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By J. C. Wright

A practical program of education for workers of the mining industries is being formulated by the Federal Board for Vocational Education in cooperation with the states in which this industry is a dominant one. The Federal Government last year passed a law, known as the Federal Vocational Education Act, that provides for the promotion of vocational education and for cooperation with the states in the promotion of such education in agriculture and trades and industries and in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects. More than 1,000,000 men in the continental United States are employed in mines and quarries. The following table, from the 1910 Census Report, shows the relative importance of mining and manufacturing pursuits: Manfactures Mines and quaRRies Employees.......... 7,405,313 1,109,410 Capital............. $18,428,269,706 53,380,525,841 Value of product..... $20,672,051,870 $1,238,410,322 Of the more than 1,000,000 men employed in mining, almost three-fourths are engaged in the production of bituminous and anthracite coal; one-fifth, in the production of copper, iron, lead, zinc, and other metals; and the remainder in getting out structural and miscellaneous materials from quarries. The meeting of the needs of the coal-mining industry, therefore, is the problem of greatest importance in the point of numbers to be served. Moreover, the dangers in coal mining are greater than in metal mining. Practically all states have set up educational and technical standards for the position of foreman, boss, superintendent, etc., and every applicant for these positions must have a certificate of competency. The qualifications, too, are becoming increasingly difficult in the field of technical information. In some states, every miner must have a certificate, which is issued by the mine examining board only after an oral examination. Did these state laws not call for definite and comprehensive plans for the vocational education of men in the mining regions, the conditions

Jan 1, 1919

By R. Maddin, N. Ujiiye

ALTHOUGH the cold-rolled texture for body-centered-cubic metals and alloys is well known (see, e.g., Barrett'), the pole figure representing the texture may be interpreted in two ways. It may be regarded as consisting of several ideal preferred orientations with an associated spread (a view which is shared among several investigators2), or it may be regarded as consisting of two sets of continuous preferred orientation also with an associated spread."." Recently, Chen and Maddin7 noted a stable (001) [loo] end orientation for molybdenum single crystals rolled at low rates of reduction provided the initial rolling. orientation" was close to the cube ori-

Jan 1, 1957

By E. Lifshin, R. E. Hanneman

QUANTITATIVE applications of the electron micro-beam probe frequently involve the evaluation of complex mathematical expressions and/or the analysis of large amounts of experimental data. The purpose of this communication is to describe briefly a versatile and useful computer program system that is applicable to analyze rapidly a wide variety of practical microprobe problems. This system consists of a group of ten FORTRAN programs that can be stored on tape, cards, or in the memory disc of the computer. These programs, or links, can be run individually or in any prespecified sequence without interrupting the operation of the computer or without destroying information which is being transfered from one link to another. For the program system described here a GE-235 computer with disc storage was used, so that the DCHAIN method of program linking was employed. Included in the library are programs to: 1) initiate analysis of a new set of data and transfer control between all other programs in any predetermined manner; 2) generate theoretical calibration curves of composition vs relative intensity; 3) generate empirical deviation parameters from least-square fits of experimental calibration data from standards of known composition; 4) convert raw X-ray data to corrected composition; 5) determine inter diffusion coefficients by Matano analysis of con centrat ion -distance data on a uniaxial diffusion couple; 6) determine activation energies and frequency factors of temperature-activated processes such as diffusion; and 7) generate calibration curves for determination of the thickness of thin films using microanalysis. A detailed description of these computer programs and their underlying principles is available on request from the authors."' The first program to generate theoretical calibration curves of corrected relative intensities vs composition uses the Poole and Thomas atomic number correction' and the Philibert absorption factor' with a voltage-dependent mass absorption coefficient for electrons in the alloy. A modified Castaing fluores- cence correction is also used which includes the effects of both Ka and KO radiation and over voltage.' Once the theoretical curves have been calculated in 1 wt pct intervals, these results are least-squares fit to obtain Ziebold deviation parameters' which are stored in COMMON in the computer memory. The net discrepancies between the original theoretical calibration curve and the regenerated curve using the Ziebold parameter are computed. Although this link is explicitly written for K-K fluorescent interactions, it can be applied to K-L, L-K, and L-L interactions as previously disc~ssed."~ Similar programs have also been written to utilize the Wittry fluorescence correction, Birks combined corrections, and various other corrections.' These modified programs have proved to be quite useful for quantitative comparisons of the results of the various theories. The program for conversion of raw X-ray data to corrected composition includes corrections for drift, backround, and instrumental dead time. The corrected intensities are converted to composition by use of the Ziebold equation"2 and parameter obtained from the program system. The results can be obtained for either atom or weight fractions. In addition to accurately computing interdiffusion coefficients the Matano analysis program calculates least-square smoothed values of concentration, concentration gradient, and curvature for each point on the raw input concentration profile. In order to obtain high accuracies a unique method of performing a least-square polynomial fit to incrementally advancing profile segments which overlap is used.' This program has been successfully modified for use in ternary diffusion problems3 and can readily be modified to handle analysis of diffusion profiles which include phase boundary discontinuities. This link is generally applicable to analysis of interdiffusion data obtained by other techniques as well as by the microprobe. The primary function of the next program is to least-squares fit experimental diffusion data to the normal Arrhenius function: D = Doexp(-Q/RT), to obtain values of Do and Q. In addition the probable error and one, two, and three u statistical confidence limits of DO, Q, and log D are evaluated. This program is also directly useful for analysis of any other simple temperature-activated processes including conductivity, and certain deformation and chemical processes. The program to generate calibration curves for film-thickness determination using the microprobe is based on a numerical integration of the equation derived by Cockett and ~avis.' Values of film thickness obtained by this program for copper on various substrates are in good agreement with measurements made by other techniques. Versions of the above program system have been prepared for use with or without a remote teletype connection to the computer for processing on either a real-time or time-share basis. The instrumentation coupling a microprobe to a teletype for automatic data collection and analysis by the presently described program system has been reported elsewhere by the authors.' If teletype equipment is not used to communicate with the computer, standard methods of card reading and tape reading can be used. In either

Jan 1, 1967

By J. R. Guard

Development of electrical power in coal mining has been an outstanding example of adaptability. It has accommodated itself to new inventions, changing mining methods, increasing demands, increasing safety requirements and many other new conditions. With the appearance of the continuous miner in the mining machinery picture, those engineers interested in the application of electricity to mining have been thinking about what new combination of electrical apparatus will best suit this newcomer. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the relative costs of supplying d-c versus a-c power to mining equipment with particular reference to continuous miner setups. Assume that a-c power will be delivered to the mine at some high voltage suitable for transmission to the various substation locations. Typical voltage for this purpose is 4000 volts. The problem then is to change the power to some kind of power suitable for driving the motors of mining equipment. For safety and other reasons the voltage to be delivered to the motor terminals must be under 600 volts.

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

PETROLEUM technology was the sole subject of discussion at the meeting of the Petroleum Division at the Baker Hotel, Dallas, Texas, Oct. 6-7, except for the brief talks by President Becket and Secretary Parsons at the dinner on Friday evening. Even on this occasion, following the scheduled official features, it was in order to talk "shop." W. E. Wrather and E. A. Stephenson, respectively Chairman and Secretary of the Division, had planned for a meeting of this nature and by preference, apparently, the 122 who registered fell in with the scheme wholeheartedly. Not because the competent local committee had not provided for it, but by choice, the members just did not sign up for entertainment or field trips, but did attend largely the three technical sessions and engage in earnest discussion of the approximately dozen excellent papers. In this connection, and without question, the high lights of the meeting were the papers by Morris Muskat and R. D. Wyckoff, and Prof. W. K. Lewis. The former, entitled, "A Theoretical Analysis of Waterflooding Networks," had been entirely demathematized by the authors for presentation at this and the Los Angeles meetings; the author of the latter, which was on the "Physical-chemical Relationships of Hydrocarbon Gas-liquid Mixtures at High Pres¬sures," had airplaned to Dallas in the company of Dr. H. D. Wilde from Chicago in order to present his paper at the final session on Saturday morning.

Jan 1, 1933

By Reginald S. Dean

Manganous oxide is readily soluble in concentrated ammonia solutions containing ammonium salts. Lixiviants of ammonia and ammonium carbamate permit ready extraction of manganese from reduced ores and the manganese in such solutions may be precipitated by heating to transform the carbamate to carbonate. THE widespread occurrence of manganese in low grade oxide and carbonate ores not amenable to mechanical concentration has led to extensive investigations of hydrometallurgical methods for producing a pure manganese compound suitable for further treatment. Manganese carbonate is the preferable compound. This product when fully crystalline and of not too fine crystal size is easily filtrable and stable in air. It can be converted to other compounds such as the oxides by heating in air or can be reacted with acids for producing salts. A useful hydrometallurgical process must produce relatively concentrated solutions that can be purified easily, reagents must be cyclically used, and heat requirements must be small. Neither the ammonium sulphate nor sulphur dioxide leaching processes that have been tested extensively fulfill these requirements. Other heretofore proposed processes have obvious limitations and have not been tried on a large scale. The present process is based on the discovery by the writer of a new group of aqueous manganese-ammonia complex solutions highly concentrated in ammonia, which permit rapid solution of manganous oxide to concentrations of 80 to 100 g Mn per liter and from which a fully crystalline, easily filtrable manganese carbonate is precipitated by the addition of carbon dioxide and partial ammonia removal. Although the process may be carried out with many ammonium salts, commercial advantages dictate the use of ammonium carbamate, which is obtained when CO2 is passed into concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonia. If the carbamate is used, the only reagents, ammonia and CO2, are volatile and may therefore be recovered from solutions and residues by heating, thus eliminating washing and extensive evaporation. Impurities are controlled easily as most metal oxides are either insoluble in the lixiviant or fail to precipitate with the manganese carbonate. Others are controlled by sulphide addition. The process has been tested extensively on a small scale on a wide variety of ores, including Three Kids, Artillery Peak, Cuyuna, and Chamberlain, as repre-

Jan 1, 1953

By Reginald S. Dean

Manganous oxide is readily soluble in concentrated ammonia solutions containing ammonium salts. Lixiviants of ammonia and ammonium carbamate permit ready extraction of manganese from reduced ores and the manganese in such solutions may be precipitated by heating to transform the carbamate to carbonate. THE widespread occurrence of manganese in low grade oxide and carbonate ores not amenable to mechanical concentration has led to extensive investigations of hydrometallurgical methods for producing a pure manganese compound suitable for further treatment. Manganese carbonate is the preferable compound. This product when fully crystalline and of not too fine crystal size is easily filtrable and stable in air. It can be converted to other compounds such as the oxides by heating in air or can be reacted with acids for producing salts. A useful hydrometallurgical process must produce relatively concentrated solutions that can be purified easily, reagents must be cyclically used, and heat requirements must be small. Neither the ammonium sulphate nor sulphur dioxide leaching processes that have been tested extensively fulfill these requirements. Other heretofore proposed processes have obvious limitations and have not been tried on a large scale. The present process is based on the discovery by the writer of a new group of aqueous manganese-ammonia complex solutions highly concentrated in ammonia, which permit rapid solution of manganous oxide to concentrations of 80 to 100 g Mn per liter and from which a fully crystalline, easily filtrable manganese carbonate is precipitated by the addition of carbon dioxide and partial ammonia removal. Although the process may be carried out with many ammonium salts, commercial advantages dictate the use of ammonium carbamate, which is obtained when CO2 is passed into concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonia. If the carbamate is used, the only reagents, ammonia and CO2, are volatile and may therefore be recovered from solutions and residues by heating, thus eliminating washing and extensive evaporation. Impurities are controlled easily as most metal oxides are either insoluble in the lixiviant or fail to precipitate with the manganese carbonate. Others are controlled by sulphide addition. The process has been tested extensively on a small scale on a wide variety of ores, including Three Kids, Artillery Peak, Cuyuna, and Chamberlain, as repre-

Jan 1, 1953

By F. N. Speller

Interest in the corrosion problem seems to continue without abatement and is bringing practical results. At least four important conferences on this subject have been held during the last 5 months. Those interested in steel-frame structures are taking steps to study vulnerable points on account of the failure of some minor parts in certain buildings after 35 years of service. The steam power-plant group, including the railroads, realize the importance of a better knowledge of corrosion, especially under modern high-temperature boiler operations. The chemical and refrigerating industries have already conducted a systematic study of depreciation of metals by corrosion, for which they have spent considerable money and time during the last 2 years with encouraging results. More has probably been done to control corrosion in the atmosphere and in closed water systems, because the work on these phases of the problem started over 15 years ago and the important factors are now fairly well understood. As a result of all this work, there is now little excuse for corrosion in water conduits, recirculating condensers and cooling systems, since economical means of prevention have been worked out to meet nearly all situations where such corrosion occurs. The entire Baltimore water supply was treated with lime at a cost of only 35 c. per million gallons and the rate of attack on the pipes has been reduced to not over 20 per cent. of what it was before the treatment. Yearly damage to water mains in Baltimore is estimated at $300,000, and in New York City at $5,000,000, not including damage to water conduits in buildings. In some cities corrosion is now recognized by water works' engineers as a major problem. In the oil industry, there are evidently three general classes of corrosion, relating to: (I) Production, (2) transportation, and (3) refining. (1) Production.—Some fields, those of California for example, have little corrosion trouble in the wells. In others this is a major problem and should be a strong incentive to the development of more resistant metals at a reasonable cost. E. G. Woodruff,' consulting geologist, has pointed out that more of the oil of the future will probably come from the

Jan 1, 1927

On. Tuesday, Apr. 8, the Rocky Mountain Club held its 12th annual dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York. In reporting the dinner the Evening Telegram says: "General Coleman du Pont was sort of master of ceremonies, and he conducted the affair at the end of a Colt .45. It was the General's `forty-five' which filled the banquet hall of the Waldorf-Astoria with the brand of smoke which Uncle Sam showered so generously upon Germany's hordes. It was General du Pont's `forty-five' which bellowed and thundered and echoed through Fifth avenue, scaring horses and shell shocking pedestrians: But no one was hurt or badly shocked except those who could not discern the artistry of Miss Doraldino's dance. "There were Western men around the table who have just come hack from over there. For instance, there were Brigadier General G. H. McManus, General Shanks and a score of others. And there were Thomas H. Watkins, who is said to own half the State of Pennsylvania and is known as the `Coal Baron'-of Pennsylvania,, and Alba B. Johnson, president of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, each one a Westerner, with personality and type suggestive of some of the wonderful men Bret Harte wrote so much about. "It seemed as though General du Pont, who was chairman of the Reception Committee, tried to eclipse all former meetings, and he succeeded if congratulations are a criterion. " General du Pont startled the management of the Waldorf and surprised the diners by staging a three-round bout between Frankie Fay and Phil Wagner. The clash between these two featherweights made Waldorf history, because it was the first boxing contest ever held in the hotel. Tex Rickard, who is going to chaperone Jess Willard and Jack Dempsey in a fight in the near future,-was scheduled to referee the contest, but at the last moment, for some obvious reason, M. E. Schermerhorn was sent in as third man. The bout was a slashing one. Miss Amparito Farrar, lately returned from France, where-she sang for the 'dough-boys;' Eleanore Wetmore, the Rath Brothers and Phil Baker were among the others who entertained.

Jan 5, 1919

By R. A. Liddle

Intermitt'en'I'ly during the past 10 years showings of oil and gas in tests drilled in the eastern part of Texas have stimulated the search for production. Tests on the flanks of the long-known salt domes, principally Keechi and Butler, have found oil in small quantity in the Woodbine formation of the basal part of the Upper Cretacrous. In the central part of Cherokee County, Colliton et all in 1926, in their Clapp No. 2 found a good showing of 37" B6. oil at about 3500 ft. Several wells were drilled in 1926 and 1927 as a result of this showing. On Jan. 22, 1927, Humble Oil & Refining Co. wildcatting on Carey Lake salt dome, obtained commercial production in its Clark No. 1. This inaugurated intensive exploration both for salt domes and for other types of structure. As a result several new domes and a few promising structures of other types have been discovered. Development in East Texas durinG 1927 Carey Lake Dome Location.—On the Neches River in Anderson and Cherokree counties, 10 miles west of Jacksonville, Cherokec (lounty. (Fig. 1.) date of Discovery.—During 1925 geologisls of the Humble Oil & Refining Co. working in the Neches River valley discovered slight surface fracturexs, cratic dips, and slickensided clays and sands in green-sands of the Mount Selman formation north of Carey Lake. A number of core tests were drilled by the Humble Oil & Refining C'o. during 1925 and 1926, some more than 1500 ft. deep, to check their surface obsuvations of faulting, and the possibilities of a salt dome. On May 16, 1927, solid rock salt was reached at 2142ft. in the first deep test on the prospect. Surfacc Indications.—Surface indications of the Carey Lake dome, though not as evident as manifestations at the previously known domes of Palestine, Keechi, Butler, Grand Saline, Steen and Brooks, are more noticeable than on any of the domes discovered in 1927. F. E. Poulsen, of the Pure Oil Co., who examined the area before the deep tests were drilled, noted the alignment of erratic surface dips which suggested faulting, especially in conjunction with slickensiding, and the local deflec-

Jan 1, 1928

By Granville S. Borden, Frank H. Madison

The fruits of industry are divided between capital, labor, and governments. Capital takes its redemption and remuneration through profits or dividends; labor takes its share through wages; governments take their share through taxes. Each must have a just share, and the question of what is a just share and the question of who shall make the allocation are vital current political and economic issues. Certain political philosophies con- tend that government should take all the fruits and that some dictator or politician should have irrevocable discretion and power to distribute the fruits. Believers in democracy and free enterprise adhere to the view that capital is entitled to redemption and fair remuneration; that labor shall have a fair wage; and that governments shall make equitable levies. But since all human beings, both individually and in groups, are inherently selfish, there are many variable views in regard to the question of what ratios shall be applied in a division of the fruits and who shall have the power to fix these ratios. Perhaps all parties should devote more energy to means of increasing the crop, and not so much time to quarreling over a division of the existing crop. Moreover, all three parties must guard against killing the goose that lays the mineral eggs. For example, if the tax burden becomes oppressive and the taxpayer refuses to carry it, then business stagnates, with consequent unemployment, reduction of profits, and curtailment of government revenue. If a producer assumes the increased tax burden, marginal operations must be closed down, and, again the consequences are increased unemployment and diminished government revenue. Quite often an increase in a rate of tax results in a reduction of government revenue. Perhaps the worst detrimental feature of selfishness and greed on the part of any one of the three distributees of the fruits of industry is the retardation of expansion of the enterprise. Growth means new jobs, more government revenue, better trade, and better standards of living. Explorations and discoveries have resulted in tremendous contributions

Jan 1, 1964

Established as a Division March 24, 1922 R B Gilmore, '57, Chairman G L Yates, '56, Vice-Chairman Phil J Lehnhard, '56, Vice-Chairman John R McMillan, Past Chairman T A Pollard, Treasurer Joe B Alford, Executive Secretary 800 Fidelity Union Building Dallas 1, Texas

Jan 1, 1955

Executive HOWARD N EAVENSON, Chairman FREDERICK M. BECKET EDGAR RICKARD ERLE V. DAVELER WILLIAM WRAITH Finance HENRY KRUMB Chairman PAUL D. MERICA J V W REYNDERS H G MOULTON, Consultant Admissions JOHN M LOVEJOY, Chairman GEORGE D BARRON - DONALD M LIDDELL ELI T CONNER - WILLIAM W LYNCH

Jan 1, 1935

By E. B. BESSELIEVRE

THE great work of Gorgas in stamping out yellow fever in Panama during the construction of the Canal was one of the chief factors contributing to the ultimate accomplishment of the task, two previous attempts having failed largely through the demoralization of workers by epidemics of contagious diseases. Mining camps, rapidly constructed during the boom days of the rushes to new fields, have been frequent sufferers from typhoid when, as so often used to be the case, little or no attention was given to bacterial examination of the water supply or to the method used for disposing of the sewage.

Jan 1, 1930

By Charles E. Hughes

HERBERT HOOVER had to sit through an hour and a half of eulogy of himself at Carnegie Hall last night, said the Sun and New York Herald of Feb. 19. When his turn to answer came he remarked that, although one of the speakers had referred to him as a modest man, he would never, in view of this experience, be able to prove it. The occasion was the presentation by the Civic Forum to Mr. Hoover of its medal of honor for distinguished service, the only recipients in past years having been General Goethals, Thomas A. Edison, and Alexander Graham Bell. Only by distortion of intent could there be said to be anything political in the affair, which was carefully described by the chairman, Charles E. Hughes, as non-partisan. Nevertheless, the praise bestowed on the former Food Administrator by the former Republican candidate for President, proved specially interesting to a much applauding audience which filled the hall to the uppermost gallery. A piece of real news was supplied by Horace V. Winchell, whom Mr. Hoover succeeded on Tuesday as President of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. He said that Mr. Hoover, when in Europe after the . armistice, caused to be collected the literature of the war in all Europe.

Jan 1, 1920

By William Victor Vietti

A METHOD of determining the average density of the fluid column in a flowing oil well is presented. Actual field data from several wells are used to illustrate the application of the method in the Yates Field, Pecos County, Texas. The depth of the wells in the Yates Field varies from 900 to 1700 ft. depending on surface elevation and the location of the wells on structure. Production rates over 8000 bbl. hourly have been determined and many

Jan 1, 1930

By Sherwin F. Kelly

MANY baffling problems of crustal geology-of warping and folding, elevation, subsidence, and great dislocations of the earth's surface-may now be on the verge of yielding to the science of geophysics. Electric, magnetic, gravitational, geothermal, and seismic methods are being turned to the gathering of geological evidence buried by deep layers of rock, or lying beneath the waters of the oceans. In this hope, B. L. Miller expresses the opinion that these geophysical studies will sup- ply useful data bearing-on some of the more theoretical problems of North American geology. Among these for example, is the explanation of how Appalachia disappeared. This ancient land mass is supposed to have foundered beneath the Atlantic Ocean after the close of the Paleozoic era and the question arises, was it warped or faulted downward? The geophysical data, though meagre, indicate that the surface of the dense, basal rocks, the probable remnant of ancient Appalachia now underlying the Continental Shelf, slopes downwards to a depth of some two miles below sea level at a distance of 140 mi. from shore: thus suggesting that the subsidence was the result of warping downward rather than abrupt faulting.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. B. Kinzel

ALTHOUGH calcium carbide and other compounds of calcium, as well as a number of calcium alloys, are well known and are the basis of important industries in the of United States, calcium metal has been thought of as something of a rarity and has received comparatively little attention from industrial metallurgists. The metal may he made in a number of ways, but the electrolytic deposition of calcium from a molten calcium chloride bath was the first process to be used for its commercial production and is still the standard procedure. Calcium metal has elicited little interest among nonferrous metal producers, as the demand has been relatively small and its production restricted to only a few plants, exclusively in France and Germany.

Jan 1, 1941

By James Douglas

Discussion of the paper of James Douglas, presented at the New Haven meeting, February, 1909, and published in Bulletin No. 29, May, 1909, pp. 439 to 451. JAMES DOUGLAS, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :-In my paper on the Conservation of Natural Resources, I referred to the slow replacement of bee-hive ovens by the by-product ovens as a most notable instance of waste. And I quoted from Mr. Parker's report for .1906 an explanation given by him in accounting for the small production of by-product coke. It was that the markets for the by-products of the coke-ovens was so limited that some of the ovens constructed were out of operation. His report on the manufacture of coke in 1908 1 does not record an improvement, and attributes the strange fact that we alone, of all the industrial peoples, delay the adoption of this cardinal improvement from the continuance of the same almost inexplicable cause. To quote again from his report, lie says (p. 241): "The year 1908 was not marked by any notable gain in the construction of by-product coking plants, though some new work was done. There was a net increase of 115 in the number of completed ovens in 1908 over 1907, the totals for the two years being, respectively, 3,892 and 4,007. The additional equipment consisted of 140 Koppers regenerative ovens built at Joliet, I11., by the United States Steel Corporation, but this increase was partly offset by the dismantling of Y5 Semet Solvay ovens at Sharon, Pa., the net gain being 115 ovens. Included in the total of 4,007 completed ovens in 1908 are 152 Newton-Chambers ovens at Vintondale, Pa., but as no recovery of by-products was made at this plant in 190S, the production of coke is included with that from beehive ovens. The 56 ovens of the same type at Pocahontas, Va., have not been in practical operation since they were first. installed. In addition to these there was one other by-product plant of 120 ovens. Oat. was not operated during the year. The number of retort ovens producing coke in 1908 was 3,679, as compared with 3,811 active ovens in 1907." In describing the anomaly he says (p. 249): It has been contended that the development of the by-product coking industry would have shown more rapid progress if markets for the by-products were * Received Feb. 2, 1910. Mineral Resources of the United States for 1908, Part I1., U. S. Geological Survey (1909).

Apr 1, 1910

By AIME AIME

To accompanying photograph of the plant of the Beattie Gold Miner Limited, at Duparquet,. Quebec, is taken from the east and shows the open-pit from which the ore is taken during the summer. The buildings on the level ground above the open-pit are the change rooms, steel shop hoist building, compressor building, machine shop, warehouse, carpenter shop, and oil house. The main five-compartment shaft is shown west of the hoist building. The crusher plant adjoins the headframe and a long conveyor transports the fine ore

Jan 1, 1936