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By V. Hudecek

Problems of sudden outbursts of rock and gas present in deep mine mining ones of the most complicated interrogation. It is searching for the methods of prediction and prognosis that can be most useful for the government of these phenomena. Till now the pressure and the desorption of gas in bore holes was consider to be the decisive criteria. By the work of authors with using of statistical date was verify that for considerable reliability of forecast and prevent outbursts is necessity investigate characteristics of workplace and other indicators. These indicators were analyzing and assemblage into mathematical dependences which represent active and passive force asserting with in the process of rush. It was validated by using the equations which are presented in the manuscript that the accuracy of pre-diction of the phenomena is higher and methods of preventions are better also.

Jan 1, 2014

By X. Q. Ma

The beneficiation test on low grade phosphate ore from a state of Russia is carried out. The rougher-cleaner ? re-cleaner system is used in the flotation process, The fineness of grind is 39.07% minus 200 mesh. The result indicates that concentrate containing 31.25% P2O5 can be obtained from the flotation feed assaying 6.18% P2O5, with 93.54% P2O5 recovery. The test result is also a guideline for further development of some currently operated phosphate beneficiation plants.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. Ying

An auxiliary system connected with SEM-EDX for rapid identification of mineral and rock sample has been developed. With the aid of a synthetic spectrum library created, using the compare and match techniques provided by INCA software in EDX the mineral or rock sample names for refer-ence can be given at the same time analyzed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Dongyun Liang

Process mineralogy focuses on the chemical components and mineral composition of ore, dissemination size of valuable minerals, the occurrence of valuable and detrimental elements as well as the behavior of each mineral in the process. Through determining process mineralogy parameters and analyzing the characteristics of minerals, the results of process mineralogy study can provide mineralogy data for making a reasonable mineral processing technology program and optimizing the process. A detailed process mineralogy study is carried out for a complex rare metal ore in this paper and the results show that niobium mainly exists in the form of ferrocolumbite as well as nioboaeschynite and zirconium primarily occurs as zircon. The valuable minerals including Th-nioboaeschynite, ferrocolumbite, zircon, etc. have the characteristics of fine dissemination size, wide size range, complex chemical composition and variable physical properties, which mean it is a refractory ore. According to the results of mineral composition of ore, chemical composition of minerals, dissemination size of minerals, magnetism ranges of minerals and the distribution of niobium and zirconium, the process of ?desliming-Nb-Zr bulk flotation? is designed for this ore and the niobium-zirconium bulk rough concentrate with the grade of Nb2O5 9.43%, ZrO2 24.95%, Ta2O5 0.36% and the recovery of Nb2O5 77.66%, ZrO2 76.70%, Ta2O5 75.13% to crude ore can be obtained in the whole process closed-circuit test.

Sep 1, 2012

By Kevin Galvin, Simon Iveson

Fine particles are the most valuable because they are the most liberated. However, they are also the most expensive and difficult to recover and concentrate. The Reflux Classifier is a novel invention that combines many of the virtues of existing fine particle separation technologies in a way that provides profound synergies. Multiple parallel narrow channels create a laminar-shear separation zone. The laminar flow provides a well-defined velocity gradient that exposes particles on the wall to a conveying velocity that is approximately proportional to their size, thus reducing the dependence of elutriation velocity on particle size. The high shear rate in these channels generates a hydrodynamic lift force that selectively lifts low-density particles off the channel wall and thus causes them to be preferentially conveyed out in the overflow. Particles that are not elutriated slide back down into the mixing reflux zone beneath the inclined channels which gives them multiple opportunities to re-enter the channels. The resultant suspension of both coarse and fine high-density particles in the fluidized bed zone at the base of the unit generates a strong autogenous dense medium that helps to direct large low-density particles back up to the overflow. The fluidization water also simultaneously de-slimes the high density underflow product. When placed in a centrifuge, the benefits of these features multiply with the improvements in capacity and selectivity that arise from high G-forces. When inverted, these features can be used to perform flotation well beyond the conventional flooding limit. Hence this invention platform has the potential to dramatically improve both gravity and flotation separation performance across the minerals processing industry.

Jan 1, 2014

Deposit of Jinbaoshan platinum group metals (PGMs) ore ranks the second in Yunnan province, China. Study on process mineralogy shows that the grade of copper and nickel in the ore is just 0.16% and 0.20% respectively. Moreover, the impurities magnesium and iron and silicon are rich in the ore. The copper and nickel sulfides in the ore, especially the minerals of PGMs, are finely disseminated with the gangues like serpentine. Fine grinding is necessary, and high content of MgO in the concentrate is inevitable through traditional flotation technology on the basis of process mineralogy studies. Achievements on process mineralogy studies are applied to guide the flotation tests successfully. Progress on flotation has been made through comprehensive studies. Suitable grinding by two stages is required for the finely disseminated PGM sulphide ore to achieve the liberation of valuable minerals. Stage grinding and stage separation shall be conducted for a better recovery of valuable minerals. The oxidation state of mineral surface of sulphides has a profound effect on flotation of the ultra-fine sulphides, especially the pentlandite. The combined use of collectors enhances the selective collecting on the ultra-fine and low-grade valuable minerals, is of critical importance.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. Karakas

Organo-bentonite production enjoys important applications including solvent based paints and, more importantly, the production of polymer/bentonite nanocomposites. Quarternary ammonium salts in this regard are still considered as the most versatile reagents in the process of hydrophobization. In this study, a purified form of Resadiye region bentonites, which is one of the most significant sodium bentonite deposits in the world, was used. The raw Na-Bentonite was typically characterized by chemical analysis, XRD and DTA analysis and more importantly for its cation exchange capacity (CEC). Other technological properties such as swelling index, pH, apparent viscosity, water absorption, oil absorption were also conducted on the raw bentonite. The mineralogical analysis of the raw bentonite reveals that it contains about 80 % montmorillonite together with other associated gangue minerals including feldspar, quartz, calcite, dolomite, coloured impurities and other clay minerals. The raw bentonite was subjected to two stage processing involving a series of hydrocylones. Different apex and vortex diameters and different pressures were employed in order to produce a bentonite concentrate with 95 meq/100g CEC from a CEC of 71 meq/100 g. This high quality concentrate was used in the production of organo-bentontonite. The modification was performed with two different quaternary amines, i.e. Trimethyl Phenyl Ammonium Chloride (TPAC) and Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (HDTMA-Br). In the modification procedure, three parameters, i.e., adsorption density, zeta potential, swelling index and apparent viscosity were studied simultaneous-ly from the same suspension to identify both the mechanism of the process and also the degree of hydrophobicity. Adsorption measurements were made as a function of conditioning period, pH, and reagent concentration. Simultaneous examination of the adsorption density, zeta potential and apparent viscosity enabled us to pinpoint the optimum region of hydrophobicity which was subsequently tested by settling and critical coagulation concentration in both water as polar and toluene as nonpolar solvents. The results are analyzed in the light of experimental data.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. M. Kulkarni1

Kaolin clay is used as a filler and pigment in various applications such as paper, paint, rubber, plastics, adhesives, ink and ceramics etc. Major mineral content in crude kaolin clay is kaolinite along with some accessory minerals as quartz, hematite, mica, feldspar, anatase, rutile, illemnite etc. The Fe and Ti bearing minerals play very important role in determining quality of the kaolin, as these minerals impart yellow, pink or darker color to the white kaolin. Conventional beneficiation methods used in kaolin processing are de-gritting, classification and sodium dithionite bleaching, which improves the optical properties of kaolin, wherein reduction of color imparting constituents such as Fe2O3 and TiO2 is marginal. In the present study, these coloring impurities are separated using selective adsorption of water-soluble polymers. Degritted kaolin samples after passing through 45 micron sieve is used in the study for selective flocculation by polyacrylamide based polymers. The effect of pH, zeta potential, and polymer dose on the reduction of impurities is studied. Analytical tools such as XRF, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques are utilized and results are discussed in detail.

Sep 1, 2012

By Å Sandström

Loussavaara-KiirunavaaraAB?s (LKAB) iron ore mine, Kiirunavaara, is of magnetite type and associated with apatite, a calcium phosphate mineral. Rare earth elements (REE) have been found in connection with the apatite but also in other minerals. An apatite concentrate was produced by flotation, in order to investigate the possibilities to extract REE from the apatite by hydrometallurgical means. The content of rare earth elements calculated as oxides (REO) was 0.44% in the concentrate. Initially, leaching was done with large excess of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid to study the REE solubility with different acids. In sulfuric acid, the leaching recoveries of the different REE varied between 35% and 69%. The reasons for the relative low recoveries, were that the rare earth elements precipitated together with huge amounts of gypsum, that was formed during leaching. However, both hydrochloric- and nitric acid gave almost complete extraction of the REE into solution. Analysis of the small leaching residue obtained, revealed, that mainly the light REE remained in the residue indicating that a small part of the light REE were present in the concentrate, in some acid, insoluble mineral other than apatite. With the aim to separate the REE from the phosphoric acid, the solutions from hydrochloric- and nitric acid leaching were neutralized to a pH of approximately 2 with ammonia. During neutralization, REE were precipitated as phosphates with good recoveries and a concentrate of 10.5% REO suitable for further upgrading was obtained, while the remaining solution can be used for fertilizer production. In further solvent extraction studies, it was shown, that after re-dissolution the REE could be effectively extracted by Cyanex 923, thus allowing for purification from calcium and phosphate ions. The REE were finally stripped from the organic phase and a REE nitrate solution was produced. Keywords: apatite, rare earth elements, REE, leaching, solvent extraction, cyanex 923

Sep 1, 2012

By Jie-Liang Wang, Yongdan Cao, Zhao Cao

"The effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on flotation separation of fluorite from bastnaesite and its selectively depression mechanism on fluorite were studied by single mineral flotation, artificial mixed minerals flotation, solution chemistry analyses, Zeta potential and XPS measurements.The results show that fluorite can be deeply depressed by EDTA while the flotation of bastnaesite is almost unaffected when octanohydroxamic acid (OHA) is used as a collector. The separation index (SI) between bastnaesite and fluorite increases with the dosage of EDTA, SI can be raised from 1.18 to 12.66 when EDTA dosage increases from 0 to 2×10-3mol/L.Solution chemistry analyses show that EDTA is able to convert the Ca(OHA)2 hydrophobic precipitation on fluorite surface to a soluble Ca-EDTA complex but cannot complexly dissolve the Ce(OHA)3 precipitation on bastnaesite surface. Therefore, the Zeta potential of OHA conditioned fluorite can be reduced significantly by EDTA while the reduction degree to Zeta potential of bastnaesite is relatively low. XPS measurement shows that EDTA removes the chemically adsorbed OHA from fluorite surface but has little effect on the adsorbed OHA on bastnaesite surface. As a result, fluorite can be selectively depressed by EDTA in bastnaesite flotation, which behaves an important industrial application prospect in rare earth ore flotation.INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Rare earth elements (shortened as RE) and compounds are of significant importance for a range of rapidly expanding industrial applications including catalysis, metallurgy, renewable energy, and special materials due to their unique electrical, magnetic, optical and chemical properties [1]. The seventeen RE elements, including the lanthanide-group fifteen elements, yttrium and scandium, could be divided into three groups, i.e., light, medium and heavy RE elements based on the different solubility of RE sulfates [2]. Bastnaesite ((Ce,La)CO3), containing approximately 75% REO, is one of the most important light RE minerals [3]. Flotation is the common method to recover basetnaesite [4-6]. Nonetheless, basetnaesite is often associated with calcium-bearing gangue minerals such as fluorite, and the separation of basetnaesite and fluorite by flotation is usually difficult due to their similar surface properties and therefore floatability [7-9]. Therefore, research on high selective flotation reagents of bastnaesite over gangue minerals has attracted a lot of attention [10]."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. Bevilacqua

In this paper the possibility to complete the copper recovery and to enrich in PVC a mixture of plastic granules obtained by grinding electrical cables are investigated. The recovery of a large part of the copper still present among the plastic granules was possible by means of a mechanical screening, the finer polymeric fraction was collected, at the same time. In order to complete the copper polymer separation the following techniques were employed. Counter current separation in water, static dense medium separation with zinc chloride solution and copper extraction with nitric acid and subsequent electrolytic deposition. A Tri-Flo® dynamic dense medium separator was employed in order to separate the lighter polymeric fraction, from the heavier polymeric fraction, mainly PVC. Water or a salt-water solution was employed to feed the separator device.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. D. Yu

In this paper, an evaluation about the process mineralogy of the rich iron mine in Mongolia with comprehensive methods is given; this provides foundation of the comprehensive recovery of iron and cobalt in the ore. The research shows that the iron?s grade is 61.23%, Co?s grade is 0.02%, the ore is rich iron ore and its Co content also reaches border mining grade. For the ore, if want get high grade iron concentrate powder, must identify the mineral composition and the occurrence of iron and take into ac-count the recovery of Co content as associated resources. Chemical phase analysis results show that 86.35% of iron exists in magnetite, which means that the theoretical recovery ratio of iron is close to 86%. Minerals spectrum analysis confirmed that the magnetite containing a small amount of Mg, Al, and other impurities, the actual iron minerals to 70.28%, which means that theoretically iron grade iron concentrate only close to 70.28%. Based on the result of iron chemical phase analysis, by investigating the liberation of sulfide minerals and gangue, the recovery index of iron can be forecasted, when grinding fineness is 35%, 45%, 55% and 65% bellow 0.074mm,theoretical content of Fe in iron concentrate separately is 67.71%,67.88%,68.78%,and 69.43%,accordingly the theoretical recovery of Fe is 87.38%,87.05%,86.92% and 86.63%. From the perspective of process mineralogy, the forecast mineral beneficiation indicators show that the ore is easy sorting ore, iron processing operations have higher recovery rate, but wants sorting of high-grade iron ore concentrate still need appropriate grinding fineness. Furthermore, associated element Co, existing mostly in pyrite and pyrrhotite, is valuable in the ore. Pyrite and pyrrhotite have ideal liberation under grinding, so cobalt can be easily enriched in sulfide concentrate.

Jan 1, 2014

By József Faitli, Barnabás Csoke, Károly Solymár, Zoltán Hatvani, Dimitri Papanastassiou

"Grinding has a significant economic impact on ore dressing/processing, therefore the sizing of mills has an outstanding role.In most cases, the sizing of dry or wet mills for ore processing is primarily based on the determination of the Bond grindability index, using the Bond-Kjos-Rowland relations. In several cases, grinding takes place under conditions different from these and the grinding conditions have a great influence on the post-grinding process. This is particularly true for the grinding of bauxites where grinding takes place in alkali, often in higher temperature (up to 100 ºC) in alkali Liquor. So it is necessary to develop a testing method providing a reliable grindability index even under these special circumstances (grinding in alkalis medium at different temperatures) and allowing a more precise mill sizing. The new heated mill is suitable to determine the grindability index under temperature-controlled circumstances, in liquids with different temperatures (water, alkali). This paper presents in detail the equipment, the conditions (parameters) of the testing process for wet and alkaline grinding, the measuring results and the conclusions."

Jan 1, 2003

By Jorge Rubio, Gabriel Berkowitz, Fabiano Capponim, Carlos Perez Guerrero, Elves Matiolo, Denise G. Nunes

This paper describes some advances in flotation research in fines (“F” 38 to 13 µm) and ultrafines (“UF” < 13 µm) mineral recovery by two different techniques, at laboratory scale. Extender flotation and flotation with .multi-bubbles. (bubbles with a wide size distribution) of copper sulphide fines (ore feed of about 1 % Cu) were compared with a .standardised. mill laboratory procedure. Comparative evaluation was made through concentrate grade and recovery (size by size results included), .true. (bubbles-particles attachment only) flotation recoveries and process kinetics. Both techniques yielded higher metallurgical efficiencies than the mill standard but better results were obtained with the extender flotation, with emulsified diesel oil (90 gt-1). Concentrate recoveries were of the order of 85-90 % (84 % in standard conditions), 14-17 % Cu grade (15 % Cu in the standard) and 3.5-4.5 min-1 for the Klimpel rate constant (3 min-1 in the standard). Size by size and true flotation results proved that metallurgical and kinetic gains, obtained with the two techniques, might be attributed to fines and ultrafines enhancement. Data obtained are discussed in terms of physical and physico-chemical parameters related to aggregation and capture (of particles by bubbles) phenomena and the practical potential of these techniques are envisaged.

Jan 1, 2003

By B. Orberger, J. M. Milazzo, S. B. Blancher, J. Lützenkirchen, J. L. Dubos

"Industrial dusts are commonly agglomerated using empirical recipes with binders such as bentonite, while Sludges are agglomerated into mixes. Those materials contaminate the products, are expensive and generate significant amounts of slag. Achieving cold dust agglomeration with little or no binder requires understanding the controlling parameters in order to predict and optimize the process behavior. This in turn necessitates comprehensive dust characterization to base predictions on measurable characteristics. In the present work we collected 13 Mn-rich dusts over all the process chain: feed fines, smelting, and refining dusts, as well as ferromanganese alloy dust. This is the first systematic study of dusts along the Mn-processing chain for chemical, physical and mineralogical parameters. X-Ray Diffraction, Qemscan® and laser granulometry analyses show that the mineralogy, Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and morphology evolves from complex heterogenous to simple, homogenous along the process chain: The mineralogy of the primary ore dusts shows various hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, tectosilicates and phyllosilicates. The furnace dusts contain oxides, tectosilicates and carbonates with volatiles, while the refining dusts present only oxides and metal. Finally, the Metal dust is nearly pure metal. Particle morphologies and PSD vary from jagged, irregular particles with broad PSD (>1 mm to <0.3 µm) to smooth and spherical with narrow PSD (100 µm to <0.3 µm). The Metal dust is an exception with angular particles. The Cationic Exchange Capacities (CECs) of all samples range from 0 to 22 meq/100g. Specific surface areas (SSAs) range from <0.1 to 27m²/g, and seem to decrease with from ore feed to Metal dust. This may be due to the disappearance of hydrated and/or sheet-bearing minerals, since a smaller grain size usually implies an increased SSA. The zeta potential varies strongly over the range of the samples tested. However, beside the Gabon ore which has an Isoelectric Point (IEP) ~ 4.1, the other IEP ranges between 2 and 2.5."

Jan 1, 2018

By W. Z. Yin

It is investigated systemically in this paper that the granularity of the precursor, ZnC2O4?2H2O, is influenced by synthetic conditions. Instantaneously adding of precipitation agent is able to control the mean size of precursor ZnC2O4?2H2O under 300nm, which has great function to obtain well-dispersed ZnO nanoparticles in the next step, pyrolysis. The pyrolysis kinetics model of ZnC2O4?2H2O powder is obtained. Two steps take place during the pyrolysis. The first is dehydration, which the pyrolysis kinetic model is 2(1-a)2/3(chemical reaction), A=8.3×108s-1, E=(75.82±3.00) KJ/mol. The second is formation of ZnO, which the pyrolysis kinetic model is (1-a) (random nucleation and latter growth), A=8.45×1028s-1, E=(360.54±12.00)KJ/mol. ZnO nanoparticles obtained by pyrolysis take on self-growth behavior. It is resulted that for precursor ZnC2O4?2H2O pyrolysis time takes obvious influence on the partilces size under 420?, 500? and 600?. Finally, a new flow sheet for synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is investigated, in which blendes is used as raw material and hydrometallurgy is introduced into it. The whole flow sheet has no industrial wastes, that is all byproducts can be used in the flow sheet recycled, resulted in the de-crease of productive cost and industrial wastes.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. G. Dong

This paper presents BF flotation machines in brief which are manufactured by Beijing General Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy (BGRIMM). Dimensional analysis and similarity criteria have been used to scale up BF flotation machines. These scale-up criteria can be used to determine mechanical structure and hydrodynamic parameters including mixing, solids suspension, air transfer and power and so on. Similarity criteria are used to design 40m3 flotation machine being based on data from 1.2 m3 to 20 m3 flotation machines. Hydrodynamic tests of 40 m3 flotation machine in water are discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By X. M. Chen

The selection of leach reagent mainly according to the ratio of useful mineral to gangue in mineral raw material and the structure of mineral raw material. Besides that the price of reagent, the capability of reagent decomposing mineral and its causticity on equipment is also supposed to be in regard. On common conditions, the scandium content in mineral raw material is low, even Sc concentrate of specimen-Yunnan rare earth ore which contain Sc used in this experiment only is 148 g/t. Moreover, in enlarging scale experiments the content of scandium in leach liquid is only 3.6g/t, meanwhile various and complicated impurity existing in it. At present, both domestic and abroad has succeed in enriching scandium from vitriol solution, while enriching scandium from hydrochloric acid only has been studied in some minority units, which is not reported to be practical in industry. Therefore, this item offer a new research issue on Sc?s extract, which is as well as the task of this research. Spectrum analysis, chemic component analysis and scandium content have been made in main mineral measurement on rare earth with Sc in the paper. Based on characters of sample, select hydrochloric acid, vitriol and nitric acid as leach reagent and make different blueprints to accomplish the experimental research about selecting leach reagent. In the aspect of rare earth leach scandium leach density is researched, leach liquid to solid rate, leach temperature, leach time, leach granule rate and leach solution. This experiment claims that in the optimal experimental ambience, leach rate of vitriol is 58.18%, the leach rate of nitric acid is 50.73% and the leach rate of hydrochloric acid is 59.34%. Among them, hydrochloric acid has the best effect, therefore this experiment choose it as the leach reagent.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Leite

In a small-scale mining in Brazil?s northeast, scheelite were exploited since 1940?s using a traditional gravity concentration flowchart (composed by jigs and shacking tables) that operates with low efficient for fine particles. Tailing of this plant was submitted to chemical, mineralogical and size characterization. Results pointed 50% smaller than 74µm with a grade of 0.11% WO3. The particle?s size is an important operational variable to heighten recuperation by shacking tables. Tests using Falcon SB40 centrifuge concentrators and shacking table were realized, optimizing their operational variables. Based on the tests results a new flowchart was proposed for concentrating and tailings recovery.

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Kanuchová, J. Briancin, M. Achimovicová

"Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnology, Technical University, Košice, Slovakia An industrial eccentric vibratory mill was used for direct and short-time mechanochemical reduction of ilmenite concentrate (FeTiO3) and anatase (TiO2) with magnesium metal powder in order to reduce Fe and Ti resp. and hereby to convert them to the more soluble phases suitable for further hydrometallurgical processing. X-ray diffraction analysis of FeTiO3 after 60 min of milling with Mg confirmed the presence of Fe0 and Mg2TiO4 phases and for TiO2 after 180 min of milling the new TiO and MgO phases have appeared. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has detected Fe0 (metal) and Mg2+ species which are corresponding to the product of FeTiO3 mechanochemical reduction. The product of TiO2 mechanochemical reduction has revealed XPS spectral lines corresponding to Ti2+, Ti4+ and Mg2+ species on its surface. Morphology of mechanochemically reduced samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Subsequent leaching of mechanochemically reduced FeTiO3 and TiO2 was performed in dilute HCl and H2SO4 at 80oC and compared with mechanically activated samples. The recovery of Ti has reached 100% for FeTiO3 and 79% for TiO2 after 60 min of leaching. Based on this study the flowsheet for possible processing of natural refractory titanium ores patented by author was adapted and documented. INTRODUCTION Ilmenite (FeTiO3), along with rutile (TiO2) represents the most important titanium resource necessary for titanium industry, for production of titanium metal, alloys and pigment grade TiO2 which are becoming more important and versatile for various industries such as an aircraft and aerospace, navy, chemical, automotive, medical and offshore wind industries, for machine and plant engineering and architecture as well, mainly due to high corrosion resistance. Pigment grade TiO2 is utilizing in pigment, plastic, glass, paper and rubber industries (Zhang, 2011). There are obvious research efforts for development of the potential alternatives to the expensive thermo-chemical commercial processes of titanium raw materials processing. Zhang (2011) has summarized conventional thermo- a electrochemical processes which involved a combination of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical technologies and highlighted the improved hydrometallurgical routes promising for commercial application in the future. Such improvement could also be mechanical activation of FeTiO3, TiO2 by high-energy milling which causes their structural disordering, the changes of physical and chemical properties, consequently and has a positive effect on the dissolution kinetics (Achimovicová et al., 2014a, 2017, Baláž, 2008). The various types of mills such as a planetary ball mill, a vertical ball mill, a drum mill, an attritor were used for mechanical activation of FeTiO3 as a pretreatment process for subsequent leaching (Achimovicová et al., 2014)."

Jan 1, 2018