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A well=planned, useful little book on how to prospect for and find the ores of the different metals, with illustrations of the lay of the terrain and an appendix of mining terms, which will prove most useful to young miners. [ ]

Jan 1, 1949

Some coal was mined in Wyoming for use at the forts as early as 1859, but the commercial development began in 1867, and mining increased with the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad. Tonnages produced are shown in Table 78. [ ]

Jan 1, 1942

The amendment to Article III, Section 1, of the Constitution, raising the dues from $10 to $12 a year commencing in 1917, which was submitted to the members for letter ballot, was passed by a vote of 1,039 to 401.

Jan 4, 1916

By Tsuyoshi Miyashita

Onahama Refinery of Ryoho Recycle Company employs the electrothermic process for producing marketable zinc oxide from steelmaking dusts. The process comprises washing, filtration, drying, sintering and furnacing. Fume from the sinter machine is treated hydrometallurgically to recover zinc, cadmium and lead.

Jan 1, 1976

Edward Keller, Baltimore, Md. (communication to the Secretary*) :—The authors of this paper are to be commended for their industry and congratulated upon the many interesting results which were the fruit of their researches. While thoroughness has marked their work in general, yet on a few points in particular they have touched but lightly, for which reason, it would appear to me, they have hit wide of the mark in their respective conclusions. The work alluded to pertains chiefly to the occurrence of magnetic iron oxide (ferroseferric oxide) in copper-mattes. Because the authors find that the magnetic residue, left by the dissolved sulphides, varies largely in quantity according to the strength of nitric acid used (with potassium chlorate) in dissolving the mattes, they conclude :— "It appears, therefore, that the ferroso-ferric oxide is the result of precipitation by the oxidizing agent, rather than an original constituent of the matte." In this part of their investigation, Messrs. Gibb and Philp have ignored some well-established data,. In the first place, they have overlooked the fact that there are mattes which are strongly magnetic and others which scarcely show any magnetic property. There is nothing in their work tending to explain this variation. They Seem to have tested none of their products for magnetism. Secondly, they have overlooked the fact that magnetic iron oxide probably exists in all ore-charges in the copper-matting furnaces, and, under the given conditions, that this oxide is very difficult to reduce and to combine with silica to form slag. Thirdly, they pay no attention to the varying specific gravity of the several grades of copper-matte, which may exceed, equal, or fall below that of the magnetic oxide. These are .essential points which, I believe, clearly in-

Jan 1, 1906

"The Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railway extends from Butte to Anaconda. The electrification comprises 30 miles of main line single track, and includes sidings, yard and smelter tracks. When complete the electrified trackage will total about 90 miles on a single track basis.The traffic conditions are unusually severe as they consist principally of hauling copper ore from the Butte mines to the smelters at Anaconda, as well as hauling all the mine supplies, lumber, etc., in both directions; this traffic amounts to approximately 5,000,000 tons of freight per year. The maximum grade against the load is .3 per cent and the maximum train consists of 50 loaded steel ore cars, weighing 3,400 tons. .The locomotive units, two of which will be used for freight trains, weigh approximately 80 tons each. In addition to the freight business, there will be a certain amount of passenger traffic.The power for operating the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railway is generated by, the Great Falls Power company, and is transmitted to the sub-stations at 100,000 volts. The synchronous motors are supplied with power at a potential of 2,300 volts, 60 cycles, 3-phase. Voltage regulators are installed in each sub¬station to secure the benefit of synchronous condenser effect of the motors.The passenger and freight locomotives are exactly similar, with the exception of the gearing.The roller pantograph mounted on the top of the cab is operated by air from the engineers position.The adoption of the 2,400-volt apparatus for so important a system, where the conditions of operation are so severe, is interesting of itself, as indicating the trend that future electrifications of importance may follow. A trolley potential of 2,400 volts was only adopted after a thorough investigation of other systems already in operation."

Jan 1, 1913

EVERY English-speaking mining, engineer or geologist knows that some terms used by his profession are not rigid but vary regionally; for example: what is called a vein by some, is called a lode by others and is known as a reef to their Australian colleagues. There are parallels in, the German language. Since, in addition, the meaning of some words may change considerably in 450 years-and other words may disappear completely-and not only the terminology but the concepts of a science are subject to drastic changes over such a long period of time, translating the Bergbüchlein posed some interesting problems. Old German texts and glossaries such as C. T. Delius' Anleitung zu der Bergbaukunst (1773), Minerophilus' Neues and Curieuses Bergwercks-Lexicon (1730), and H. Veith's Deutsches Bergwörterbuch (1871) proved useful sources of information when defini¬tions of obscure terms were needed. The task of translating was made even more challenging by the author's personality. As Ulrich Rülein von Kalbe was primarily a physician, his information must have been mostly secondhand. Since the nomenclature of the miners of Saxony, where he gathered his material on silver ores, undoubtedly varied from that of the German miners in Hungary, for instance, who probably supplied him with data on gold ores, it is not astonishing that he is not consistent in his use of some expressions. To give an example: there is every indication that Flöz and schwebender Gang (see footnote p. 21) are used interchangeably in spite of his occasional disapproval of such usage. It is obvious that he was an educated man with a questing and active mind and, although he apologizes-not wholly sincerely, one might suspect-for the simple

Jan 1, 1949

By C. A. Stetefeldt

It will be of interest to compare the statistics of the gas-producer plant at Aspen, Colorado (recorded by Mr. W. S. Morse in a paper read at the Montreal Meeting, February, 1893*), with those at the Marsac mill, Park City, Utah, where such a plant was first introduced by the writer in July, 1890. In both mills a Stetefeldt furnace is used for roasting; but the Marsac mill has the old-fidsdshioned revolving dryers, while at Aspen, shelf-dryers are at hand. At Aspen, separate Taylor-producers are provided for the Stetefeldt furnace and the shelf-dryers; at the Marsac mill one 7-foot producer supplies gas to both the furnace and the dryers. Hence, in the latter case, the quantity of coal consumed for each apparatus can only be estimated, based upon the relative consumption of wood before gas was introduced. According to Mr. Wilson's statement, the relative consumption of wood in the Stetefeldt furnace and the revolving dryers was as 3 to 2. In the year 1892 the Marsac mill put through the dryers and the Stetefeldt furnace the following quantities of ore and salt (approximate dry weights) : ore, 22,800 tons; salt, 2262 tons. There were consumed in the Taylor-producer 2,714 tons of Rock Springs coal. We may thus make the comparative estimate as follows: Table Showing the Consumption of Coal per Ton Of Ore and Salt at the Marsac and Aspen Mills. Marsac. Aspen. Difference. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Drying ore and salt,.... 86.63 72.22 14.41 Roasting ore,.....142.40 117.44 24.96 Total,.....229.03 189.66 39.37 In making a just comparison a number of items must be taken

Jan 1, 1894

Owing to circumstances which are entirely unavoidable, the cost of rendering to Institute Members the services which they have been ac-customed to expect from the Institute has increased enormously, especi-ally during the past year. The cost of printing has increased 20 per cent. and another 30 per cent. is expected. There is no recourse; the Institute must pay this or cease publishing. The increase for supplies and office force will be very great. Justice to our employees, whose cost for living expenses has risen by leaps and bounds, demands an increase in. wages, wholly aside from the fact that the employees need not and will not stay. The Institute is, therefore, faced with the alternative of greatly re-ducing its service to the members or else of asking from them a small increase in clues. An amendment to the Constitution has been offered by the members increasing the clues to $15 per year, which cannot become effective until 1921. This still leaves us as the engineering society with the lowest annual clues, except only one, whose dues are $15 per year. To help meet the immediate emergency, the Directors have exercised the authority vested in them by the Constitution and By-Laws and requested the members to pay $3.00 for the Transactions to be issued during the year 1920, which is very much less than the cost of publication. It is the opinion of the Board that the members will prefer to pay this slightly additional expense rather than to have the Institute take a backward step in respect to the services which it is rendering, and which has been increasing constantly in amount, as well as in unit cost, during the past seven or eight years.

Jan 12, 1919

IN my opinion antimony* is a composition made by Nature to create a metallic mineral that is overflowing with an undue proportion of hot and dry material and with its moisture poorly mixed, with an effect wholly contrary to the composition of metals. Therefore, it comes to be, like quicksilver, a mineral deformity and monstrosity among metals. Or it might be a material that is about to reach metallic perfection, but is hindered from doing so by being mined too soon. I am persuaded to this opinion by seeing in it so many parts similar to those of metals, considering first its clear and brilliant color and its great weight and then the regulus† that it leaves at the bottom of the vessel on melting. Obviously it has in it much earthiness, as is attested by the odor of its sulphurous burning, its imperfect blending, its defective mixture, its difficult fusion, and finally the character of its regulus, for although this is very white and almost more shining than silver, it is much more brittle than glass. [28] The practical philosophers make great use of it in their alchemistic work in order, they say, to make an oil that they believe gives the color of gold to fixed silver. For this reason many of them hold it in high repute, especially the kind that has long thin fibers like a bundle of bristles. And they say that they can obtain greater results with it than with sulphur. I believe this, however, in case it is aided by sulphur, since it is nearer the metallic species than sulphur is. This I know for a certainty because I have seen them extract from it a bloody liquor in the form of an oil. The alchemist who made that which I saw told me that it had not only the

Jan 1, 1942

By Robert B. Fulton

Staurolite, an iron aluminum silicate mineral, is used industrially as the source of aluminum in portland cement manufacture in areas where the aluminum constituent is not economically available from shale or argillaceous limestone. It is also used as a high value- in-use sand blasting agent and as a premium grade foundry sand. It is produced by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & CO. as a coproduct in titanium mineral production in Florida where it was first recovered on a commercial scale in June 1952 from the Pleistocene sand deposit known as Trail Ridge. In the Trail Ridge deposit it comprises about 36 of the heavy minerals, the principal other heavy mineral constituents being ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, zircon, kyanite, sillimanite, and tourmaline. Staurolite and the other silicate nonconductive heavy minerals are separated from the conductive titanium minerals on high-tension separators. The silicates are then separated from one another magnetically, the staurolite being relatively magnetic. In the total processing, 200 tons of raw sand yield 7 tons of heavy mineral concentrate from which about one ton of staurolite is recovered. Staurolite production is approximately 100,000 net tpy. No other commercial production of staurolite is known. This process yields staurolite concentrates of the characteristics given in [Table 1]. These concentrates are sold as three products with the size distribution of subrounded particles shown in Table 2. All three grades are used in sand-blasting for cleaning metal, for paint removal, and for cleaning buildings. Staurolite compares favorably with lower unit cost abrasives, such as boiler slags and mineral aggregates, in applications where the abrasive is used only one time and is not recovered. Because it is hard, fine, clean, and dense it can reduce blasting time, with less material reportedly being required

Jan 1, 1975

By Edward H. Robie

Engineers' Centennial THIS summer, in Chicago, will be celebrated the "Centennial of Engineering" and half a hundred engineering societies will have meetings of one kind or another in the two weeks following Labor Day. It is really the 100th anniversary of the founding of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Centennial of Engineering is merely a convenient label to put on the celebration of 100 years of engineering progress in this country since the ASCE was founded. Engineering, of course, is much older than is thus indicated-thousands of years older. But Americans have a penchant for dramatizing progress by celebrating assumed anniversaries. Four years ago a special 30 stamp was issued on which a Brahma chicken was prominently displayed, with the legend, "1848-1948. Centennial of the American Poultry Industry." We feel reasonably sure that the first dozen eggs was sold considerably earlier than that. Until a hundred or so years ago engineers were generally classified as either military or civil. Apparently a group of civil engineers met for the first time in Augusta, Ga. but no records were kept and the first meeting of which we have definite knowledge was at Barnum's Hotel in Baltimore, Feb. 11, 1839. Forty engineers were present and they decided to form a society. Among the aims of these engineers was "the greatest amount of useful effect at the smallest cost," which is as good a slogan for the engineer of today as it was 113 years ago. It was mentioned that the existence and prosperity of the society depended in no small degree on "the personal conduct and exertions" of the members. "Talents and respectability are preferable to numbers ... from too easy and promiscuous ad mission, unavoidable, and not infrequently incurable, inconveniences perplex most societies."

Jan 1, 1952

The 27th Regiment of Engineers was organized in the Army not long ago for special mining service at the front (or, we might even say, in advance of the front). In military engineering in warfare, the "sappers and miners" are one of the ancient branches of the corps of engineers; but in modern warfare the importance of this service has been greatly magnified. The 27th Engineers is a. special mining regiment, which is being recruited from mining engineers and miners from all districts of the country, already containing representatives from all the mining states between Arizona and Montana and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. Those of us who cannot go to the front should not-be content to tell the young fellows to go, and then forget them. We want the men of the 27th Engineers to know that they represent our industry and their industry; and that the industry is going to think about them and back them up. Expressing the above views, the Engineering and. Mining Journal instituted a fund for the aid of the 27th Engineers. It has already raised a considerable sum of money, and contributions are coming in fast; but there is no limit to what is wanted. This money is being spent in providing the regiment with athletic equipment, both outdoor and indoor; with games for the barracks; with cigarettes and smoking tobacco; with contributions to the funds of the several companies that the men raise among themselves. It is contemplated, moreover, that there will be need to extend aid and comfort to some of the families whom the men have left behind. Contributions of books, sweaters and other knitted articles are also being received.

Jan 3, 1918

By Morris Cohen, William P. Kimball

This paper deals with the calculation of the composition of the infinitesimal trace of alloy that transfers from the liquid to the solid state at each temperature during the equilibrium solidification of a binary solid solution, and which thereby enables the compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases to follow along the liquidus and solidus lines respectively during the cooling. A general expression for the composition (6) of the liquid-to-solid transfer at each temperature has been derived: d= Zlxl(xl - P) + Zsxs(P - xs)/Zl(xl - P) + Zs(P - xs) [1] where ZL and Zs are the slopes of the liquidus and solidus lines at the given temperature, Xl and 28 are the compositions of the stable liquid and solid phases at the same temperature, and P is the composition of the alloy under consideration. The 6 equation is valid for the process of equilibrium heating as well as cooling, and may be applied to vapor-to-liquid, vapor-to-solid, liquid-to-liquid, and solid- to-solid transfers if the corresponding equilibrium diagrams are known. The d-versus-temperature curves for two alloys P1 and P2 are shown in Fig. I. In each case, the liquid-to-solid transfer has the same composition as the stable solid phase only at the temperature of the beginning of solidification, and has the same composition as the stable liquid phase only at the temperature of the completion of solidification. At each intermediate temperature, the composition of the liquid-to-solid transfer differs by a finite amount from those of the two coexisting phases. Therefore, during equilibrium cooling, the transfers must merge into the solid phase from the liquid without forming a transition phase; otherwise the condition of equilibrium would be violated. At any given temperature during solidification, the composition of the liquid-to-solid

Jan 1, 1941

By William P. Kimball, Morris Cohen

This paper deals with the calculation of the composition of the infinitesimal trace of alloy that transfers from the liquid to the solid state at each temperature during the equilibrium solidification of a binary solid solution, and which thereby enables the compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases to follow along the liquidus and solidus lines respectively during the cooling. A general expression for the composition (6) of the liquid-to-solid transfer at each temperature has been derived: d= Zlxl(xl - P) + Zsxs(P - xs)/Zl(xl - P) + Zs(P - xs) [1] where ZL and Zs are the slopes of the liquidus and solidus lines at the given temperature, Xl and 28 are the compositions of the stable liquid and solid phases at the same temperature, and P is the composition of the alloy under consideration. The 6 equation is valid for the process of equilibrium heating as well as cooling, and may be applied to vapor-to-liquid, vapor-to-solid, liquid-to-liquid, and solid- to-solid transfers if the corresponding equilibrium diagrams are known. The d-versus-temperature curves for two alloys P1 and P2 are shown in Fig. I. In each case, the liquid-to-solid transfer has the same composition as the stable solid phase only at the temperature of the beginning of solidification, and has the same composition as the stable liquid phase only at the temperature of the completion of solidification. At each intermediate temperature, the composition of the liquid-to-solid transfer differs by a finite amount from those of the two coexisting phases. Therefore, during equilibrium cooling, the transfers must merge into the solid phase from the liquid without forming a transition phase; otherwise the condition of equilibrium would be violated. At any given temperature during solidification, the composition of the liquid-to-solid

Jan 1, 1941

HENRY M. HOWE, Bedford Hills, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).-Dr. Burgess would add to the value of this important paper if he would give us the carbon content of the steel made in the several charges, or, if this cannot be done, if he would indicate whether, as might he inferred from his paper, the teeming temperature is approximately constant and independent of the carbon content of the steel, or whether as would be expected, it varies with the content and is materially higher for low- than for high-carbon steel. If he could add to Table 3 the time of the several tests, that would be welcome. His Table 3 leads one to infer that, once the bath is melted somewhat more than flat, the temperature of the roof is nearly constant and is approximately the highest compatible with reasonable longevity. That is to say, the metal is heated by means of a roof and flame at nearly constant temperature. The temperature of the observed upper surface of the slag should reflect that of the roof approximately, and in Table 3 this seems to be true, the temperature of both rising toward the middle of the record, and again falling. The slag as the medium through which the heat passes from roof to metal, should be intermediate in temperature between the two, as it is here. But the temperature of the metal ought to rise continuously, unless when cold additions are charged, and this too seems to be. true, allowing for slight observational errors, the total rise from the first to the last spoon-test being 89°. The temperature drop of from 85° to 135° from the last spoon-test to the teeming is surprisingly great, suggesting that the spoon-tests represent the metal immediately beneath the slag, and therefore appre-

Jan 6, 1917

By B. R. Palmer, G. Gutierrez B., M. C. Fuerstenau

Selective flotation in nonmetallic systems is often complicated by the presence of iron-bearing silicates occurring as gangue. Minerals such as augite, diopside, hornblende, and tourmaline respond readily to flotation under the same conditions as ore minerals. Mechanisms by which these minerals respond to flotation with anionic collectors must be established if selective separations are to be made in these systems. It was the objective of this investigation to determine the mechanisms involved in the flotation of two pyroxenes, augite and diopside, with potassium oleate. Experimental Materials and Methods Pure potassium oleate, prepared by neutralization of oleic acid with KOH, was used as collector, while reagent-grade HC1 or KOH were used for pH adjustment. Conductivity water, made by passing distilled water through a mixed-bed ion exchange column, was used in this investigation. Two pyroxenes, [ ], were involved in this work. One member of this class of minerals was augite and was found to contain 3.3% calcium, 4.6% iron, and 9.6% magnesium. The source of this mineral was Tillamook County, Ore. The other pyroxene involved was diopside which contained 8.3% calcium, 2.7% iron, and 7.6% magnesium. The source of this sample was Bancroft, Ont. Microflotation experiments were conducted with a Hallimond cell. Mineral samples were ground dry and sized to 100 x 200 mesh. One-gram charges were conditioned for 3 min in the presence of various additions of potassium oleate. Flotation was conducted for 1 min with a nitrogen flow rate of 50 cm3/min. The electrophoretic mobilities of these two minerals were measured with a Zeta Meter in the absence and presence of [ ] salts and in the presence of an indifferent electrolyte, NaC1, added to maintain ionic

Jan 1, 1978

By J. Th. Erb

Oil is found in commercial quantities in the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Tarakan and Ceram. The oil deposits of the Dutch East Indies and Sarawak are with one exception of Tertiary origin and as a rule are bound to anticlinal structures. The number of layers varies in most fields and in some of them asmuch as 14 oil-producing levels have been established. The crude oil varies rather much in composition. Some of it, particularly from North and South Sumatra, has a gasoline content up to 50 Per cent. Borneo produces mainly wax oil, while the Tarakan oil can be used directly as liquid fuel. In Java both wax and wax-free oil are produced. ' In all important fields installations have been erected to treat the wet gas. The lean gas is used for gas-lift purposes, Marietta process, and as fuel for boilers and motors, either in the fields or in the refineries. Formerly only percussion systems (Canadian, Californian and a drilling system devised especially for the purposes of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Concern) were applied in the Dutch East Indies, but in recent years the rotary system has been predominant and good results have been obtained with it. The deepest producer has recently been struck in South Sumatra at a depth of 1624 m. (5328 ft.), with a daily production of about 350 cu. m. crude oil. The crude is brought by an extensive system of trunk lines to the refineries, of which one is in North Sumatra (Pangkalan Brandan), two arc in South Sumatra near the town of Palembang, two in East ,Java (Tjepoe and Wonokromo), one in East Borneo (Balik Papan) and one in Sarawak (Miri). Production The principal producing concerns in the 'East Indies are: De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, the producing subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Concern; Sarawak Oilfields Ltd., one of the

Jan 1, 1929

By Stanislaus Skowronski

THE melting of cathode copper, usually containing 99.98+ per cent. Cu, would appear to be a simple matter. Owing to the well known affinity of copper for sulphur, however, so much sulphur is absorbed by the copper during the operation that a long and expensive refining process is required to remove it, and the final product is inferior in purity and lower in electrical conductivity than the original cathode copper. The furnace operation, as now conducted, includes the following stages: 1. Charging the cathodes into the furnace. 2. Melting the cathodes. 3. Oxidizing period-saturating the copper with cuprous sub-oxide and bringing the metal to the condition known as "set copper;" this is now done by blowing air into the molten bath of metal. 4. Reduction period, otherwise known as "poling," whereby the oxygen previously added is removed by covering the molten bath completely with coke or charcoal and introducing large poles of green wood; this reduces the cuprous sub-oxide, bringing the copper to the "tough pitch" stage ready for casting. 5. Casting Period. Many experiments have been made to obviate the long periods of oxidation and subsequent reduction, with no success. While the copper first, cast will be good, as indicated by the set surface of the bars, it is impossible to hold it to the "tough pitch" condition, and long before the whole charge has been poured the copper will become "overpoled," entailing numerous difficulties. Sulphur has always been blamed by the furnace men as the reason why this refining process is necessary, yet the literature on the subject does not sufficiently emphasize how small a proportion of sulphur will ruin copper for practical purposes.

Jan 3, 1918

By R. V. Vines, E. M. Wise

It is known qualitatively that the recrystallization behavior of platinum is dependent upon the amount and particularly the nature of impurities present, the amount of prior cold-work and the annealing time and temperature, but published data are limited. A study of the effects of cold-work and annealing temperature on the hardness of a sample of very pure platinum was undertaken to supply part of this information. Conclusions 1. The platinum used in the experiments had a probable platinum content of 99.99+ per cent, and had the following mechanical properties in the completely softened condition: Vickers hardness number, 39.4; ultimate tensile strength, 19,340 lb. per sq. in.; proportioilal limit, very low; elongation, 37.5 per cent in 2 inclles. 2. The effect of cold-rolling on the hardness is shown in Fig. 1. The hardness increases rapidly up to 10 to 15 per cent reduction and more slowly up to about 75 per cent reduction, beyond which it increases more rapidly. 3. The recrystallization temperatures for a 15-min. anneal, after cold-rolling 19, 39.5, 50.8, 66, 80.5 and 89.5 per cent reduction in thickness, are approximately 765°, 700°, 635°, 600°, 545' and 425°C., respectively. 4. The recrystallized grain size of this platinum is a function of the percentage of cold reduction, being larger the lower the percentage of cold-work. 5. Little or 110 grain grourtll resulted from subjecting recrystallized samples to higher temperatures or annealing for longer times. Prior Work As already mentioned, data on the recrystallization of platinum are scarce. Gmelin'sl handbook, which summarizes data published earlier than August 1938, lists values ranging from 400' to 810°C. for the minimum temperature of recrystallization of samples with rather indefinite

Jan 1, 1940