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By John H. Bassarear, Harold W. Sorstokke

The fourth expansion within 10 years was completed at Pima Mining Co. during late 1971. The first three expansions increased capacity from 3000 to over 40,000 tpd. Conventional crushing and grinding practices were used in the original 10-section mill. Total capacity is now approximately 54,000 tpd. Expansion IV includes a new primary crusher and a radial stacker conveyor that feeds stockpiles for both concentrators. The -8-in. primary product is fed from the reclaim stockpile to the new mill by two pairs of pan feeders, each pair feeding a separate conveyor. The reclaim conveyors each feed 28 X 12-ft semiautogenous mills operating with an 8% charge of 4-in. balls. Autogenous discharge is screened, oversize recycling by conveyors, with -%-in. undersize feeding two conventional 161/2 X 19-ft ball mills in closed circuit with cyclones. Cyclone overflow is pumped to three parallel rows of 300-400 cu ft flotation cells. Rougher and scavenger concentrates produced are sent to the original mill for regrind, cleaning, and filtering.

Jan 1, 1974

The National Labor Board, on June 25, ended its activities preparatory to final, dissolution by the President. No new cases will be heard nor new applications received. Controversies, jointly submitted, that could not be concluded prior to June 30, were assigned to the joint chairmen or a section of the board for disposition. The conclusion of the board's activities marks the passing of. one of the governmental agencies created during the war to further production of war materials. The board was organized under a Presidential proclamation with former President Taft and Frank P. Walsh of Kansas City as joint Chairmen, and with five members representing labor, five employers' representatives, and two members acting for the public. Mr. Walsh resigned soon after the signing of the armistice and was succeeded by Basil M. Manly of Washington. During the year that ended May 31, the hoard received 1245 cases, made awards in 462 cases, dismissed 391 for various cases, referred 315 to specified agencies, and suspended one case. Fifty-three cases remained on the docket because the hoard could not agree, and 23 cases were pending.

Jan 8, 1919

Fifty to 75 million years ago, hydrocarbon-bearing rocks were formed in the Green River formation of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. The hydro- carbons can be extracted from these rocks, marl- stone but misnamed oil shale, after crushing and intense heating. At about 900°F the marlstone decomposes to produce liquid shale oil. A press release from the Colony Development Co. describes a process which may permit, for the first time, economically feasible access to shale oil. Shale oil has resisted economic extraction for almost three centuries. According to the USBM, a patent was issued as early as 1684 in England to produce "oyle from a kind of stone". France produced oil from marlstone in 1838 and a dozen years later, Scotland started an oil shale industry, producing kerosine, that lasted nearly 100 years. In both countries, the process involved crushing the stone and retorting it to decompose the kerogen-a long and costly process at that time. In 1859, Edwin L. Drake brought in the first oil well in Titusville, Pa., and shale oil faded into oblivion.

Jan 8, 1965

By C. A. Hartnagel

In 1939 the production of crude oil in New York totaled 5,105,000 bbl. This marks the third consecutive year production of crude oil has exceeded 5,000,000 bbl. and only once has this total been surpassed—in the year 1882, three years after the discovery of oil in Allegany County, when the annual production was more than 6,000,000 barrels. The most gratifying feature of the industry was the increased demand for lubricants, which resulted in advanced prices for crude. From a price at the beginning of the year of $1.68 per barrel, six advances totaling 82c brought the year's closing to $2.50 per barrel. A further increase in price on Jan. 1, 1940, to $2.75 per barrel places the local industry in a strong position for the year's operations. Most of the oil production of the state is now obtained by water-flooding, and the industry is practically stabilized. No new pools have been discovered in over 25 years, and border drilling indicates little prospect of extending the boundaries of the fields beyond their present limits. Deep drilling to the Oriskany sandstone in and close to the present oil fields hay failed to find oil in substantial amounts. Altogether, the oil pools of New York have produced during the 60 years that they have been exploited approximately 125,000,000 bbl. of oil. Following the flush production of 1882, the annual production gradually dccrcased and the year 1912 marked an all-time low of only 782,000 bbl. In 1919, as a result of flooding operations, a definite upward trend in oil production was recorded. During that year also the production of oil by water-flooding methods as approved by Legislative action. In the 21-yr. period beginning with 1919, oil production in the state ha.: totaled 60,338,000 bbl. Thus it will be seen that by the aid of flooding methods nearly as much oil has been produced in the last 21 yr. as in the preceding 40 yr., although the Iatter period included the flush production in 1882. As there is little hope of extending the area of the present producing oil fields of the state, producers and refiners are concerned regarding the future life of the fields. It is encouraging to observe that earlier esti- Published by permission of Director of New York State Museum, Albany, N. P. Summarized at meeting; manuscript received at the office of the Institute March 20. 1940.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. A. Hartnagel

In 1939 the production of crude oil in New York totaled 5,105,000 bbl. This marks the third consecutive year production of crude oil has exceeded 5,000,000 bbl. and only once has this total been surpassed—in the year 1882, three years after the discovery of oil in Allegany County, when the annual production was more than 6,000,000 barrels. The most gratifying feature of the industry was the increased demand for lubricants, which resulted in advanced prices for crude. From a price at the beginning of the year of $1.68 per barrel, six advances totaling 82c brought the year's closing to $2.50 per barrel. A further increase in price on Jan. 1, 1940, to $2.75 per barrel places the local industry in a strong position for the year's operations. Most of the oil production of the state is now obtained by water-flooding, and the industry is practically stabilized. No new pools have been discovered in over 25 years, and border drilling indicates little prospect of extending the boundaries of the fields beyond their present limits. Deep drilling to the Oriskany sandstone in and close to the present oil fields hay failed to find oil in substantial amounts. Altogether, the oil pools of New York have produced during the 60 years that they have been exploited approximately 125,000,000 bbl. of oil. Following the flush production of 1882, the annual production gradually dccrcased and the year 1912 marked an all-time low of only 782,000 bbl. In 1919, as a result of flooding operations, a definite upward trend in oil production was recorded. During that year also the production of oil by water-flooding methods as approved by Legislative action. In the 21-yr. period beginning with 1919, oil production in the state ha.: totaled 60,338,000 bbl. Thus it will be seen that by the aid of flooding methods nearly as much oil has been produced in the last 21 yr. as in the preceding 40 yr., although the Iatter period included the flush production in 1882. As there is little hope of extending the area of the present producing oil fields of the state, producers and refiners are concerned regarding the future life of the fields. It is encouraging to observe that earlier esti- Published by permission of Director of New York State Museum, Albany, N. P. Summarized at meeting; manuscript received at the office of the Institute March 20. 1940.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

THE following is the discussion of a paper, with the same title, by N. L. Alison, which appeared in our February issue: E. F. Tillson commented that while the fundamentals are well presented it would have been of interest to him to have had the author add some of his own experiences with fan installations. A. W. Hesse remarked concerning the use of the forward curved blade fan on the surface at a metal mine which has, ordinarily, but few airways, that the farther they are driven, the higher the resistance rises, and less air will be delivered, as the water gage will remain constant with a consequent loss in quantity. D. Harrington added that the metal mines do not or¬dinarily install fans until the mine is well developed, so changes are relatively slower after fan installation than at a coal mine.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. F. JR. Miller

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) THE major cause of the deterioration of the open-hearth furnace as its length of service increases, is the melting down, or rather the slagging, of the checker-brick, together with the deposition of dirt in the form of iron oxide, etc., which helps to close the openings, as well as to slag the brick by chemical action. Any construction that will do away with the necessity of having the waste gases come down through the checkers will eliminate the main reason for their deterioration. There are some other well-defined reasons which are subordinate to the main one given above. Some of the defects of the present type of regenerator chambers are as follows: 1. The checkers cannot be cleaned while the furnace is in operation, nor can they be cleaned at the end of the run without taking out all of the checker-brick. This causes high costs for labor and brick. The labor cost is high because all checker-brick have to be handled twice. The brick cost is high because many of the bricks are spalled in the double handling, rendering them useless because a spalled brick will not stand up. 2. The top courses of brick become coated with iron oxide, etc., melt clown, and large amounts of dirt are deposited throughout the checkers, especially at the bottom. The draft of the furnace is decreased by the closing of the top and bottom openings, especially the top ones, and the entire working of the furnace is affected. If an effort is made to clean the checkers the dirt and brick falling down into the holes still further diminish the draft. 3. The distribution of the air or waste gases through the checkers is in many cases uneven, resulting in a lower temperature of pre-heated air and therefore a slower working furnace. Also, the passage of air and waste gases is so crooked that sometimes the chimney is not powerful enough to overcome the friction.

Jan 6, 1913

By Frank M. Stephens, Robert D. Macdonald

As processes for handling low-grade or complex ores become more complicated and as new methods are found, the need arises for more complete and detailed pilot-plant studies to protect the capital investment required for a full-scale plant. Occasionally a process is firm technically, but there is a need for a demonstration plant that will convince nontechnical men of the wisdom of investing in a full-scale operation.

Jan 5, 1959

By Charles F. Manness

In the great increase of product which has been accomplished in the American Bessemer plant, through improvements in machinery and refractories, and by more perfect skill in their manipulation,

Jan 1, 1881

Jan 1, 1920

Rooms With Bath Rooms Without Bath Name Location Double Single Double Single Astor Times Square, 43d St. and $5.00 up $4.00 up $4.00 $2.50 up Broadway Belmont 42d St. and Park Ave. 6.00 up 5.00 tip 5.00 3.00 up Breslin 29th St. and Broadway 5.00 up 2.50 up 4.00 up 2.00 up Hermitage 42c1 Street and Broadway 4.50 up 2.50 up 3.50 up 2.00 up Imperial 32d St. and Broadway 4.50 up 3.00 up 3.50 up . 2.50 McAlpin 34th St. and Broadway 4.00 up 3.00 up 3.50 up 2.50 up Manhattan 42d St. and, Madison Ave. 6.00 tip 4.00 up 4.50 up 3.00 up Martinique 32d St. and Broadway 4.00 up 3.00 up 3.00 up 2.00 up Monticello 35 West 64th St. 2.50 up 2.00 up Navarre 38th St. and Seventh Ave 3.00 up 1.50 up 2.50 tip 1.50 up Plaza 58th St. and Fifth Ave. 6.00 up 4.00 up, Prince George.... 28th St. anti Fifth Ave. 3.00 up 2.00 up York 36th St. and Seventh Ave. 3.50 2.50 up 2.50 1.50

Jan 1, 1919

By William D. Carter

When the first Earth Resources Technology satellite (ERTS-A) is orbited by NASA next year, mineral exploration is expected to take a giant leap forward. There are many inherent advantages in going to space to study large regions of the earth, as existing space data have shown. A preview of what can be expected has already been provided by Gemini and Apollo color photographs taken over many parts of the world in the equatorial belt to 30ºN and S latitude. These comprehensive views cover some 100 sq mi, depicting prominent geologic features in a regional context. Placed side by side with mosaics of aerial photographs covering identical areas, the space pictures point up many inadequacies in the present airborne methods of data acquisition. To obtain a regional picture from aircraft, one must piece together many bits of data, and the final result suffers from variations in lighting and photographic reproduction that may obscure features important to the mineral explorer. By contrast, space photographs provide unsegmented synoptic views of large areas as they appear in a single instant under uniform lighting conditions.

Jan 1, 1971

By Linda P. Bono

Some mining engineers are pursuing their destinies in places far removed from what they might have envisioned back in the classroom. The path they follow to work each day may wind down Wall St., Park Avenue, LaSalle, or Market; their offices are in modern skyscrapers which offer all the amenities-air conditioning, thick carpets, attractive decor, and executive lunchrooms, to name just a few. The papers on their desks are a combination of financial figures and feasibility studies. But even in these surroundings there are indications of what these men do and where their professional interests lie-minerals are everywhere, from vast collections to one symbolic paperweight. . . there are sometimes specks of dirt under fingernails from a recent on-site inspection, belying the traditional banker's garb. . . and there are the wistful comments about finding it necessary to get out in the field.

Jan 9, 1978

By Henry A. Ley

Oklahoma produced about 40,000,000 bbl. less crude oil in 1930 than it did in 1929, but developed the largest initial production from current well completions ever recorded in its history. The output of this year would have exceeded all previous years had it not been for state-wide production curtailment. The record initial production of 5,911,982 bbl. from new oil wells completed during the year is accounted for entirely by the rapid development of the Oklahoma City field. Completions declined to the lowest levels since 1909, as a result of a marked reduction in number of dry holes incident to reduced wildcat exploration. Leasing was most active in western and northern counties of the state west of Oklahoma City, but on a much smaller scale than in the preceding year. Geological and geophysical surveys were likewise most active in this western territory. The urge to deeper objectives resulted in the discovery of oil on the Cement fold. Changing economic conditions have created a distress situation among the marginal operators in northeastern localities of the state. Elsewhere in the state production records and successful exploitation of new supplies have been eclipsed by a new social concept of the industry in accord with natural economic developments. Many of the producers of crude oil have organized for a voluntary stabilization of the industry by regulating the output of wells. To enforce their measures these operators have sought for and secured the support of the state. Consequently, the current position of the crude-oil producer is not unlike that of the natural-gas producer—withdrawal of supplies in accordance with market needs. And while the industry as a whole is artificially stabilized by these measures individual operators and some of the integrated concerns suffer hardships. Oil Developments and Production The early operations in Oklahoma were confined to northeastern and eastern localities, beginning in 1885. The first commercial oil wells were completed in 1894, near Chelsea in Craig County, from Cherokee sands in the lower portion of the Pennsylvanian section. Scattered

Jan 1, 1931

By George F. Weaton, Eugene P. Pfleider

13.4-1. History. During the past ten years the mining and production of iron ores has been through a revolution. From 1939 through 1948, which included World War II, 561,000,000 tons of iron ore was mined and shipped from Minnesota's Mesabi Range to the blast furnaces of the United States for the production of iron and steel products (20, 28, 29). The iron mining industry, anticipating the exhaustion of this highly productive source of raw material, instigated a worldwide search for new sources of iron ores. This search was highly successful, both as to quantity and quality. Venezuela (38), Canada (17, 28, 42), Peru (19, 23, 50, 52, 54, 56) Chile, (1, 66, 75), Brazil, and Liberia were among the countries where enormous deposits of high quality iron ores were discovered. The exploitation of these deposits took away the monopoly held by the Lake Superior region for so many years and created a highly competitive market for high quality natural iron ores. 13.4-2. Exploration and Development Practices. SPECIFIC TO IRON MIN- ING. American industries are motivated to continue exploration because new ore discoveries often lead to an improved competitive position with respect to raw material supply. Exploration techniques have advanced rapidly in recent years, to a degree that potentially important iron ore reserves, stratigically located, may now be detectable by application of a combination of refined and diversified geophysical exploration methods. Since the days of the dip needle, iron ore people have placed greatest reliance on the magnetometer. Its successive stages of development progressed from the balance and the torsion type to the fluxgate, and then to the "sophisticated" magnetometers-conceived and developed in th field of atomic physics. By far the greatest advancement in magnetometer prospecting was made when the self-orienting fluxgate magnetometer took to the air. This was not a new development, but it was a breakthrough in reconnaissance investi-

Jan 1, 1968

By V. H. Wilhelm

Drilling activity in California during 1939 decreased approximately 15 per cent from that of the previous year. New reserve discoveries were the lowest in many years, but extensions, development of deeper sands, and reappraisals, indicated enough new potential to more than equal 1939 withdrawals of about 223,644,000 barrels. On June 1 a new uniform method of allocation was adopted, which had the immediate effect of reducing production, so that approximately 6,000,000 bbl. of crude were withdrawn from storage during the year. Market demand averaged 628,845 bbl. per day as compared with a daily production of 612,945 barrels. The rate of drilling was slow during the first five months because of the unfavorable storage situation. Subsequent to the adoption of the new uniform method of allocation on June 1, drilling was speeded up and continued at a rapid rate throughout the remainder of the year. As a result of prospecting, four new fields were discovered and seven fields were measurably extended. All of the new discoveries were made in the San Joaquin Valley. Statistics of production and development arc given in Fig. 1 and Tables 1 to 3. New Discoveries Coalinga-Northeast.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation discovered a second Eocene shore-line field north of the Coalinga Nose when it brought in well S.P.L. 7-17 in sec. 17-19-16, flowing 4230 bbl. of 32.4" gravity oil and 14,200,000 cu. ft. of gas at a depth of 8237 ft., from the "Gatchell" sand of Eocene age. This field, 2 miles north of the Coalinga Nose field, is considered to be a separate structure because it has a gas cap and a lower water table. The structure is a broad, gentle anticlinal nose probably separated from the southerly Coalinga Nose field by a shallow syncline. Production is sealed updip by the pinching out of oil sands. The average sand thickness is approximately 200 ft., the top 75 ft. containing mainly gas. The sand has an average permeability of 1000 millidarcys and an average porosity of 25 per cent. The productivc area of the field is estimated to be between 1200 and 1500 acres.

Jan 1, 1940

By V. H. Wilhelm

Drilling activity in California during 1939 decreased approximately 15 per cent from that of the previous year. New reserve discoveries were the lowest in many years, but extensions, development of deeper sands, and reappraisals, indicated enough new potential to more than equal 1939 withdrawals of about 223,644,000 barrels. On June 1 a new uniform method of allocation was adopted, which had the immediate effect of reducing production, so that approximately 6,000,000 bbl. of crude were withdrawn from storage during the year. Market demand averaged 628,845 bbl. per day as compared with a daily production of 612,945 barrels. The rate of drilling was slow during the first five months because of the unfavorable storage situation. Subsequent to the adoption of the new uniform method of allocation on June 1, drilling was speeded up and continued at a rapid rate throughout the remainder of the year. As a result of prospecting, four new fields were discovered and seven fields were measurably extended. All of the new discoveries were made in the San Joaquin Valley. Statistics of production and development arc given in Fig. 1 and Tables 1 to 3. New Discoveries Coalinga-Northeast.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation discovered a second Eocene shore-line field north of the Coalinga Nose when it brought in well S.P.L. 7-17 in sec. 17-19-16, flowing 4230 bbl. of 32.4" gravity oil and 14,200,000 cu. ft. of gas at a depth of 8237 ft., from the "Gatchell" sand of Eocene age. This field, 2 miles north of the Coalinga Nose field, is considered to be a separate structure because it has a gas cap and a lower water table. The structure is a broad, gentle anticlinal nose probably separated from the southerly Coalinga Nose field by a shallow syncline. Production is sealed updip by the pinching out of oil sands. The average sand thickness is approximately 200 ft., the top 75 ft. containing mainly gas. The sand has an average permeability of 1000 millidarcys and an average porosity of 25 per cent. The productivc area of the field is estimated to be between 1200 and 1500 acres.

Jan 1, 1940

By R. C. Weed

LEACHING in place at Cananea began in the 1920's on a limited scale. The first plants were small wooden boxes located underground in the Capote and Oversight mines, and output was low. Scrap iron was used as precipitant. Later several other small plants were started up. Leaching was limited entirely to underground areas, and production remained low. The Veta precipitating plant, the first on a larger scale, was put into operation in the late 1920's. After a period of intermittent service it was rebuilt in 1946 and has since been running continuously. In 1943 work on the Colorada open pit was started. This produced 40 million tons of waste, which averaged 0.20 pct capper. When these dumps had aged a few years it was decided to leach them on a large scale, and after considerable research and investigation a leaching system of pumps and pipelines was laid out and installed. At the same time the Ron-quillo precipitation plant was built to treat the copper solutions from the pit dumps. This plant started operation in March 1953. Leaching areas consist of the Colorada pit dumps and various mined out and caved underground stopes. The principal mineral, chalcocite, leaches readily in a weak sulfuric acid solution containing ferric iron. Enough pyrite is contained in the areas to produce an acid-ferric iron solution strong enough to dissolve the copper. Each area is studied to determine the best method of distributing the water over it and the best method of collecting the copper-bearing solutions after leaching has taken place. Water is generally distributed by means of ponds, ditches, and sprays. Spraying has proved the best method of spreading the water evenly; however, in a dry climate some water is lost through evaporation. After passing through the leachable material the solution is collected underground by dams and bulkheads and on surface by dams. An effort is made to give the maximum storage capacity practicable.

Jan 1, 1957

Jan 1, 1920

By P. Levesque

IN the process of alloying two metals to obtain a single-phase alloy, the end product is nearly always a cored structure. The mechanism of solid-

Jan 1, 1955