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By Frederick F. Frick

SPONGE iron as produced at Anaconda is a fine, -35 mesh, impure product, about 50 pct metallic iron, obtained from the reduction of iron calcine at a temperature of 1850°F by use of coke resulting from slack coal. The metallic iron particles are bulky and spongey and precipitate copper readily and rapidly from a copper sulphate solution. Investigation of the treatment of Greater Butte Project, Kelley, ore at Anaconda early showed the desirability of using sponge iron as a precipitant for the copper in solution resulting from desliming of the ore in a dilute sulphuric acid solution.

Jan 1, 1953

Calculation of the Cap from Torsion-balance Data, Hoskins Mound Salt Dome, Brazoria County, Texas BY DONALD C BARTON (Tech Pub 719 3800 words) Depth, thickness, and edge of the cap rock were calculated from the results of a torsion-balance survey of the dome The cap rock was predicted to extend 1000 to 1500 ft north and east beyond the previously surmised position of the edge of the dome Confirmation by subsequent drilling shows that the calculated depths were within 30 per cent of the true depths and for the most part within 15 per cent

Jan 1, 1937

By C. W. A. Muir

Laboratory and plant-scale testwork on the extraction of gold from highly refractory antimonial and arsenical concentrates using both direct low-alkalinity pressure cyanidation, and acidic pressure pre-leaching followed by ambient low-alkalinity cyanidation, is described. A novel method for treating effluent solutions containing extremely high concentrations of base metal cyanides, as well as arsenic and antimony compounds, was developed in order to make the process ecologically acceptable.

Jan 1, 1984

Stripping of the Exotica open-pit mine, which is proceeding at about 120,000 tpd, is dwarfed by its proximity to the 500-million-ton Chuquicamata tailing pile. The excavating work is being carried on smoothly and efficiently and, as of the end of October, accounts for the removal of 77 million tons of total material of which some 200,000 tons is stockpiled ore. Diamond drilling has outlined an orebody 5900 ft long and 3400 ft wide containing an estimated 153 million tons of ore at 1.35% recoverable copper based on 80 % extraction.

Jan 11, 1969

By Joseph A. Newman

THE first trial of longhole drilling of raises began in June 1949 at the Holden mine, Chelan Div., Howe Sound Co. The cost of this raise was about the same as the average cost of raising by normal methods which was sufficiently encouraging to give the method further trial. At Holden, the Noranda method of blasthole drilling is used except that percussion drills have replaced diamond drills for making blastholes in all but certain special situations. Two thirds of these holes are between 40 and 70 ft long.

Jan 10, 1951

By M. Dubrovsky, J. W. Evans

A laboratory scale cell (approximately 50 amps current) equipped with a fluidized bed cathode was used in a study of the electrodeposition of cobalt from acidified aqueous sulfate solutions The effect of current density (in the range 0.1 to 1 amp/cm2 of diaphragm), cobalt concentration (4 8 to 100 glliter) and catholyte pH (1 35 to 6 2) on current efficiency and energy consumption were determined. Generally the current efficiency increased with increasing current density and cobalt concentration Current efficiencies were comparable to those reported in the literature for conventional electrowinning

Jan 1, 1981

By A. K. Gangopadhyay, J. J. Moore

The effect of grinding media composition, mineral type, and slurry environment on the wear rate of various grinding media (balls) are discussed. Sufficient wear data have been obtained and correlated. Modes of wear were determined from examination of the ball surfaces using scanning electron microscopy. Five modes of wear have been identified to be operative under certain slurry conditions for the various ball compositions studied.

Jan 1, 1986

By Robert L. Zerga

Mining equipment and systems have been incorporated into the San Manuel mine to meet the requirements of ore development and extraction. A general discussion of the existing equipment as it relates to the specific methods is presented. A comparison is made between original and present equipment, and future equipment needs. The problems, successes and failures of mining equipment adaptation for the San Manuel mining system are highlighted.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. E. Strongman

This paper describes a system dynamics model of the international copper system. The development of the model is described regarding the questions it was designed to address, model boundary, major sectors and actors, the availability of data, the copper life cycle, and major supply and demand dynamics. A base forecast is presented describing future supply, demand, capacity, prices, trade flows, scrap flows and capital expenditures from 1976-1990 for the major producing and consuming market economy blocs.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. Van Oirbeek

The ash-fusion gas producer, blown with air preheated to a high temperature, was perfected by the Société des Houilléres de Saint-Etienne during the years 1920 to 1925, for the treatment of a mixture of ashy fuel and limestone. The temperature, about 1800° C., obtained by using hot air in running the producer, ensures the fusion of all the slag and the transformation into carbon monoxide of every particle of carbon contained in the materials treated.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. L. Holley

IN order to put sufficient work on steel ingots for rails, they must be reduced from about 12 inches square. As this cannot be done at one heat, they are first drawn down to about 7 inches square, and then reheated and rolled into rails. This first reduction or " blooming," is usually done in this country in a 30-inch 3-high rolling-mill, with movable rolls, so as to get several reductions in each set of grooves. The first of these mills has been running at the Troy Steel-works above a year, with great success. Another at the Cambria Iron-

Jan 1, 1873

All manuscripts intended for presentation at the February meeting of the Institute must be in the hands of the Secretary of the Institute not later than Monday, Nov. 23, 1914. This is the date at which the manuscript must be in the hands of the Secretary, and is not the mailing date upon which it leaves the author's hands. In case manuscripts are sent to members of Technical Committees, they must be in the hands of the Technical Committee a sufficient time in advance of Nov. 23 so that they may be in the hands of the Secretary on the date indicated.

Jan 10, 1914

By Frank E. Caropreso, William P. Badger

A hydrogen peroxide precipitate process has been adopted by Atlas Minerals for the recovery of uranium oxides from sodium chloride strip solutions. Adoption of the process was based on laboratory and plant tests comparing hydrogen peroxide with other precipitants. Plant operation has demonstrated that the hydrogen peroxide process consistently yields uranium concentrates of high purity and barrens of low uranium content. Increased U3O8 concentration in the product, reduced levels of impurities which incur penalties, and higher product density have produced economic advantages.

Jan 1, 1974

By James E. Dunn

For several years, ground support at the Pitch uranium mine has been a serious headache to the management. The "moving" ground raised havoc with standard timber sets as well as steel sets. The author discusses this problem which has led to the adoption of heavy cribbing practices in drifts and raises.

Jan 6, 1961

By Hemendra N. Kalia

A method is proposed for the preliminary design of coal mine openings and pillars using existing design formulas. The suggested method incorporates geophysical and core logging techniques, as well as the structural properties of the rock. Some of the existing design equations have been simplified and are included. It is anticipated that the additional cost of rock mechanics tests and logging work will be more than offset by the increased coal recovery that does not jeopardize the safety of miners,

Jan 1, 1977

By M. D. Hassiallis

The claim is made in a number of patents1'2'3'4 that some compounds of the class known as aryl sulphides have collector properties. One of these patents generalizes the claim to include all aryl sulphides, whose generic formula is R-S2-R' (where x = 1,2, . . . ), with the restriction that if the aromatic radicals R, R' contain substituent groups these groups may not contain nitrogen or oxygen. Moses, Hess, and Perkins cite as evidence for their claims the results of flotation tests on Anaconda and Miami copper ores using diphenyl sulphide, ditolyl disulphide and dinapthyl disul-phide as collectors. The use of alkyl sulphides as collectors has also been reported5 with the conclusion that the alkyl sulphides are better collectors than the corresponding aryl sulphides. The experimental work cited appears to confirm this contention. In order to test these claims with respect to diphenyl sulphide, a sample, purchased from the Eastman Kodak Co., was tested against Anaconda ore. The procedure followed. was that of Moses, Hess, and Perkins. A sample of ore weighing 500 • grams was placed in a laboratory ball mill. To this was added 220 grams of water, 0.06 grams of commercial diphenyl sulphide (1/4 lb. per ton of ore), and 0.8 grams of lime (3 lb. per ton of ore). The material was ground until 93 per cent passed a 65-mesh screen. This pulp was diluted to 16 per cent solids. A sample of the diluted pulp was placed in a Minerals Separation type of laboratory flotation cell. After a a-min. agitation period, pine oil was added and the froth collected for a period of 15 min. This test recovered 68 per cent of the copper, with a ratio of concentration of 6.8:I. The tailing assay was 0.3 per cent Cu. Moses, Hess and Perkins attained a recovery of 75 per cent, with a ratio concentration of I2:I. Although these results do not compare too well with those of Moses, Hess and Perkins, subsequent tests showed an improvement, as judged by vanning of the tails. It is concluded, therefore, that the patent results are confirmed. Contact-angle Tests In order to study the response of the various minerals, found in Anaconda ore, to commercial diphenyl sulphide, some contact-angle tests were made. Polished particles of bornite, chalcodte, chalco-pyrite, pyrite and quartz were conditioned for 15 min. in a suspension of diphenyl sulphide in water. The concentration of this suspension was 0.284 grams per liter, this being the concentration of this reagent in the ball mill. The conditioned particles were rinsed with water (not rubbed with filter paper or boiled linen) and then tested against an air bubble in the bubble machine, with the following results: born-

Jan 1, 1943

By M. D. Hassiallis

The claim is made in a number of patents1'2'3'4 that some compounds of the class known as aryl sulphides have collector properties. One of these patents generalizes the claim to include all aryl sulphides, whose generic formula is R-S2-R' (where x = 1,2, . . . ), with the restriction that if the aromatic radicals R, R' contain substituent groups these groups may not contain nitrogen or oxygen. Moses, Hess, and Perkins cite as evidence for their claims the results of flotation tests on Anaconda and Miami copper ores using diphenyl sulphide, ditolyl disulphide and dinapthyl disul-phide as collectors. The use of alkyl sulphides as collectors has also been reported5 with the conclusion that the alkyl sulphides are better collectors than the corresponding aryl sulphides. The experimental work cited appears to confirm this contention. In order to test these claims with respect to diphenyl sulphide, a sample, purchased from the Eastman Kodak Co., was tested against Anaconda ore. The procedure followed. was that of Moses, Hess, and Perkins. A sample of ore weighing 500 • grams was placed in a laboratory ball mill. To this was added 220 grams of water, 0.06 grams of commercial diphenyl sulphide (1/4 lb. per ton of ore), and 0.8 grams of lime (3 lb. per ton of ore). The material was ground until 93 per cent passed a 65-mesh screen. This pulp was diluted to 16 per cent solids. A sample of the diluted pulp was placed in a Minerals Separation type of laboratory flotation cell. After a a-min. agitation period, pine oil was added and the froth collected for a period of 15 min. This test recovered 68 per cent of the copper, with a ratio of concentration of 6.8:I. The tailing assay was 0.3 per cent Cu. Moses, Hess and Perkins attained a recovery of 75 per cent, with a ratio concentration of I2:I. Although these results do not compare too well with those of Moses, Hess and Perkins, subsequent tests showed an improvement, as judged by vanning of the tails. It is concluded, therefore, that the patent results are confirmed. Contact-angle Tests In order to study the response of the various minerals, found in Anaconda ore, to commercial diphenyl sulphide, some contact-angle tests were made. Polished particles of bornite, chalcodte, chalco-pyrite, pyrite and quartz were conditioned for 15 min. in a suspension of diphenyl sulphide in water. The concentration of this suspension was 0.284 grams per liter, this being the concentration of this reagent in the ball mill. The conditioned particles were rinsed with water (not rubbed with filter paper or boiled linen) and then tested against an air bubble in the bubble machine, with the following results: born-

Jan 1, 1943

By R. D. Vaughn

The limiting cases of non- Newtonian fluids flowing inside a concentric annular duct are developed without using a model of the fluid behavior. The solutions provide limits with which to test the various models of fluid behavior such as the power law and Bingham plastic models. The results of previous theoretical work are discussed in terms of limiting cases. This limiting case study also shows that experimental work on flow of non-Newtonian fluids in annular ducts should be confined to ducts for which the ratio of the radius of the inner wall to that of the outer wall is less than 0.3 and preferably less than 0.2. INTRODUCTION During the last 10 years the problem of laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids in concentric annuli has received much attention large1y because of its application to the hydrodynamics of the wellbore. Recently solutions utilizing the power law1,2 and Bingham plasticl,3,4 models have been published. In this paper the method of limiting cases, which has been successfully applied to laminar-flow heat transfer516 will be applied to the problem of flow of non-time dependent, non-Newtonian fluids through annuli. This method permits solutions for the limiting cases to be made without using a model of unknown validity. The solutions, therefore, provide limits with which to test the various models which have been or will be proposed. A pertinent conclusion concerning the region of experimental work is also provided. DEVELOPMENT OF LIMITING CASES The limiting cases for the axial flow of fluids in concentric annuli may be defined with reference to Fig. 1. It is possible to define two limiting cases which pertain to the physical dimensions of the annulus. First, the annulus must degenerate to a circular pipe as the radius of the inner wall decreases or, as k = (k R/R) ? 0. Second, the annulus must approach the limit of parallel plates of infinite extent as the spacing between the inner and outer tubes becomes small in comparison with the radius R of the annulus, or as k?1. It is also possible to ascertain three limiting cases which pertain to fluid behavior. With reference to Fig. 2, as a fluid becomes progressively more pseudoplastic, the shear stress-shear rate relationship progressively approaches the indicated horizontal line more closely. At this limit the shear stress becomes independent of the shear rate. At the other extreme of increasingly dilatant behavior, the vertical asymptote is approached. Intermediate between these two limiting cases lies the case of the Newtonian fluid. Fluids which exhibit a yield shear stress also approach the limiting case of "infinite" pseudoplastic behavior. The remainder of the theoretical development is concerned with the description of and the solutions

By C. E. Shoenfelt

The most important development in an otherwise colorless year in Colorado oil fields was the completion, late in 1933, of a well on Iles dome on the western slope of Colorado, with an initial production of 1100 bbl. of oil. No great amount of activity beyond the drilling of necessary offset wells is to be expected as a result of the completion of a well of this size because the acreage on Iles dome is closely held; there is no pipe line outlet other than to the Texas Company's small refinery at Craig, 24 miles distant; and the market for the oil is limited to the demands of sparsely settled communities in the high mountains. The Iles field is located on a large dome developed in Mancos shale of Cretaceous age, and having a closure of approximately 400 ft. The structure is highly faulted on the southern end. The first commercial oil well on this dome was completed by the Midwest Refining Co. on the south side of sec. 22-4N.-92W. Oil of 37" gravity was developed in Nancos shale at 2560 ft. and water in the Dakota sandstone at 2630 ft., but a considerable amount of additional oil was found in the shale immediately overlying the Dakota. From 2630 ft., the well produced in 16 hr. 750 bbl. of fluid, 33 per cent of which was water. Production in the Sundance sand of Jurassic age was found in the Midwest Refining Company's No. 4 Parkinson, in the NE.-SW.-SE. of sec. 22-4N.-92W., and completed on the last day of the year 1926, for an initial production of 450 bbl. of oil at a total depth of 3242 ft. The well completed in 1933 is also a Sundance sand producer and was finished at a depth of 3447 ft. It extends the productive area of the field about a quarter of a mile cast. The Iles field is said to have a potential production of 5000 bbl. of oil a day from its present wells, but for the past year has been held at about 600 bbl. a day. The most important test, stratigraphically, ever drilled on the western slope of Colorado is the California Company's No. 1 Raven, NW.-SE. of sec. 30-2N.-102W., which had an initial production of 138 bbl. of oil of 32" gravity, in the Weber formation (Pennsylvanian) between 5750 to 6315 ft. It mas drilled to 7137 ft., probably near the base of the Weber, and then plugged back to 6315 ft. It was shot quite heavily with nitro-glycerin, but failed to respond. While the well can hardly be classified

Jan 1, 1934

By Willard R. Jillson

Within the last ten years Kentucky has become celebrated for its low-sulfur bituminous coals. Prior to this time, many investigators had discnvered the abundance of this coal but the fact was unknown to the general public until the last extension of Kentucky's mountain railroads' was completed. The coals of. Kentucky are, broadly, separated into two geographic units—the eastern and the western coal fields. On a basis of their sulfur content these coal fields fall into three units, which are indicated on the accompanying map, by numbers, 1, 2, and 3. The area marked 1, the very southeastern part of the state, shows the lowest sulfur, all coals being averaged. In this field the maximum is 1.04 per cent. and the minimum as low as 0.68 per cent.—both averages and not individual analyses, which would of course show much greater variation. Included in this group are the following counties: Lawrence, 0.87 per cent.; Martin, 0.75 per cent.; Johnson, 0.73 per cent.; Magoffin, 0.87 per cent.; Floyd, 0.88 per cent.; Pike, 0.68 per cent.; Knott, 1.04 per cent.; Perry, 0.77 per cent.; Letcher, 0.80 per cent.; Leslie, 0.70 per cent.; Harlan, 0.79 per cent.; Knox, 0.86 per cent.; and Bell, 0.92 per cent. The total average sulfur content for these thirteen counties is 0.82 per cent. Bordering the restricted low-sulfur field of eastern Kentucky is the No. 2 belt (slightly darker), 'which is commonly known as the western border of the eastern coal field. Here the maximum sulfur is 2.91 per cent. and the minimum 1.05 per cent. Again these are averages and not individual analyses. The counties in this group are: Greenup, 2.60 per • cent.; Boyd, 1.67 per cent.; Carter, 1.07 per cent.; Morgan, 1.40 per cent.; Wolfe, 1.83 per cent.; Lee, 2.93 per cent.; Breathitt, 1.85 per cent.; Owsley, 1.09 per cent.; Jackson, 1.06 per cent.; Rockcastle, 2.30 per cent.; Clay, 1.09 per cent.; Laurel, 1.08 per cent.; Pulaski, 2.24 per cent.; Whitley, 1.05 per cent.; McCreary, 1.50 per cent.; and Wayne. The sulfur percentage average for this area including fifteen important counties is 1.65 per cent. In the western Kentucky field, the great increase in the percentage of sulfur is at once apparent. Ohio County with 3.78 per cent. is the highest and Hancock with 2.87 per cent. is the lowest. The percentages by counties is as follows: Hancock, 2.87 per cent.; Henderson, 3.22 per cent.; McLean, 3.27 per cent.; Muhlenberg, 3.31 per cent.; Hopkins,

Jan 1, 1920