process. Band gap states of the TiO2 were altered by controlling the anodization electrolyte composition and thermal annealing conditions that resulted in enhanced photo activity. These nanotubes were used for reducing CO2 to methanol either by photochemical or photo electrochemical routes. Pd nano-particle loaded TiO2 nanotubes were employed for photochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol that showed a conversion rate of 12 x 10-3 mol m- 2h-1. Carbon modified TiO2-xCx type nanotubes were used as photo anode and Ti as cathode for photo electrochemical reduction of CO2. The potential of Ti cathode was maintained at -0.5 V SCE. The formation rate of methanol was determined as 13 x 10-3 mol.m-2h-1.1. IntroductionGlobal warming due to emission of carbon dioxide is a serious environmental concern. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is about 384 ppm by volume and about 3 x 1012 tonnes by weight. Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are the leading causes for increase in the anthropogenic CO2. More than 32 x 109 tonnes of CO2 are released per year (based on 2006 data) worldwide from the fossil fuel. Pumping CO2 from the fossil fuel power plants into deep ocean basin is one of the most discussed disposal options. The other potential option is converting this green house gas into valuable fuels.Carbon dioxide feed stock can be converted into fuels of solid, liquid or gas phase by chemical, electrolytic, photocatalytic and photo-electrocatalytic methods. Reduction of CO2 to fuel form of any phase requires energy. The reduction process should be energy efficient so that we do not spend more energy and emit more (indirect) CO2 in the process of converting CO2. From this point of view, conversion processes occurring at room temperature look attractive.Electrolytic conversion of CO2 into various forms such as methane1, ethane2, ethylene3, methanol4,5, ethanol6, n-propanol, formic acid7, and formaldehyde has been widely reported. The standard equilibrium potential (at pH: 0) for reduction of CO2 to methanol is 0.14 VSHE and to methane is 0.2 VSHE which is thermodynamically more favorable than hydrogen reduction. However, the gas phase reduction is kinetically complex requiring effective electrocatalyst. The major issues with electrolytic conversion of CO2 to useful products are:"

Jan 1, 2010

By Y. Shigeno

The reactivity of a porous solid is a strong function of its pore structure (porosity, pore surface area and pore size distribution). It follows that reactivity could be altered by altering pore structure; one way to achieve this is by chemical vapor infiltration whereby a gaseous species is reacted in the porous solid to produce a solid. Experiments were carried out in which the pore structures of various carbons were modified by cracking methane within the pores; oxidation rates of the carbons were then measured for both infiltrated and original samples. For coke it was found that two indices of coke performance used in the steel industry (CRI and CSR) can be greatly improved following a small amount of infiltration. Infiltration/oxidation results are interpreted in terms of measured pore structure changes.

Jan 1, 1993

By Jie Li, Thomas A. Rawdanowicz, W. J. Collis, S. Venkatraman, S. Iyer

"InSb being the lowest band gap. material amongst the 111-V semiconductors with low effective mass has long attracted research interest, due to its potential application in far infrared devices and for high speed circuit elements. In this paper, we report, for the first time, Te-doping of InSb on GaAs substrate using SnTe doping source with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique and its electrical characterization. The undoped epilayers are n-type in the temperature range of 10 K to 300 K investigated. The room temperature (RT) mobility as high as 64,810 cm2/V·s (1.9x1016 cm-3) have been measured on a 4.8 µm thick epilayer. Sn Te doping at different doping levels were investigated. 5. 7 µm thick doped layers with RT carrier concentrations ranging from 2x1016 cm-3 to 3.2x1018 cm-3 with corresponding full width at half maximum (FWHM) of x-ray (400) rocking curve varying from 170-200 arc-seconds have been achieved. The Hall mobility of 20,000 cm2/V·s at 1.3xl018 cm-3 carrier concentration was obtained indicating that SnTe is a good candidate as source material for n-type doping of InSb.IntroductionThe thin films of InSb and InSb-based alloys have found considerable interest because of potential applications in III-V semiconductor-based infrared optoelectronic devices1• In addition, the advantage of the small effective mass and the consequent high mobility can be utilized in high frequency and high-speed circuit devices2 InSb can also be used in magnetoresistive sensors for position sensing3. Epitaxial InSb films grown by MBE may be doped n-type with Si or Sn, or with the group VI elements, namely, S, Se, or Te. Of the group VI elements, Te may be advantageous because of its relatively low vapor pressure. However, the vapor pressure is high enough to have sufficient memory effect during MBE growth. Hence different telluride compounds such as GaTe45, PbTe6 and Sb2Te37 have been used as the dopant source for Sb-based compounds. SnTe has also been used as a successful n-type dopant in the MBE growth ofGaSb8 But, to our knowledge, there is no report on the investigation of SnTe doping of InSb. In this paper, we report the first doping characteristics of SnTe in InSb layers grown on GaAs substrate."

Jan 1, 1998

By A. Haxhiaj, E. Haxhiaj

"The paper has as a studying object the issue of effective management of gasses’ heating and dusts in reductive melting process in lead (Pb) metallurgy. It also analyses the issue related to the usage and recycling of dusts and gasses in all pyro-metallurgical processes of technical lead production. The paper contains the analysis of technological process of separation of humidity, gasses, and dusts of valuable remainders in “Trepça” plant. Paper has the results of theoreticalexperimental studying, analytical and graphical of gasses thermal balance depending on height and composition of load, and the coke quantity on load for reductive melt in “Water-Jacket” furnaces. With thermal balance, having into consideration all parameters of heat in entry and exit depending on aforementioned factors we aimed to optimize the parameters of the process, keeping the attention to the minimization of energy consumption, and the overall influence on environment.1. IntroductionThe upper part of the furnace which is the study point of this paper lies from the reactions zone of Water-Jacket furnace and it also includes the furnace neck. In this zone has been elaborated the zonal material balance referenced third in the row. The separation of humidity, dusts, gases and lead with gases depends on many parameters like temperature, load composition, and height of load inserted in the furnace, and also the height of preheating zone in Water-jacket furnace. Lead oxidizes in reaction zone of the furnace and exhales with gases like dusts and small particles after which falls in worthy storage of Trepça plant and has negative effects in environment, and economic stability of reductive melting process of Water-jacket furnace. Thermal balance of gases in this zone depends on many factors; height and load composition, coke quantity in a load. The calculation has been done as the standard methodology of thermal calculation is done; moreover, by using a computer for mathematical models which enables very accurate results. We must emphasize that acquired and used heat in reaction zone and melted materials is calculated in others studies, so their influence in preheating zone is assumed."

Jan 1, 2010

By Kouichi Nakano

Austenitic stainless steel, which includes nickel for stabilizing austenitic structure, is used for various purposes, for example, for structural material, corrosion-resistant material, biomaterial etc. Nickel is set as one of the rare metals and economizing on nickel as the natural resources is required. On the other hand, nickel is one of the metals that cause metallic allergy frequently. Therefore, high nitrogen stainless steel, where nitrogen stabilizes austenitic structure instead of nickel, has been developed in Japan and some of the foreign countries for the above reason. When high nitrogen stainless steel is fused and bonded, dissolved nitrogen is released to the atmospheric area, and some of the material properties will change. In this study, we bonded high nitrogen stainless steel by stud welding process, which is able to bond at short time, and we evaluate joint performance. We have got some interesting results from the other tests and examinations.

Jan 1, 2016

By Akita Ito, Sumio Kato, Mikio Sugai, Shinichi Nakata

"Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is a newly developed method for the sintering of metal and ceramic powders, and completes their densification at low temperature and in short period. The SiC powder was synthesized from diatomite and graphite or carbon black by heating at 1 450°C for 1 hr in an argon atmosphere. The synthesized SiC powder was heated at 1500-1800°C, 50 MPa for 15-18 min by SPS. The relative density of sintered SiC body increased with the rise in the temperature. The oxidation of the surface of the SiC particle and impurities in SiC from diatomite greatly influenced the sintering promotion of SPS.IntroductionThe SiC has high hardness because of the covalent bonding, and is also excellent in thermal and chemical stability. However, it is difficult to obtain a dense SiC sintered body by the combustion heating-method. Therefore, the dense SiC bodies have been made by the use of additives and I or the hot pressing (HP) method.In this study, the SiC powder was synthesized by using diatomite of natural products and graphite, and carbon black of reagent as raw materials, and the relationship between the properties of SiC powders prepared at various synthetic conditions and the density of sintered body by SPS was examined."

Jan 1, 2000

By Fiseha Tesfaye, Pekka Taskinen

"A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium phase assemblage AgBi3S5-Bi2S3-S was made by an EMF-technique, using the RbAg4l5 solid electrolyte. The ternary phase was synthesized from the pure Ag2S and Bi2S3 in an evacuated silica ampoule and grinded into powder and mixed with appropriate compositions of B12S3 and S, in a series of experiments, for pressing in to pellets. The pellets were assembled to form the galvanic cells Pt (-) | Ag ] RbAg4ls | AgBi3S5+ Bi2S3 + S + (C) I Pt (+). The EMF-measurements were made in the temperature range 299 - 460 K.In this paper, thermodynamic functions of the ternary phase AgBi3S5 (pavonite) have been determined. The agreement between the obtained results and the literature values were established.IntroductionThe complex group of ore minerals constitutes from trace amounts to a major proportions of sulfosalts. Although the sulfosalts rarely form massive ore bodies, they are commonly associated with rich sulfide ore minerals for the base and precious metals and widely distributed in a metal poor sulfide minerals [1]. For instance, Ag-bearing sulfosalts are encountered in ore minerals for the production of the base metals and are common sources of silver. Nevertheless, thermodynamic properties of the sulfosalts are poorly known.Reliable thermochemical data are essential for quantitative modeling of the chemical behavior of the sulfosalts in equilibrium with sulfides, which in turn would promote the optimization of complex minerals treatment and extractive metallurgy of the valuable metals."

Jan 1, 2012