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By William Rawles

THIS report is the first of a series planned by The Mineral Inquiry, organized by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers to make factual studies of the world's mineral resources in their political and international relations. The efforts of The Inquiry are directed toward filling certain notable gaps in available information, without duplication of many other investigations touching this field which" are being conducted by other organizations, public and private. Much of its work is indirect-suggesting topics for study by other individuals and organizations and aiding in their planning and correlation. The present report is designed to show the nationality of the commercial control of mineral resources, in addition to the geographic distribution of production by nation-in other words, the overlapping of political and commercial control. Detailed accuracy cannot be claimed for the figures presented. For some companies division of ownership by nationality has been very difficult to ascertain, as many companies are reluctant to dis-close the extent of their holdings in other corporations, and the impossi-bility of tracing all stock ownership is obvious. Also there are frequent changes in the distribution of stock control. The percentages given rep-resent only the participation that has been identified definitely, even though it is known in some cases with fair certainty that larger interests exist, as, for instance, American participation in foreign chromite companies. In bringing' together these figures we have had the cordial co-operation of the United States Bureau of Mines, the United States Geologi-cal Survey, the Mineral Division of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the Brookings Institution, and of many specialists connected with the mineral industries covered. The report does not cover the entire list of minerals. Coal, although it is one of the most important minerals, was omitted because not more. than one or two per cent of the world's production comes from mines that are owned by companies foreign to the countries where the coal is produced. Others, such as gold, are omitted because sufficient data have not yet been accumulated. It is hoped that some of these may be covered in subsequent reports. It is not our purpose here to discuss the significance of the figures sub-mitted, but only to point out the general nature of the problems on which they have a bearing.

Jan 1, 1933

By Charles L. Elliot

Data on mining applications of geophysical activity in the Free World in 1964 have been made available to SME again this year by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Worldwide data were collected as part of an annual service to the mining industry by the Committee for Geophysical Activity of SEG. Data are taken from 245 voluntary responses (53%) to questionnaires circulated to 463 company, government and university organizations engaged in mining geophysical operations and research all over the world. WORLD ACTIVITY Worldwide manpower utilization totalled 9323 professional man-months and $14.5 million was reported spent in mining geophysical activity in 1964. This is up from 9078 man-months and $12.6 million in 1963 and 8065 man-months and $12.8 million in 1962. Worldwide geophysical activity in terms of manpower utilization and expenditures is presented in the accompanying table.

Jan 9, 1965

By John W. Weeton, Donald W. Petrasek

Relatively few metal-metal systems exist that would permit the creation of fiber-metal composites consisting of mutually insoluble constituents. It is anticipated that most high strength-to-weight ratio and high -temperature fiber composites ultimately to be produced will utilize high-strength fibers embedded in a highly alloyed matrix. An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of alloying on the tensile Properties and micro-structure of tungsten-fibey-reinforced composites. Composites were made of tungsten fibers infiltrated with copper binary alloys that contain elements of varying solubility in tungsten. Room-temperature tensile tests were made on the composites, and a metallographic study of the microstructure of the fiber-metal-matrix interfaces was conducted. It was shown that, as the depth of penetration of some alloying elements into the fiber increased, a decrease in both tensile strength and ductility of the composite results. A notch effect, due to the formation of a brittle alloy zone with the tungsten fiber, was observed and gave rise to greater reductions in tensile properties and ductility behavior than would be Predicted by a law-of-mixture relation alone. In recent years, investigators have considered combining fibrous materials with relatively weak binder materials. The interest in fiber-reinforced composites results from the fact that fibers or wires may be exceedingly strong and exhibit mechanical properties superior to those of the bulk materials from which they are derived. For example, tungsten wires drawn to less than 1 mil in diameter may have strengths of over 600,000 psi,' while steel wires ranging from 10 to 3 mils in diameter may have strengths of the order of 300,000 to over 600,000 psi.2 Both metallic and ceramic whiskers are known to have very high strengths. For example, iron whiskers have been shown to have strengths of 1.9 million psi3 and sapphire whiskers have been reported to have strengths of the order of 1.7 million psi.4 If all or part of the strengths of such fibers could be retained, subsequent to the incorporation of the fibers in an engineering material, a superior material could result. In previous work done at the Lewis Research Center, McDanels, Jech, and weeton5 demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating metal-fiber—metal-matrix composites that utilized the full strengths of the fiber and matrix materials. Tungsten fibers were combined with a copper matrix by a liquid-infiltration method such that the tungsten fibers were uniaxially oriented parallel to the tensile axis of the composite. A linear relation was established that related the tensile strength of the composite with the volume percent of the fibers. Mutually insoluble constituents were selected for the study so that the strength of the composite could be quantitatively related to the strength of the individual constituents. The fact that there are only a few metals that are mutually insoluble with tungsten, e.g., copper, silver, gold, and zinc, and that these either have low melting points, high vapor pressures, or poor oxidation resistance, makes it necessary to utilize other metals that are soluble in tungsten, where high-temperature applications are ultimately contemplated. It was anticipated that, for most practical fiber-reinforced composite materials, it would be necessary to use a fiber and metallic matrix that would have varying degrees of solubility for each other. A logical extension of the earlier work was thus felt to be a study that would determine the effects of elements that had mutual solubility with the tungsten. Numerous investigators have found that tungsten fibers may be damaged by thermal treatments or contamination of the surface of the fiber by alloying elements.6-10 On the other hand, surface treatments may improve the strength of such fibers."-" Relatively little work with composites containing tungsten fibers have been reported. The work of parikh14 has shown that kinked, short-length tungsten, steel, and molybdenum fibers could str'engthen such matrices as silver, gold, and copper. Some of the combinations of fibers and matrices studied by

Jan 1, 1964

Jan 1, 1985

By V. G. Cawagdan, E. M. Sacris

The performance of the grinding circuit, from the initial stages of operation to the present, is discussed. The mill efficiency as measured by the Bond (Bond and Maxson, 1943) grindability data and the operating work index is presented. The objective was to produce a sand cyclone overflow containing not more than 6% 210 µm (+ 65 mesh). This has never been attained, even at low milling rates. Significant improvements in throughput were achieved by instituting equipment changes and process modifications within the grinding circuit. Grind improvements were achieved with enlargement of cyclone spigots, grinding at reduced densities, and decreasing the opening of the ball mill discharge. Additional grinding capacity was realized by converting the concentrate regrinding mill into a secondary ball mill. The previous 20% 210 µm (+ 65 mesh) grind improved to under 15% 210 µm (+ 65 mesh). The latest approach to solving the coarse grind problem is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1985

By T. G. Madgwick, A. Beeby Thompson

FoR more than 2500 years, natural gas issues in the Surakhany district of the Apsheron peninsula were the object of pilgrimages by fire worshippere and Hindoos from Burma and India. Even as late as 1890, Hindoo priests conducted ceremonies in a temple at Surakhany, which probably replaced a more ancient one; but later, the visits of the pilgrims were prohibited in order to check the spread of Asiatic diseases in that region. For centuries, limited supplies of oil have been abstracted from shallow excavations in the Caspian oil belt and dispatched into the interior of Asia and elsewhere for medicinal and industrial purposes. Statistics show a yield of 37,400 bbl. in 1863, but only since 1869 has there been serious development; in that year the yield was 203,000 bbl. At that time, hand digging was supplanted by drilling, and the enormous wells that resulted from tapping sources hitherto beyond the reach of operators completely demoralized the industry for a time, owing to inadequate outlets for the products. The early activities in this area were greatly hindered by annoying taxation, monopolies, imperial land grants, etc., but when these were revoked or adjusted, in 1877, the industry sprang into prominence and, between 1898 and 1901, the Baku fields produced practically one-half of the world's supply of oil. Within a few miles of Baku lie the two richest oil fields in the world; viz., the Balakhany-Saboontchy-Romany and the Bibi-Eibat, the latter constituting almost a suburb of the city. For many years the gasoline obtained in the refineries of the Baku area was burned in pits, being considered an undesirable product, and until 1870 the residue also was destroyed, its value as a fuel not being recognized. Kerosene was the main product sought by the refiners. It was shipped across the Caspian Sea and up the Volga to the industrial centers of Russia. Only on the completion of the Baku-Batoum railway did the Baku oil fields secure important commercial communication with the outside world through the medium of the Black Sea. The first tank steamer was successfully launched on the Caspian in 1879, by Messrs. Nobels, for transporting oil in bulk instead of in barrels. In 1905, an 8-in. pipe line to Batoum was completed; this was capable of transporting to seaboard 8,000,000 bbl. of kerosene per annum.

Jan 1, 1921

By Mark C. Malamphy

AT present the Federal Government represents the only organization applying geophysical methods of prospecting in Brazil. The geophysical work of the National Department of Mineral Production, which will be described in the following pages, must be considered as a program of experimental work designed to demonstrate the applicability of the more or less "standard" methods of geophysical prospecting to various problems of economic interest in Brazil by means of practical examples of results obtained in certain typical areas. Our work is somewhat similar to that of the Imperial Geophysical Experimental Survey of Australia, but our task has been greatly simplified by the ever increasing number of technical publications relative to the theory of instruments and methods.

Jan 1, 1936

By JOHN R. SUMAN

IT SEEMS particularly appropriate that the Institute's Regional Meeting should be held in Minnesota this year. Whether we like it or not, we cannot help looking at things now in the light of the World War and the all-out effort we, as a nation, are making to defend our resources, our institutions, and our way of life. The ability to do this lies in large measure in the ability to forge weapons of defense-the machines of war. The basic ingredients of any defense system, or war machine, are the raw materials of industry-iron ore, providing steel for guns, shells, tanks, and warships; coal for stoking the nation's furnaces; oil to furnish power for war planes, ships, trucks, and mechanized weapons; and all the other materials that play a vital role in the operation of modern armies and navies. The tremendous requirements of full-scale defense programs are indicated by the large number of commodities that are now under priorities because the supply is not sufficient to meet both defense needs and all normal civilian consumption. But out of all these items two are of paramount importance-steel and petroleum. In this age no nation can hope to main¬tain a position as a first-class power in the world without a highly developed industry, particularly the heavy industries based on steel, and without access to the necessary resources for those industries. In 1918, 70 per cent of the iron and steel production of the United States was required for defense purposes. In 1940, 15 per cent of our iron and steel production was consumed for defense purposes, and with the acceleration of the defense program, it appears that the proportion of steel output required for defense purposes will reach 40

Jan 1, 1941

By A. L. Mular

Two equations express the integral rate at which fines are produced from a homogeneous material: It has been demonstrated that the Gaudin-Meloy distribution for single fracture is equally applicable to multiple fracture and is related to the Gaudin-Schuhmann distribution at least when the distribution modulus a is close to unity. A, xoY was found to be independent of starting mass over the range studied when particle size was held constant. The equations are related to the input energy to the mill. In an earlier paper,' it was shown that when Mo g of uniformly sized homogeneous material is ground dry in a batch rod mill, the energy-size reduction equation is expressed at any time by the mass of unbroken starting material left at time t, ku is the size modulus of the portion Mo - Mt, and P is a constant that is generally equal to the distribution modulus a. If the power to the mill is constant, Et is proportional to time and Eq. 1 is rewritten where (Mo -Mt)/t is actually the integral rate at which fines are produced from a parent material, and A, is another constant. The size modulus, k,, is determined from the Gaudin-Schuhmann equation:2 where y is the cumulative fraction finer than any size x. Recently, Gaudin and Meloy derived a distribution equation for single fracture on the assumption that the random fracture of a homogeneous material produces daughter particles of similar shape. Their equation is given by where y is the cumulative fraction finer than size X, x, is the size of the unfractured parent, and r is designated the size ratio. Although Eq. 4 is derived for a single event, it should also approximately hold for a series of com-

Jan 1, 1962

By Woolf, W. G.

Filtration of hot (60°C) supersaturated zinc sulphate solution (sp gr 1.540) from slimy leach residues at the electrolytic zinc plant of Sullivan Mining Co., Kellogg, Idaho, is de- scribed. Separation of liquids and solids in the finished leach is by Burt filters modified to meet conditions of high-acid, high-density process for electrolytic zinc. Operating characteristics of the Burt filter on this pulp are presented.

Jan 1, 1950

By C. Feng, I. R. Kramer

A study was conducted to determine the influence of the surface on the yield point of fcc metals and high-purity iron. For the high-purity fcc metals, the yield Point produced by restraining a specimen may be eliminated by removing a sufficient amount of the layer. A yield point similar to that in fcc metals was found when iron specimens were pre-strained after a prior deformation. This yield point is not due to an aging effect but is associated with the surface layer. The yield points in age-hardenable aluminum alloy and those connected with "work softening" are not affected by a surface-removal treatment and are, therefore, caused by bulk-type dislocation reactions. The yield point which appears in previously strained fcc metals has been the subject of numerous studies. Several theories have been advanced to explain this "unloading-reloading" yield point. Cottrell and stokes,' from their study on the effect of temperature on plastic properties of high-purity aluminum, considered that it was the result of an avalanche "breakdown" of Lomer-Cottrell sessile dislocations. Haasen and Kelly2 extended this concept of dislocation-dislocation interaction to account for the yield point when unloading and reloading was carried out at the same temperature. On the other hand, strain aging was found to be responsible for the yield point in A1-Mg alloy by Westwood and Broom,3 and in aluminum alloys containing various amounts of alloying elements by Smallman, Williamson, and Ardley.4 In these cases, the yield point is considered to be associated with the locking of dislocations by impurity atoms. Birn-baum and filer5,6 and Takamura and muira7 reported that, when a high-purity copper specimen was prestrained, then held at a lower stress, and finally reloaded at the prestrain temperature, a larger yield point was observed. Such an increase was attributed to the locking of dislocations by point defects. In addition, Bolling8 suggested that both mechanisms, i.e., dislocation-dislocation interaction and strain aging, are responsible for the yield phenomenon, at least in a brass. Thus, there appears to be experimental evidence for both the strain aging and dislocation-dislocation interaction theories to explain the yield point in the fcc metals and alloys. In a previous article,9 one of the authors observed that, if sufficient amounts of metal were electrolti-cally removed after deformation of a high-purity aluminum single crystal, the yield point did not appear upon reloading. Continued pursuit in this area revealed that the effect of the surface on the yield-point phenomenon is not limited to one metal but affects a variety of metals of different lattice structures. Nor is the effect limited to the yield points produced by simple unloading-reloading at constant temperature; the surface exerts an important role on the yield point even when the temperature is changed at some stage during the test. It is the intent of the present article to give additional information regarding the effect of the surface on the yield-point phenomenon and to show the association between the yield point in both fcc and bcc metals and the existence of a heavy concentration of dislocation in the region near the surface of a deformed specimen.10 EXPERIMENTAL Materials. The single crystals used in this study had a nominal cross section of 0.125 by 0.125 in. and a 3-in. gage length and were prepared by a modified Bridgman technique. The initial purity for the metals was 99.997, 99.999, and 99.999 pct for aluminum, copper, and gold, respectively. Bar stock of these same materials was used in the preparation of the polycrystalline specimens of aluminum and copper. The iron specimens were machined from rods of "ferrovac", reported to have a purity of 99.98 pct. In addition, a precipitation-hardening aluminum alloy, containing 1.5 pct Cu, 2.5 pct Mg, and 5.5 pct Zn, was used. The polycrystalline specimens of iron, copper, and the aluminum alloy had a diameter of 0.17 in. and a gage length of 2 in. while the high-purity aluminum specimen had a nominal rec-

Jan 1, 1965

By John S. Johnson

The maintenance cost, or renewal cost, in any preparation plant is a large item of expense and reflects in the total cost of producing and preparing the ton of coal. It is given constant study to the end that ways and means of controlling and reducing this proportion of the total cost may be developed. Study of this item of cost has proceeded along usual lines, which are: proper functioning of the maintenance organization; systematic and thorough inspection to prevent breakdonns; the making of repairs before renewals are needed; maintenance work done thoroughly the first time, instead of patching, study of parts needing frequent renewal or repairs or conditions resulting in delays, thorough knowledge of cost by the mall responsible for maintenance; and the use of special equipment and materials. This paper is to deal with special equipment and materials to reduce the maintenance cost hut before going into that I want to express an opinion on the general subject. Maintenance Organization Usually maintenance is taken care of by a group of men who perform their work on the off shift. The work is arranged by the operating official who should be thoroughly familiar with maintenance, so that materials needed may be made up for the particular job and waste of time in looking up materials be prevented. To perfect the maintenance organization, all operating attendants should be thoroughly trained to be familiar with all working parts of their equipment, to make a thorough inspection and to write out the slip for the work required. This requires job analysis, but it is worth the effort, because the attendant usually is better informed than anyone else about his particular equipment. The operating official can judge the scope of the work to direct the repair and to have material ready. Lubrication is an important item in maintenance, and a subject by itself. Usually the breaker oiler is designated to perform this task. This man should be picked for his ability and put in line for promotion to machinist. He should be trained as an inspector, as he is constantly visiting most parts of the breaker and has an opportunity to observe needed maintenance. The first thing is to lay out maintenance work and arrange to have it done; the next is to check the work and see that it has been properly done. This check should be made by the operating official, and through the attendant. The cost statement showing the various items of maintenance cost is not often understood by the man in direct charge. Cost sheets should be simplified and worked up by breaker sections; e.g., the cost of

Jan 1, 1947

By John S. Johnson

The maintenance cost, or renewal cost, in any preparation plant is a large item of expense and reflects in the total cost of producing and preparing the ton of coal. It is given constant study to the end that ways and means of controlling and reducing this proportion of the total cost may be developed. Study of this item of cost has proceeded along usual lines, which are: proper functioning of the maintenance organization; systematic and thorough inspection to prevent breakdonns; the making of repairs before renewals are needed; maintenance work done thoroughly the first time, instead of patching, study of parts needing frequent renewal or repairs or conditions resulting in delays, thorough knowledge of cost by the mall responsible for maintenance; and the use of special equipment and materials. This paper is to deal with special equipment and materials to reduce the maintenance cost hut before going into that I want to express an opinion on the general subject. Maintenance Organization Usually maintenance is taken care of by a group of men who perform their work on the off shift. The work is arranged by the operating official who should be thoroughly familiar with maintenance, so that materials needed may be made up for the particular job and waste of time in looking up materials be prevented. To perfect the maintenance organization, all operating attendants should be thoroughly trained to be familiar with all working parts of their equipment, to make a thorough inspection and to write out the slip for the work required. This requires job analysis, but it is worth the effort, because the attendant usually is better informed than anyone else about his particular equipment. The operating official can judge the scope of the work to direct the repair and to have material ready. Lubrication is an important item in maintenance, and a subject by itself. Usually the breaker oiler is designated to perform this task. This man should be picked for his ability and put in line for promotion to machinist. He should be trained as an inspector, as he is constantly visiting most parts of the breaker and has an opportunity to observe needed maintenance. The first thing is to lay out maintenance work and arrange to have it done; the next is to check the work and see that it has been properly done. This check should be made by the operating official, and through the attendant. The cost statement showing the various items of maintenance cost is not often understood by the man in direct charge. Cost sheets should be simplified and worked up by breaker sections; e.g., the cost of

Jan 1, 1947

By E. S. Machlin

The possibility that formation of voids under creep-rupture conditions may take place by the condensation of vacancies has been investigated theoretically. It has been concluded that nucleation of voids under creep-rupture conditions by vacancy condensation is highly improbable. However, growth of pre-existant voids by vacancy condensation is probable. A number of predictions made in this theory have been verified by the data. It has been predicted and checked that the product of rupture life and steady-state creep rate for preannealed metals and single phase alloys is an approximately invariant quantity, independent of stress, temperature, and atomic number for a given type structure. The direction of the effect of cold work on this product has been predicted and found in agreement with experiment. A number of experiments to evaluate the vacancy condensation mechanism further are described. SEVERAL papers have appeared recently which speculate on the origin of voids formed at grain boundaries under stress.' ' The object of this paper is to examine quantitatively the proposition that the voids produced in a creep test are a result of vacancy condensation. A result of this paper is a theory of creep-rupture. Void Nucleation Application of standard nucleation theory" to the problem of void nucleation leads to the following conclusions: 1—Homogeneous nucleation of voids requires a supersaturation ratio (concentration of vacancies in supersaturated to that in saturated solution) of 400 for a reasonable surface energy of 1000 erg per cm-and 1.4 for the improbably low surface energy of 10 erg per cm. 2—Heterogeneous nucleation of voids at plane interfaces between two phases requires a supersaturation ratio of 2.5 for a typical contact angle of 145 3-—Void nucleation about a solid particle may be accomplished at a supersaturation ratio of 1.17 for a typical value of work of adhesion? of 60 erg per The work of adhesion is the surface work 10 replace two solid-vauor surfaces by a solid-solid interface. enr ' between an oxide and a metal in the presence of a surface active element such as sulphur. Estimates of the supersaturation ratio at which voids are produced in diffusion experiments yield a maximum of 1.01. Inasmuch as the foregoing mechanisms of void nucleation probably will not operate at this level—too low a surface energy is required—the investigatol. is led to the conclusion that voids must already exist. That is, nucleation of voids probably does not occur. Rather, existing submicroscopic voids grow out to visible size. Already existing voids might be produced during solidification or working. Supercritical sized parlicles which contain cracks may act as heterogeneous void nuclei. Gas pockets may act as void nuclei. Experiments are desired to determine the nature of the heterogeneous void nuclei which grow out to voids in both diffusion and creep experiments. Void Growth Void growth might occur in at least two possible ways, depending upon whether the already existing void nuclei are at grain boundaries or within the grains. In the case of a spherical void far from a crystal boundary, vacancies are generated during creep as a consequence of the migration of suitable dislocation jogs' and are also annihilated at sinks. Under these conditions, a steady-state concentration of vacancies is built up in the crystal, defined by the condition that for any differential volume the rate of generation of vacancies in that volume equals the rate of annihilation of those vacancies." This equality would lead to the development of a gradient of vacancy concentration radially outward from the void surface up to a radius where the vacancy lifetime becomes equal for all directions of vacancy migration. The distance over which this vacancy concentration gradient extends equals about 2vD,T* where D, is the vacancy diffusivity and T:' the vacancy lifetime in a crystal outside the gradient in a zone of constant vacancy concentration. The vacancies generated in the region over which the gradient exists will annihilate more often at the void than elsewhere. Approximately a little over one-half the vacancies generated in the gradient zone will annihilate at the void. Hence, the growth rate of the void is given by on where R is the radius of void in centimeters, is the atomic volume, and R is the rate of generation of vacancies, number per centimeter" per second. R D and T* may be estimated in terms of other physical parameters." In particular, R = n.j e/b [3] where n is the average number of vacancy produc-

Jan 1, 1957

By Merlin H. Aylesworth

THE subject assigned to me is peculiarly appropriate to the anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. If we applied to our present problems the ideals and methods of the Great Emancipator, the future of American institutions would be so definitely assured that there would be little need to discuss the matter. The only inquiries would relate to the pace of progress, not to the possibility of progress. As a nation we have grown more and more to revere the memory of Lincoln, to honor his character, to extol his teachings and to eulogize his concepts of democracy. We rec-

Jan 1, 1940

By Paul Cook

THE ore deposit of the Buckhorn Mines Co., Buckhorn, Nev., is peculiar in being a shallow kaolinized mass of material with basalt walls, and having apparently no direct connection with any of the usual gold-bearing rocks. The average ore contains 16 per cent. waiter of hydration, and the cyaniding of this hydrous clayey material offered unusual difficulties as compared with the typical gold quartz ores of Nevada. The orebody was thoroughly developed; then the mill was built according to the latest cyanide .practice, with such changes as were thought to be demanded by the peculiar nature of this ore. Upon starting the mill, the ore proved more difficult to handle than had been anticipated. It is hoped that an account of how these difficulties were met may prove of interest to anyone having a clayey ore to handle and to the profession in general.

Jan 9, 1916

Annual Meeting, Philadelphia May, 1873 THE Institute assembled in the room of the Board of Trade, Mercantile Library Building, on Tuesday evening, May 20th, at 8 o'clock P.M, Hon. W. D. Kelley made an address of welcome to the Institute, which was responded to by President Raymond. The Council reported, through the President, that the Institute had during the past year, held three meetings, in New York, Pittsburgh, and Boston. Thirty-nine papers of great professional value had been read, and sixty-nine members and twenty-four associates added to the Institute. The finances of the Institute were in good condition, the report of the Treasurer, Mr. T. D. Rand, showing a balance on hand of $1569.74. The report was accepted. Prof. L. Gruner, of Paris, France, and Prof. Peter von Tunner, of Leoben, Austria, having been proposed by ten members of the Institute, and approved by the Council, were unanimously elected honorary members. The Council reported the names of the following gentlemen, with recommendation for election as members or associates. They were unanimously elected. *Barker, Prof. G. F., - Philadelphia, Pa. †Chalfant, John W., - Pittsburgh, Pa. *Crawford, John J., - Philadelphia, Pa. *Crasius, O. H., - Columbus, Ohio. †Dibble, Theo. Hoyt, - Pottsville, Pa. †Everson, John, - Pittsburgh, Pa. †Field, Robt. P., - Philadelphia, Pa. *Fisher, F. A., - Bristol, Tenn. *Fleming, W. E., - Pioche, Nev. *Harden, E. B, - Philadelphia, Pa. *Harding, G. E., - New York. †Hartshorne, J., - Philadelphia, Pa. †Haupt, H., Jr., - Philadelphia, Pa. * Members. † Associates.

Jan 1, 1874

The Institute assembled in the room of the Board of Trade, Mercantile Library Building, on Tuesday evening, May 20th, at 8 o'clock P.M, Hon. W. D. Kelley made an address of welcome to the Institute, which was responded to by President Raymond. The Council reported, through the President, that the Institute had during' the past year, held three meetings, in New York, Pittsburgh, and Boston. Thirty-nine papers of great professional value had been read, and sixty-nine members and twenty-four associates added to the Institute. The finances of the Institute were in good condition, the report of the Treasurer, Mr. T. D. Rand, showing a balance on hand of $1569.74. The report was accepted. Prof. L. Gruner, of Paris, France, and Prof. Peter von Tunner, of Leoben, Austria, having been proposed by ten members of the Institute, and approved by the Council, were unanimously elected honorary members. The Council reported the names of the following gentlemen, with recommendation for election as members or associates. They were unanimously elected. *Barker, Prof. G. F.,.....Philadelphia, Pa. Chalfant, John W.,.....Pittsburgh, Pa. *Crawford, John J.,.....Philadelphia, Pa. *Crusius, O. H.,.Columbus, Ohio. Dibble, Theo. Hoyt,.....Pottsville, Pa. Everson, John,. Pittsburgh, Pa. Field, Robt. P.,.Philadelphia, Pa. *Fisher, F. A.,.Bristol, Tenn. *Fleming, W. E.,.Pioche, Nev. *Harden, E. B ,..Philadelphia, Pa. *Harding, G. E.,.New York. Hartshorne, J.,..'Philadelphia, Pa. Haupt, H., Jr.,.Philadelphia, Pa.

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters `during the period Aug. 10, 1918 to Sept. 10, 1918. Amil A. Anderson, Hill City, S. D. A. A. Holland. H. G. S: Anderson, Hurley, N. Al. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Louis A. Barton, Capt., Engineers, U. S. A. Herbert G. Officer, Washington, D. C. K. Baumgarten, lst Lieut., U. S. R. A. B. Parsons. Charles W. Boise, Belgian Congo. Robert R. Pollock, San Francisco, Cal. Henry C. Carlisle, The Pas, Manitoba. Frank A. Smith, Edgewood, Md. J. Ross Corbin, Boyertown, Pa. Edward C. Thompson, Kennett, Cal. S. Le Fevre, Forest Glen, N. V. Malcolm M. Thompson, Morsemere, N. J. Harold P. Ford, Cleveland, 0. Lester C. Uren, Berkeley, Cal. William L. Hogg, Waynesboro, Va. Harold W. Aldrich has been appointed assistant general superintendent of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. at Inspiration, Ariz. Capt. Percy E. Barbour, formerly with the New York State Troopers, has been granted a leave of absence from the Department for the period of the war, by the Governor, and has been appointed Captain in the Engineer Corps, U. S. A. He served on the Mexican border in the New York State National Guard. A. C. Barke, formerly with the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Exploration Co., has accepted a position with the United States Fuel Co. at' Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 10, 1918

By Waldemar Lindgren

Introduction To the miner, as well as to the geologist, the eastern part of Cuba is a most interesting region. Here we find, in contrast to the moderate relief predominating elsewhere in the island, an imposing mountain range, the Sierra Maestra, extending east and west parallel to the coast, its precipitous front facing the blue Caribbean Sea.. In a geological sense this range is largely an unknown land, the only well-explored region being that in the vicinity of Santiago. The range also contains the most important mineral deposits of the island. They comprise, first, a series of iron deposits yielding a partly hematitized magnetite with low content of phosphorus; second, a remarkable copper-bearing vein at El Cobre; and third, various manganese deposits. Probably more deposits will be found, for the larger and western part of the range is as yet little explored and its slopes are covered by a thick tropical jungle. The following notes are based on a short visit by the senior author in January and February of 1914 to the mines at Daiquiri, El Cobre, and Mayari. For many courtesies and great assistance he is deeply obliged to Charles F. Rand, President of the Spanish-American Iron Co.; to George W. Pfeiffer, General Manager, and to the several members of his staff.

Jan 10, 1915