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By George W. Maynard

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) AT the Pittsburg meeting of the Institute, May, 1879, I made the first announcement in America of the results obtained by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas and Percy C. Gilchrist, ill their efforts to eliminate phosphorus in the manufacture of steel in the Bessemer converter and the open-hearth furnace.1 The first published statement in an American newspaper was a reprint of the first Thomas-Gilchrist paper, 2 which I sent to J. C. Bayles, at that time the editor. At the suggestion of many friends who were present at the Pittsburg meeting, and others who are cognizant of the beginnings of the process in the United States, and for the information of the younger generation of the iron and steel fraternity, I have thought it eminently proper that the history of the process in detail should be given where I made the first announcement and where the process has had its largest development. During my residence in England, from April, 1873, to February, 1879, and as a member of the Iron and Steel Institute since 1874, I was present at many of its meetings during those years. At nearly -every meeting the burden of discussion was the question of the use of pig-iron containing phosphorus in the. manufacture of steel by the Bessemer or the open-hearth process. In my biographical notice of Thomas;3 read at the New York meeting of, the Institute, February, 1885, I show that the working-out of the process was not a hap-hazard or accidental inspiration, but the culmination of many years of investigation of experiments and theories which had been carried on and advanced by chemists and metallurgists at home and abroad. 1 Trans., viii., .5 (1879-80). 2 The Iron Age, vol. 22, No. 17, p. 3 (Oct. 24, 1878). 3 Trans.. xiii., 785 to 791.

Jul 1, 1910

By H. W. C. Prommel

While Utah remains an unimportant factor in oil production, exploratory drilling was carried on in six widely separated areas, extending from the southwest to the northeast corner of the state. One new gas field, the Last Chance or Starvation Creek anticline in Emery County, and two new gas horizons in the Clay Basin field of Daggett County, were thereby discovered during 1934. Exploratory Drilling South Central Utah Emery County—Last Chance Anticline.—The test of the Ramsey Petroleum Corporation in sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., on the apex of this anticline (vert. closure 700 ft.; area within closing contour line, as mapped by U.S. Geological Survey, 26,000 acres) encountered gas in the Moenkopi formation of lower Triassic age at depths ranging from 2530 to 2863 ft. The total thickness of sandstone, sandy shale and -limestone beds in which gas was encountered is approximately 50 ft. The well was tested at a depth of 2755 ft., gaging 21,000,000 cu. ft. of gas, R.P. 410 lb. The well is being plugged back to the lowest gas horizon at 2771 ft. from a total depth of 3168 ft. Gas from this well probably will be used for the drilling of a second well structurally lower, to test the oil possibilities of the Moenkopi formation as well as of the upper and lower Pennsylvania formations, of which the latter so far remains untested in South Central Utah. The well was not drilled deep enough to determine more definitely the western margin of the petroliferous Paradox Basin of lower Pennsyl-vanian age of southeastern Utah. Woodside Anticline.—This field, lying immediately northeast of the San Rafael swell, contains, according to maps of the U.S. Geological Survey, 8380 acres within its lowest closing contour line 700 ft. below the apex. A well was drilled by Utah Oil Refining Co. at the apex in sec. 12, T.l9S., R.l3E., during 1924. Gas was encountered in the Moenkopi and Kaibab formations of Triassic and Carboniferous (Permian) age respectively. The flow is estimated at 21,000,000 cu. ft., R.P. 900 lb.,

Jan 1, 1935

By John C. Smock

The rich deposits of magnetic iron-ore in the Highlands of northern New Jersey attracted the attention of iron-workers at the time of the earliest settlements in that region. The outcrops of the oreshoots at the Dickerson mine, at Mount Hope, and at Hibernia, in Morris county, and at Ringwood, in Passaic count,y, which were doubtless such as would lead to discovery, location and development of nearly all the large iron-mines in that part of the State, appear to have had their beginnings where the ore cropped out on the surface or where it was scarcely concealed by a thin mantle of earth. In the early history of New Jersey iron-mining, the careful explorations and surveys made by the agents of the famous London Com-

Jan 1, 1892

By AIME AIME

PLANS for the Semi-centennial Meeting have almost reached completion, although in any undertaking of such magnitude a few changes are always to be expected at the last moment. As worked out up to the time of going to press, the program of the meeting is shown below. The headquarters will be the Irem Temple, in Wilkes-Barre.

Jan 1, 1921

By Max Hebgen

I. Natural Features of State Affecting Power Development .. 792 II. Early Developments. 1. Big Hole Plant................. 792 2. Canyon Feny Plant............... 793 3. Madison Plant No. 1............... 593 4. Black Eagle Plant................ 795 III. Later Developments. 1. Madison River System .............. 795 2. Missouri River System.............. 797 3. Great Falls System............... 797 4. Missoula River Development............ 797 5. Big Fork Development.............. 802 $ IV. Present Capacity of Power Developments....... 802 V. Transmission System...............: . 802 VI. Character of Load. 1. Lighting and Small Power Uses........... 804 2. Street Railways ................ 804 3. Mining................... 804 4. Railroads.................... 808 5. Irrigation................... 810 VII. Operation of System................. 812 VIII. Increase in Use of Power............... 811 IX. New Power Developments............... 814 X. Undeveloped Powers................. 815 It is estimated that the total stationary power now used in the United States. steam. water and gas. is probably over 30.000.000 h. p. The total developed water power is about 6.000.000 h. p. The water power in the United States now economically capable of development probably exceeds 25.000.000 h. p. The total developed and undeveloped power is

Jan 1, 1914

By AIME AIME

AS a new departure the annual business meeting was held at 4 p. m. on Tuesday, Feb. 16, instead of in the morning, as previously. The retiring President, Robert E. Tally, called the meeting to order and briefly spoke of the large measure of success that had been attained in balancing the budget of the Institute in 1931, so that, although receipts had declined over $26,000 compared to the previous year, expenditures had come within $3,000 of income. He referred in complimentary ,terms to the work of the committees on Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, and MINING AND METALLURGY, from which more would be heard late:. He also announced that a large and important committee on economics has been under consideration, and will be announced later. As an evidence of growth it was noted that a new Division, Mineral Industry Education, had been organized just an hour previously.

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

PURSUANT to a recommendation made by the Section delegates at their conference at the Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E. last February, the Directors, at their meeting on March 15, 1944, appointed a committee charged with the duty of investigating the present status of licensing and registration of engineers, and to make a report on the whole subject for the information of the mining fraternity. The committee consisted of E. W. Ellis, chairman, H. D. Keiser, Henry T. Mudd, J. J. Croston, and Simon Strauss. Messrs. Keiser and Strauss were unable to assist in the work of the committee, and Mr. Mudd was forced to resign in July, his place being taken by A. F. Greaves-Walker. Able assistance was given the committee by T. Keith Legare, executive secretary of the National Council of State Boards of Engineering Examiners, and by Ed. ward Larson, executive secretary of the National Society of Professional Engineers. The accompanying somewhat condensed version of the report of Mr. Ellis's committee, dated Oct. 15, 1944, is confined to facts rather than to recommendations. The "Model Law" to which reference is made was first drafted by repre¬sentatives of six national engineering societies in 1911. It has since been amended many times, the latest version dated June 1943 is recommended to the State Licensing Boards as a pattern for formulating or amending state laws. A copy of the "Model Law" in pamphlet form will be sent to any member on request from A.I.M.E. headquarters while the supply lasts. The report:

Jan 1, 1945

By Frank W. Dickson, George Tunell

Five hot spring areas of the western United States show evidences of present day deposition of HgS; two also show evidences of accompanying Sb2S3 deposition. Sulfide minerals are depositing at or near the surface from hot waters that differ for each spring ai:ea in amount and kinds of dissolved matter. All the springs contain dissolved substances that act as buffering agents and that cause increased alkalinity with increasing temperature. Transport of Sb2S3 is possible in H2O and in boron and sulfide solutions. Increasing alkalinity and temperature enhance stibnite solubility. Quantitatively important transport of HgS appears restricted to alkaline sulfide solutions that contain HgS2=. Elemental mercury probably forms in deep hot waters because HgS breaks down into mercury and sulfur above 200°C, and free S is removed by reaction with water. Elemental mercury should accompany HgS2= in solutions that were at 200°C or higher. Cinnabar deposits from saturated alkaline sulfide solutions because of combinations of temperature decrease, dilution, oxidation, and reactions with wall rock: Amedee Hot Springs, Boiling Springs, and Coso Hot Springs are areas in which HgS is the only sulfide deposited. Hot waters at Amedee and Boiling Springs are supersaturated with HgS or transport colloidal HgS. Steamboat Springs waters deposit mainly silica and stibnite, but they have deposited HgS recently. Sulphur Bank waters deposit mostly stibnite and some HgS. The hot-spring waters of all springs represent highly modified deep water. Field and laboratory studies support the concept of transport of HgS in moderately alkaline sulfide solutions as HgS2=. Fluctuating deposition of stibnite and cinnabar reflects availability of sulfide or variations in deep-source HgS and Sb,S,. Silica and HgS dissolve mutually in alkaline sulfide solutions, and cinnabar and quartz would be expected to deposit simultaneously. Free mercury given off by hot-spring waters would impregnate country rocks.

Jan 1, 1968

By Arthur Notman

TO present some idea of the magnitude of the gold-mining industry of Canada and the world, the records of 106 gold-mining companies currently paying dividends have been studied. Forty of these are in Canada, and 37 on the Rand in South Africa, these being all the straight gold-mining companies that paid dividends in the two areas in 1938. None of the base-metal companies that produce gold as a by- product, or even as a major fraction of the value of their total product, have beezl included. In addition, a group of 29 similar companies from Southern Rhodesia and the Gold Coast in Africa, India, Australia, Manchuria, Philippine Islands, the

Jan 1, 1939

By Bedrand L. Johnson

THE phosphate-rock industry is built upon natural deposits of rocks and minerals in which the element phosphorus is present as a phoshate. The term ?phosphate rock? is a general one, applied to certain rocks of different degrees of consolidation and of diverese origin, charater and occurrence, composed of intimate mixtures of several phosphate minerals, largely submicrocrystalline, usually calcium phosphates, in commerical quantities, with various impurities. This term includes phosphatized limestones, sandstone, shales, and igneous rocks; nodular phosphates ; residual weathered phosphatic limestones ; vein phosphates ; and phosphatic sediments, both consolidated and unconsolidated.

Jan 1, 1944

By Wilhelm Borchers

IN all special branches of the chemical and metallurgical industries, in which large electric furnaces became necessary for carrying out new processes or for the improvement of old ones, the development of the electric furnaces took place on much the same lines. The endeavors to make a success of a new idea brought forth many ingenious designs, which, however, almost without exception, furnished the proof that the safest and shortest way to practical success is the utmost simplicity of construction of the necessary apparatus. Our knowledge of the qualities of materials for building electric furnaces and of the constituents of the furnace-charges, especially their electric conductivity and their chemical affinity . towards one another at high temperatures, is still far from being complete, and from this fact we must conclude that the smaller the number of elements in the construction of a furnace, the fewer the number of unreliable factors both in the construction and in the operation of the electric furnace. This conclusion deserves special attention when an electric furnace for making steel has to be chosen from the constantly growing number of inventions, inasmuch as the chief con¬stituent of steel, the element iron, is a substance which in its liquid phase has so great an affinity fir those elements which are to be removed from the charge, that it is very difficult to comply with the following conditions: 1, to beat the refining-slag to the highest point of its chemical activity ; to prevent the iron from entering the slaw, or, where this cannot be done, to make it enter so that it finally appears in the end-product

Jan 1, 1910

By H. B. Menardi

The history, geology, ore deposits and current mining operations of the Huitzuco district have been described by C. W. Vaupelll and the current mill operations by David Segura.2 This paper completes the story of Huitzuco with a description of the reduction of the flotation concentrates. The predominant ore mineral in the Huitzuco deposit is livingstonite, a rare, mercury-antimony sulphide (HgS.2Sb2S3). Other associated minerals include cinnabar, stibnite and elemental sulphur. The gangue is largely limestone and gypsum. Former operators mined a selected grade of ore, from which the mercury was recovered by an expensive, inefficient operation. A considerable tonnage of rejects and fills, carrying mercury and antimony, was left in the mine. In order to recover both mercury and antimony from these fills and also from newly developed ore, a combination method has been developed, by means of which the livingstonite is concentrated by flotation and the flotation concentrates subsequently reduced to metallic mercury and antimony. An essential part of the flotation treatment, as developed by Segura, is the use of copper sulphate as an activating agent. A typical analysis of concentrates now being produced at the property is as follows: Hg, 7.73 per cent; Sb, 26.40; Fe, 1.20; S, 29.68; CaO, 11.50; MgO, 7.25; SiOz, 1.63; A1203, 0.65. PRocess foR Treatment op Concentrates In the development of a process for treatment of these concentrates, three different methods were investigated: (1) roasting in a Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine with an excess of air; (2) separation of mercury and antimony by distillation in a reducing atmosphere; (3) a third method, which ultimately developed into the present process. The third method involved a slow calcination at a closely regulated temperature with a limited admission of air, which separated the mercury and antimony, the raeroury passing out of the kiln with the furnace gases and the antimony remaining in the calcine or "sinter."

Jan 1, 1944

By J. B. Morrow

BITUMINOUS COAL production for 1937 up to Nov. 27, was 400,000,000 ions, an increase of 3.43 per cent over the comparative period in 1936. The in- crease in consumption, however, was not so great as the increase in production. Stocks of coal, mostly in the hands of consumers, on Nov. 1 were 57,000,000 tons, compared to 44,400,000 tons at the same periods in 1936. The prospects were that both production and consumption for December, 1937, would be lower than for the corresponding month of 1936. , Anthracite production for the period ending Nov. 20 was 43,900,000 tons, com- pared to 48,500,000 tons for the corresponding period in 1936, or a decrease of 9.5 per cent. Production of mechanically loaded coal in. 1936 was approximately 57,000,000 tons, an increase of 17.5 per cent over

Jan 1, 1938

By J. C. Bayles

Jan 1, 1885

By Gordon E. Frantti

Under the auspices of the Geophysical Committee of Michigan College of Mining and Technology, an investigation was made in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to obtain geophysical data related to the regional subsurface geology in the area covered by Paleozoic sediments. The area surveyed includes that portion of the Upper Peninsula which lies between R18W to R26W and T41N and T49N, covering approximately 1300 square miles. On the index map, Fig. 1, it is represented by the cross-hatched zone west of Munising. Four of the five sites of detailed investigation are indicated by the letters A, B, C, and D. A detailed gravity and magnetic survey had previously been conducted by J. G. Wilson near Perkins, 8 miles north of Rapid River, on a local anomalous area. Results of his work, which showed a large positive magnetic anomaly associated with a gravity anomaly, aroused interest in the possible economic significance of the formations underlying the Paleozoic sediments in this part of the Upper Peninsula.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. J. Fritts, J. L. Patrick, T. L. Wright, C. O. Ensign, W. S. White, J. W. Trammell, J. C. Wright, D. J. Hathaway, R. J. Leone

The copper deposit at White Pine, Michigan, from which a little more than 5 per cent of United States primary copper currently is produced, is a large stratiform orebody, 4 to 25 feet thick and several miles across. The present ore column, containing about 1.2 per cent copper as chalcocite and native copper, is confined to the basal beds of the Nonesuch Shale. This upper Keweenawan (Upper Precambrian) formation is a distinctive gray siltstone unit, about 600 feet thick, overlying and overlain by thick red-bed sequences. All these rocks contain abundant volcanic debris, but the latest known igneous activity within 50 miles antedated the Nonesuch Shale. The rocks are unmetamorphosed and only moderately deformed, mainly by tilting and faults. Pyrite, presumably syngenetic, is the only prominent sulfide throughout most of the Nonesuch Shale. The basal beds of the formation, however, contain disseminated copper minerals instead of pyrite and constitute the cupriferous zone. On a regional scale, the top of the cupriferous zone cuts across bedding, and ranges from an inch or so above the base of the formation in some areas to more than 50 feet in others. However, within the cupriferous zone the distribution of copper shows remarkable stratigraphic control. Certain beds are copper-rich compared to the beds that lie between them and the differences persist throughout the White Pine region. Several darkgray thinly laminated beds in the lower 10 to 25 feet of the Nonesuch Shale are rich enough and sufficiently close enough together to constitute a mineable thickness where they lie within the cupriferous zone. Pyrite is the characteristic sulfide of the Nonesuch Shale as a whole. The principal sulfide mineral of the cupriferous zone at the base of the formation is chalcocite. The succession of minerals outward and upward from the center of the cupriferous zone is native copper-chalcocite-bornite-chalcopyrite- pyrite. The bornite and chalcopyrite are confined to a narrow fringe at the margin of the cupriferous zone. This pattern of mineral zones is believed to represent reaction between syngenetic pyrite and introduced copper. The main copper mineralization is independent of structure and apparently antedates deformation. Details of the geometry of the cupriferous zone indicate the possibility that copper was introduced from the underlying sandstone prior to lithification. The source of the mineralizing solutions and their copper is not known.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

SECOND only to the February Annual Meeting of the Institute are the Regional and Divisional meetings held in the fall of each year. Six such gatherings are scheduled in the next the months, with something likely to interest every member of the Institute. A brief résumé of the programs follows. Regional Meeting Vancouver T HE regional meeting of the Institute will be held at Vancouver, Sept. 13 to 20, in conjunction with the annual western meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The pro gram appeared on page 350 of MINING AND METALLURGY for July and-proof of careful preparation-a month later re- quires no correction and little elaboration. On the technical side there are few changes. A new item on the Wednesday morning program is the paper, "Investigation of Residential-type Stokers," by H. F. Yancey, supervising engineer, Northwest Experiment Station. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Seattle. As to entertainment the meeting is taking on some most pleasurable aspects. Two notable excursions have been arranged.

Jan 1, 1937

By JAMES BRADLEY

THE Spanish mine is in Nevada County, California, 21 miles northeast of Nevada City by road, and 3 miles north of the town of Washington. The mill and surface buildings are on Poorman's Creek at an ele¬vation of 3,000 ft. About 35 men are employed at the property, which is producing 50 tons of ore per day. Electric power, purchased from the Pacific Gas and Electric Co., is brought in from Alleghany, seven miles away. In the early days the mine was operated by F. W. and P. R. Bradley. Between 1883 and 1899 the production was approximately $900,0)0 in gold. The ore treated during; that time yielded an average of 60 cents per ton and was mined and milled at a profit. The surface, oxidized, ore deposit was 30 to 100 ft. wide and was mined by the glory-hole method. The milling-plant at first consisted of a Blake crusher an-1 a small Huntington mill; later three large Huntington mills were added to the plant. In 1893 a new mill was built at a lower adit- It consisted of 10 stamps and four Huntington mills. The gold was secured by amalgamation, the recovery being about 50 per rent.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. K. Leith

GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR IRON-BEARING AND COPPER-BEARING SERIES. THE geology of the Lake Superior region is of general interest, both from an economic and a scientific standpoint. The presence of large and rich iron- and copper-deposits has made a knowledge of the geology of the region necessary for purposes of exploitation and exploration. The ores of the region are contained in rocks of pre-Cambrian age, 'pith for most of the country up to recent years have usually been referred to as « crystalline schists " or " crystalline complex;" and regarded principally as metamorphosed basement-unit upon which the sedimentary rocks, beginning with the Paleozoic, were laid down. In the Lake Superior re¬gion this pre-Cambrian complex presents an unusual variety of rocks with determinable relations. It has been possible, with the large expenditures which-the magnitude of the iron-mining industry warrants, to work out their stratigraphy to a larger extent than has been possible in almost any other area of pre-Cambrian rocks. The real complexity of Lake Superior geology, the confusion of names and the multiplicity of reports covering small parts of the region, are such that interested persons, other than. geologists directly engaged in the work, may well hesitate to attempt to comprehend the geology of the region as a whole. The following paper is a somewhat elementary outline of the geology of the Lake Superior region with special reference to new developments not yet covered in published reports. Geological information concerning the region has been gath¬ered by mining companies, and by the geological surveys of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ontario, Canada, and the United States.. Perhaps in no other part of the country have the mining men themselves spent such large sums in purely geological work. This has made possible the publication of ,reports and maps by the State and Government surveys in much less time and at far less cost than would have been otherwise possible. The. U. S. Geological Survey is the only organization which has covered all of the region on the United 'States side of the boundary, and as its reports include the in¬formation gathered by the mining companies and State organi

Mar 1, 1905

By Charles M. Rolker

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) THE Mariposa estate, a grant made by the Mexican Government to Juan B. Alvarado, during the time when California was still under the dominion of Mexico, was purchased in 1847 by J. C. Fremont, and the United States patent issued to him in 1856. By sale, or its equivalent, money advanced, the property came into the hands of the Mariposa Company, June 25th, 1863, and through a varied existence of work and temporary inactivity, has as yet been kept as an undivided property, and rests at present with the Mariposa Land and Mining Company of California. I pass over this period of 15 years without giving the history of the ups and downs of the estate, partly because it is familiar to many, and also because I think in such a case this paper would assume too much the character of a narrative. The estate is situated in Mariposa County, California, about 170 miles southeast of San Francisco. It begins in lat. 37° 26’ 38" - north, and long. 119° 55' west, and runs 6 miles north; thence 6 1/2 miles west; thence 5 miles northwesterly towards the Merced River; thence 8 1/2 miles southerly; thence 3 miles easterly; thence 1 mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 2 miles southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence I mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 1 mile northerly, and thence 2 miles easterly to the place of the beginning; embracing 44,387 acres (70 sq. miles) more or less. To describe this vast estate in detail as to its full geology, its numerous quartz veins, its many facilities to exploit them and work them by cheap methods, would lead me further than I intend to go at present, and I will content myself to describe the latest workings of the company and its immediate field of operations. As long ago as 1860 the late Dr. Adelberg advised the running of an adit from the northwestern edge of the estate at Benton Mills on the Merced River. His object was to undercut the deepest workings of the then paying mines on the estate-the Pine Tree and Josephine. Following this advice, the tunnel known as "River Tunnel" was commenced. Its entrance is in S. 5, T. 4, S. R. 17 E. It is run in

Jan 1, 1878