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By F. Osmond

When a metal (whether a simple substance, an alloy, or a compound) presents, in each of the smallest parts to which it can be redueed by mechanical division, a constant chemical composition, it is defined as chemically homogeneous. But chemical hombgeneity by no means necessitates mechanical homogeneity. There are no perfectly amorphous metals. Crystalline forces, on the one hand, and tensions or compressions, on the other band, determined by icequalities of temperature in the mass during heating or cooling, give rise in every metal to the formation of geometric elements of structure. These elements may, moreover, assume perfect crystalline forms, with their planes of cleavage; or embryonic crystalline forms, segregated in the midst of. a paste of confused organization; or pseudo-crystalline forms of expansion and contraction, like those produced in the drying of gelatinous precipitates or (most frequently) these different forms associated. 111 either case the adhesions between two adjoining structural elements, respectively homogeneous, may be very different from the interior cohesion of each of these elements. The mechanical properties of this complex aggregate cannot be simple, and, when it is submitted to strains sufficient to produce deformation, the results may be very different according to the type of structure or the manner in which it is affected by the strains. It may be fairly said that a metal does not present a single resistance to tension, or a single resistance to compression, etc., but in fact, at least theoretically, as many resistances to tension, compression, etc., as it may possess coexistent features of structure; only, in any single test, it is the weakest of the resistances involved which makes itself evident. For further explanation, let us imagine a cylinder A B (Fig. I), formed of two similar halves A and B, placed together upon their common base x y. Such a system evidently presents no resistance to axial tension, while it would resist axial compression like a single

Jan 1, 1894

By W. H. Emmons

MOST mineral deposits change as they are followed downward on their dips. Some of these changes are due to primary arrangement; different ores were precipitated at different depths when the deposits were formed. Other changes are due to weathering or secondary enrichment. The chief changes resulting from weathering, in the main, are understood and standard changes are recognized. The processes are relatively simple. They take place at ordinary temperatures and pressures and can be duplicated in the laboratories. Moreover, there are thousands of deposits available for study, because the processes take place near the surface where the development of mines is begun. The changes due to primary arrangement of the deposits of the metals are not so well understood. Deposition has taken place at higher temperatures and our knowledge of the chemistry of the processes leaves much to be desired. Very few experimental data are available. The deposits, moreover, offer fewer examples because many mines are not, developed to depths where the changes can be studied and a change to unprofitable material usually results in stopping work. Most, students of ore deposits now accept, as confirmed, the hypothesis that nearly all lodes and related deposits were formed by solutions originating in intrusive igneous masses. Outward from these masses, the deposits at many places are grouped in zones and the arrangement noted from the intrusions outward are commonly the reverse of the changes noted from the surface downward in a single lode. A study of the changes in groups of deposits, from the parent intrusion outward, will throw light on the changes to be expected in a single lode downward. Because the changes in series of deposits from the intrusive outward may all be observed near the surface, where more data are available, it is possible to increase the number of examples many fold and to apply the statistical method of study with greater confidence of avoiding error.

Jan 3, 1924

By R. E. Ogilvie, N. L. Peterson

DURING the past few years there has been considerable effort devoted to the understanding of radiation effects on materials. The concept of the Frenkel defect and other lattice defects suggests that radiation may alter the rate of many metallurgical phenomena, especially those which are diffusion controlled. In 1953 R. R. Coltman and T. H. ~lewitt' found an appreciable effect on the ordering rate of Cu,Au due to fast neutron bombardment. Since then several rather comprehensive theories have been proposed on radiation enhanced diffusion in solids.2"4 If the energy of the radiation is above the threshold energy for the removal of atoms from their lattice sites, Frenkel defects will be produced. These defects can be produced uniformly throughout a relatively thick specimen by high-energy X-rays permitting bulk property studies without the limitation of sample dimensions. In this work high-purity arsenic containing 30 ppm of impurities was allowed to diffuse from the gase- ous phase at 700°C into single crystals of p-type germanium containing 0.1 ppm of indium. As the arsenic diffuses into the P-type germanium, an n-type layer will form in the diffusion zone. At the p-n junction the concentration ratio of the arsenic to the indium is constant. Experimental Procedures—The germanium specimens, 10 mm by 10 mm by 5 mm, were polished and etched to a mirror finish. The specimens were then sealed off in a vycor glass capsule at 3 x 10"5 mm Hg pressure with a sufficient amount of arsenic powder to produce a one-half atm pressure of arsenic at 700°C. Specimens were annealed at 700°C without radiation. The diffusion coefficient determined from these samples agrees within 8 pct of previous work done by Fuller.' Three specimens were given diffusion anneals at 700°C in a small tube furnace centered beneath the target of a 2-mev Van de Graaff generator. The specimens when in the furnace were 10 cm directly below the target of the generator. These specimens were irradiated continuously during the diffusion run with the Van de Graaff operating at 2 mev with a tube current of 225 to 250 pamp. The intensity of the x-radiation at the surface of the specimen inside the furnace was approximately 4.5 x l05 roentgens per hr. The temperature was controlled within m2°C by a chromel-alumel thermocouple throughout this work with no observed temperature change due to the radiation. By careful lapping, the samples were polished at an angle of 5 deg to the diffusion zone, giving a XI0 increase in the visible diffusion zone. The location

Jan 1, 1960

By Warren E. Wilson

PRESENT-DAY design of launders is essentially an art depending to a marked degree upon the experience of the designer, whose problem is that of determining the dimensions of a conduit that will transport the pulp within the physical limitations of the plant and in the most economical manner. This paper has been prepared in an effort to place launder design upon a more scientific basis. A method is developed from elementary principles and presented in a form that may be used directly by the designer in determining launder dimensions.. The equations that are developed are believed to represent an advance over older ones, in that they give due consideration to all the pertinent variables, either including them in the analysis or showing that they may be neglected within the limits of applicability of the equations. Experimental data from several sources are used in evaluating the coefficients that are not determined in the mathematical analysis. On the basis of the material presented, it is concluded that launders may be designed with a much greater degree of accuracy than previously believed possible, when due consideration is given to all the factors involved in the problem. However, a great deal of work still remains to be done in the laboratory before a complete answer to all the questions in launder design can be made available. HISTORY OF LAUNDER DESIGN Among the references1-11 are cited accounts of many experiments that have been conducted in an effort to advance the knowledge of the flow of liquid-solid mixtures in flumes and pipes. With three notable exceptions, this work was carried on in such a manner that the results have limited value in solving the general problem, since not all the pertinent variables were measured and controlled. The exceptions are found in the works of Blue,6 Gilbert,7 and Blatch,11 who exercised great care in controlling and measuring all the significant quantities involved in the experimentation. It is notable that much of the work done by men directly connected with the mineral industries1-4 lacks somewhat in completeness, owing apparently to preconceived notions concerning the factors that determine the flow. For example, many measurements on flow in pipes and flumes carrying liquid-solid mixtures determined only the slope and percentage of solids, with no mention of size of particles, depth of flow, roughness of channel or specific gravity of solids. Material in current handbooks8,9 and textbooks is based largely on the experimental work cited above. Although most discussions of the topic-include statements that the results to be obtained by using the data presented are limited by the fact that all variables have not been considered, it is

Jan 1, 1943

By C. C. Hatch, C. R. Larsen, A. L. Mular

INTRODUCTION As part of a general project to simulate a concentrator, the Brenda Mines Limited secondary crushing plant, located near Peachland, B. C., was sampled during the summer/winter of 1975 and during the summer of 1978 to develop a digital crushing plant simulator specific to the Brenda operation. The purpose of this simulator was to study the influence of manipulable process variables on important responses, to permit study of alternative circuit configurations if desired and to perform off-line optimization. This chapter describes the methodology employed to develop the simulator (1,2) along with typical applications thereof. SECONDARY CRUSHING PLANT FLOWSHEET Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the Brenda Mines Ltd. secondary crushing plant circuit. The 41,000 tonne coarse ore stockpile(a) is -17.8 cm oversize (3B belt) from two 2.4 m x 6.1 m double deck vibrating screens (not shown). The screens are fed by 2 conveyor belts operated in series with two 198 cm apron feeders that handle discharge from a 152 cm x 226 cm primary gyratory crusher(520 KW). The primary crusher (not shown) treats up to 2725 tonne/hr of run of mine ore. Minus 1.9 cm undersize from the primary screens (#19 belt), referred to as the primary fines, joins secondary screen undersize (#18 belt) for conveyance to fine ore bins (not shown). Feed from the coarse ore stockpile is transferred by means of vibrating feeders and two 120 cm conveyors (#6 and #7) to transfer belts #8 and #9 (Figure 1). The belts feed two secondary 2.1 m standard heavy duty cone crushers (bl and b2). Each crusher is equipped with a modified coarse mantle liner and a standard coarse bowl liner. Mantle throw is 9.2 cm; nominal close side set is 3.2 cm. Crusher .countershafts (443 rpm) are driven by single 260 KW synchronous motors (710 rpm). Discharge from the secondary cone crushers joins discharge from four 2.1 m tertiary heavy duty shorthead cone crushers (fl, f2, f3 and f4). With the exception of the cavity (modified medium mantle liner and standard coarse bowl liner; close side set is nominal .84 cm) and motor (224 KW), these machines are similar to the secondary crushers. The combined discharge is transferred from a 183 cm conveyor to #14 belt which empties into a 1452 tonne secondary screen surge bin (c). Vibrating feeders beneath the bins feed five 2.4 m x 6.1 m double deck vibrating screens (dl, d2, d3, d4 and d5) sloped at 200 from the horizontal. The upper decks are punched plates with 2.7 cm x 7.6 cm slots. Lower decks are woven wire (1.27 cm diameter) sections with

Jan 1, 1982

By R. W. Raymond

Since the foregoing paper (see p. 387) was printed, I have received the decision of Judge William E. Church, of the first District Court of Dakotah, in the case of Michael Duggan et al. v. John H. and Frank J. Dnvey (Silva Terra—Sitting Bull case), published in full in the Black Hills Weekly Pioneer of August 9th, 1584. The journal mentioned gives also several interlocutory decisions rendered in earlier stages of the case; but I shall quote here only so much of the final decision as bears upon the .construction of the Revised Statutes concerning the apex, the end-lines, and the extra-lateral mining right, together with a sufficient statement of the facts of the case to explain the scope of the decision. " This is an action in equity, brought in the first instance to restrain a threatened trespass by the defendants upon certain mining property in the possession of the plaintiffs, known as the ' Silver Terra' claim ; the allegation being that the defendants were about to enter, through underground workings, the ground of the plaintiffs, and remove therefrom valuable bodies of silver ore. " The answer of the defendants, admitting the acts constituting the alleged threatened trespass, further averred that they had, in fact, at the time complained of, reached and passed, in their underground workings, throngh and beyond the vertical side-line of the Silver Terra claim, and therenpon justified the acts complained of, and claimed the right to pursue their workings into and through the Silver Terra ground, by virtue of their alleged proprietorship of a vein, lode, or ledge of rock in place, hearing silver, having its top or apex within the lines of a certain other mining claim called the ' Sitting Bull,' of which they claim to be the owners, which vein, lode, or ledge extended in a continnons body of mineral-bearing rock from such top or apex to the ground in controversy, and constituted the body of ore in dispute; and that it was in the pursuit of this vein, lode, or ledge in its downward course that they had passed beyond the vertical side-lines of the Sitting Bull claim, and for some hundreds of feet beyond, into the ,ground in controversy " Subsequently, a supplemental complaint was filed, setting up the entry into plaintiffs' ground by the defendants, and their claim of right to do so, and asking fnrther relief by a decree restraining the assertion of such claim, and quieting the title of plaintiffs. "The case was tried before the court without a jnry..... " Custer hill, upon which these claims are located, is situated in the village of Galena, in Bare Butte mining district, in this county. The village lies at the base of the western slope of the hill, which presents a lateral face from south to north

Jan 1, 1884

By R. R. Hartman, W. B. Agocs

IN the course of a return flight from Olympia, Wash., to Laramie, Wyo., an airborne magnetometer profile was recorded continuously. The level of flight was controlled at barometric levels along segments of the flight. Barometric altitude was changed from 3000 ft to a maximum of 12,000 ft above mean sea level to take care of topographic variations. Terrain clearance varied from 800 to 7300 ft. Horizontal positions were obtained by recording and tying to cities, towns, airports, river crossings, and other landmarks in the course of the flight. Figs. 1-6 show the course of the flight and the general geologic and tectonic features traversed. The flight line begins south of Olympia, Wash., and proceeds south across the Puget-Willemette depression to the Columbia River. Thence it proceeds eastward along the Washington-Oregon border across the Cascade Mts. and lava flows and the Umatilla basin to Pendleton, Ore. From Pendleton it traverses the Blue Mts. uplift of Oregon in a southeasterly direction, and then to the Boise basin of southwestern Idaho. The flight line swings in an easterly direction as it passes over the Snake River downwarp to the south of the Idaho batholith. It then passes over the northern portion of the Great Basin and the heavily overthrust area at the intersection of the Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming borders. The flight then assumes an easterly course to cross the series of basins and uplifts of southern Wyoming and terminates near the western flank of the Laramie uplift. It should be clearly understood that all statements in this article pertaining to the magnetics were interpreted on the assumption of elongate anomalies transverse to a single profile. Hence any theories or ideas advanced here are in line with future paths of research rather than trying to prove or disprove existing data. Magnetic Interpretation: Depth determinations were made by the slope method of Peters: which is stated as follows: "Draw a line in the maximum slope (at the point of inflection); draw a line whose slope is one-half this maximum slope; draw two lines parallel to this line tangent to the anomaly curve. The horizontal distance between the points of tangency is approximately equal to 1.6 times the depth [or the distance times 0.6251." Certain assumptions must be made for determinations of the causes of the magnetic anomalies:' 1) The anomaly is caused by a susceptibility change rather than basement relief. 2) Polarization of the basement rocks is in the same direction as the earth's inducing field. 3) The disturbing magnetic mass has a great horizontal length in comparison to its width and its sides are vertical and of great vertical extent. 4) The anomaly is unique and not affected by the anomalies from nearby sources.

Jan 1, 1957

By William A. Johnson

IT was pointed out in an earlier paper1 that our understanding of the atomic mechanism by which diffusion occurs in metallic alloys is scarcely in an advanced state. This unsatisfactory condition is the result not of any lack of interest, but of the difficulty of designing experiments that will yield suitable data. The diffusion coefficient of an alloy, measured in the usual way, is simply a number specifying the rate of homogenization of a nonhomogeneous metal; this number, of itself, can furnish neither the rate at which the individual atoms move nor information as to the mechanism by which they move. It does not necessarily follow, however, that such information cannot he obtained, even if the path to be followed is still not clear. Much success has been attained in the study of diffusion in ionic crystals. A number of experiments, for which there are few counterparts in connection with metals, yields information often indicating a detailed mechanism by which diffusion probably occurs. From such work, quite acceptable theories of lattice imperfections have been developed by Wagner, Schottky, Frenkel, Jost and others.2 It is postulated that real crystals of stoichiometric composition contain, in equilibrium, certain imperfections of which the most important types are: (I) vacant cation sites, with an equal number of interstitial ions; (2) vacant anion sites, with an equal number of interstitial ions; (3) equal numbers of anions and cations in interstitial positions; (4) equal numbers of vacant anion and cation sites. The classification of a particular crystal according to this scheme then follows from studies of the variation of electrical conductivity with pressure of the electronegative component surrounding the crystal, with ion size, and with temperature; other physical phenomena, such as the Hall effect, have aided in establishing the classification. The relative mobility of the anion and cation may be determined by chemical analysis of the salt at the electrodes following electrolysis. With such information, and knowing that one ion never occupies the lattice site normally belonging to an ion of opposite sign, it is usually possible to ascertain the diffusion mechanism. It is clear that the same experiments are not applicable to metal crystals, and substitute experiments that yield as much information have not yet been devised. Much can be learned, however, about the mobilities of the two* kinds of atoms in alloys by the use of radioactive metals as indicators. Only one such experiment has been performed in the past. In 1933, Seith and Keil,3 in an effort to explain the great difference between the rate of diffusion of gold in lead and of lead in lead, measured the rate of diffusion of radioactive lead in a gold-lead

Jan 1, 1942

By Van C. Nyman

A time-sharing computer was tied in to Hecla in August of 1967. This has proven to be helpful in performing metallurgical and engineering calculations that were formerly tedious tasks. Metallurgy programs were written for applying two and three product formulas. Programs were expanded to make the monthly metallurgical balance calculations for each of the Hecla mills. The Hecla engineering department uses the computer for solving hoist duty cycles and for traverse analysis. Both Asarco and Bunker Hill Company in the Coeur d’Alene Mining District are tied to a time-sharing computer. Their uses for the time-sharing computer will be discussed. Asarco had the advantage in learning computer techniques during an extended strike. A comparison of Asarco computer use with that of Hecla's will show the advantage in having a person or persons spend full time on the use of computers. Bunker Hill has the versatility of five teletype units in their mine-smelter complex plus ability to tie in to their own computer.

Jan 1, 1969

By A. G. Buyers, J. Chilton, W. E. McKee

STUDIES in the high-temperature separations chemistry of thorium-uranium fuels are complicated by the corrosive nature of these molten metal systems at 1700°C. Separations research pointed toward the removal of fission products from irradiated alloys has included a frozen salt-bed technique which minimizes container reaction with molten metal. The procedure consists of high-frequency induction melting of the metal sample which is supported by a vertical column of unmelted salt. The molten alloy melts its immediate salt environment and as it slowly falls down through the column, many of the fission-product poisons are transferred into the fused salt environment. The molten salt-metal zone is encompassed at all times by unmelted salt, preventing container contact. EXPERIMENTAL Experimental methods were separated into three parts: salt-bed preparation, melting, and analytical evaluation. A) Bed Preparation—The procedure for casting calcium-fluoride briquettes was to compress the powdered salt at 5,000 to 10,000 psi and place this compact in a graphite crucible. This assembly was inserted into a vacuum system and surrounded by an alumina crucible as well as molybdenum, tantalum, or stainless-steel foil thermal-radiation shields. The pressure was reduced and the crucible heated under vacuum to about 800°C with the fore pump operating. Argon was then admitted to about 0.8 atm and heating continued until the CaF2 had melted 5 min at the melting point seemed satisfactory). Apparatus used included a 1-in. graphite crucible with 1/8-in. walls, 1-in. ID in a 2-in. induction coil, and a 6-kw Ajax high-frequency converter. B) Melting—Calcium-fluoride briquettes, 1 in. in diam and 1/2 to 1 in. thick, were prepared and vertically stacked to obtain the desired column length. An irradiated alloy sample (nut = 10") was placed on top of the salt column and the assembly was connected to the vacuum system. After evacuation of 5 to 10 , purified argon was admitted and the system flushed twice. The final argon pressure was about 0.8 atm. The sample was heated by induction at a power of about 6.5 kw. It then melted its way down through the salt and freely dropped into a small alumina crucible. The molten metal is followed during its downward course by the induction coil which is mounted upon a power-driven machine-threaded shaft. Experimental conditions used in the foregoing work

Jan 1, 1960

By O. N. Carlson, A. L. Eustice

The tensile properties of iodide vanadium were determined as a function of hydrogen concentration. It was shown that the presence of 10 ppm H is sufficient to cause embrittlement of vanadzum over a limited temperature range. The temperature of the observed ductility mininlum is approximately -l00°C, this being a function of strain rate and hydrogen concentration. The yield stress of hydrogenated vanadium is raised sharply in the brittle temperature range. THE present investigation was initiated to determine the effect of hydrogen on the tensile properties of high-purity vanadium as a function of temperature and the role of hydrogen in the brittle-ductile transition. Loomis and Carlson&apos; reported a change from ductile to brittle behavior in iodide vanadium at -110°C with a return of ductility at temperatures below -140°C. Vanadium wire containing 270 pprn of hydrogen was brittle at room temperature while wire containing 100 ppm was ductile under the same conditions. Roberts and Rogers&apos; reported a ductile-brittle-ductile fracture sequence in vanadium containing 400 to 600 ppm of hydrogen. Their data show that hydrogenated vanadium is ductile at 150"C, brittle at room temperature and ductile again at -196°C. Magnusson and Baldwin found a minimum in ductility in vanadium containing 80 ppm hydrogen from tensile tests performed at several strain rates. Information available on the vanadium-hydrogen equilibrium system4 is somewhat incomplete. The absorption of hydrogen is exothermic in accordance with the decline in solubility with rising temperature. The limit of solid solubility at temperatures below 400°C has not been determined due to the difficulties in obtaining equilibrium at these temperatures. Data on the hydrides of vanadium are rather limited. Roberts6 studied the structure of VD,., by neutron diffraction, and observed the ordering of the deuterium atoms below -65°C into a primitive cubic cell with a lattice constant about twice that of the disordered bcc vanadium solid solution. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Vanadium of 99.9 pct purity was prepared by the iodide refining process6 for use in this investigation. This vanadium contained the following analyzed impurities; <20 pprn calcium, 150 ppm carbon, 200 ppm chromium, 30 ppm copper, 10 ppm hydrogen, 200 ppm iron, <20 ppm magnesium, <20 ppm nickel, <5 ppm nitrogen, 150 ppm oxygen, <50 ppm silicon, and <20 ppm titanium. specimen Preparation—Tensile specimens were machined from swaged rods of iodide vanadium. The

Jan 1, 1962

By R. Laird Auchmuty

The A. I. M. E. Subcommittee on Bituminous Mining has been trying for several years to secure the information that was collected by the Marquette Cement Manufacturing &. on the subsidence of its property caused by mining coal beneath it. The Marquette company was willing to have these data used, but it was impossible to obtain them because the records had been filed away. About two years ago these records became available and the engineering data presented herewith were compiled from them by R. L. Auchmuty, assisted by L. E. Young, who was connected with the collection of the information. On account of the cost, it is impossible to reproduce all of the data here, although the original information is on file with the records of the Committee on Ground Movement and Subsidence. The accompanying charts show representative and average data and give only the engineering information with enough description to tell how it was obtained. It is hoped that all of those connected with the original case will participate in the discussion that this will bring forth. Howard N. Eavenson, Chairman, Subcommittee on Bituminous Coal Mining. PRobably the most complete records of subsidence due to coal mining in the United States are those compiled by the Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co. at LaSalle, 111. These records, covering a period of more than three years, were compiled and used as evidence during the suit of the Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co. vs. the Oglesby Coal Co. at Oglesby, LaSalle County, Ill., in which the cement company successfully endeavored to stop the coal company from mining under its property. Fig. 1 shows a typical section of the geological formation. The cement company was mining the LaSalle limestone which lies about 125 ft. under the surface. The limestone is 30 to 35 ft. thick and underlain by about 15 ft. of shale. The cement company was mining about 20 ft. of the limestone, and in some places 10 to 12 ft. of the underlying shale, by the room and pillar method. The mining of the limestone always preceded the mining of the shale. The coal company was mining by longwall advance methods the NO. 2 seam of coal 42 in. thick underlying the limestone bed by 435 to 470 ft. The coal mine, a very old one, had largely mined out its original property

Jan 1, 1931

By Fred H. Poettmann

The vaporization characteristics of carbon dioxide in a League City natural gas - Billings crude oil system were studied at three temperatures, 38°. 120°, and 202°F and for pressures ranging from 600 to 8,500 psi. Variation of carbon dioxide concentration up to 12 mole per cent in the composite showed no effect on the equilibrium vaporization ratios (K values) of the hydrocarbon constituents or on the K value of carbon dioxide itself. It was shown that carbon dioxide is more soluble in crudes than in distillates which is contrary to the behavior of methane. A working chart of carbon dioxide K values is presented. INTRODUCTION The study of the equilibrium vaporization ratios of mixtures of paraffin hydrocarbons has been rather thorough.2,6,7,8,9 In the past few years considerable attention has been paid to the vaporization characteristics of the so-called noncondensable gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide in mixtures of hydrocarbons. since they usually occur to some extent in most crude oils and natural gases.1,3,4,5 Knowledge of this behavior is useful to both the production and refining phases of the petroleum industry. This paper reports the equilibrium vaporization ratios (K&apos;s) of carbon dioxide in a mixture of League City natural gas and Billings crude oil, and compares them to those obtained in a natural gas-distillate system. The equilibrium vaporization ratios for the hydrocarbon components in this system had previously been studied by Roland.&apos; In addition to the determination of the K values for carbon dioxide, the K values for methane and ethane were also determined in order to observe what effect, if any, the presence of carbon dioxide had on these K values. The concentration of carbon dioxide was also varied in order to observe the effect of this variable on the carbon dioxide K values. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The apparatus used in this study cotlsisted of a stainless steel equilibrium cell of about 2 liters capacity. The cell was mounted on trunions permitting rocking in a thermostatically controlled oil bath. Two high pressure valves fitted with steel tubing were mounted on the top of the cell. one was used for sampling the equilibrium gas phase and the other for sampling the equilibrium liquid phase by means of an induction tube within the cell. Stainless steel tubing from the bottom of the cell led to a mercury reservoir and manifold which was connected to a free-piston type pressure gauge manufac- lured by the American Instrunlent Ctr. and to a volumetric. putrip. The temperature of the oil bath was measured by means of a ralibrated mercury-in-glass thermometer. The recorded temperatures are believed to be accurate to ±0.5 °F. The pressures are correct to 22 psi. The crude oil used in this study was stock tank oil obtained from the Wilcox formation in the Billings Field, Noble County. Okla. The natural gas was obtained from the League City Field. Galveston County, Tex. The oil was treated with anhydrous calcium sulfate in order to remove the last traces of water. To insure a supply of constant composition gas at room temperature the cylinders of League City gas were cooled to about 30°F, inverted, and the condensed liquid was allowed to drain from the cylinders. The analysis of the gas and crude are tabulated in Table I. The carbon dioxide came from Pure Carbonic, Inc., and was .stated to have a purity of 99.5 per cent or better. The procedure used to obtain samples of the equilibrium liquid and vapor was similar to that employed by others making use of the rocking type equilibrium cell.6,7,8 The equilibrium cell was evacuated and calculated quantities of carbon dioxide, natural gas, and crude oil were charged to the cell to the desired pressure. In charging the equilibrium cell an attempt was made to maintain the ratio of the natural gas to crude oil as close as possible to that employed by Roland. After the cell was charged, samples of

Jan 1, 1951

By Fred H. Poettmann

The vaporization characteristics of carbon dioxide in a League City natural gas - Billings crude oil system were studied at three temperatures, 38°. 120°, and 202°F and for pressures ranging from 600 to 8,500 psi. Variation of carbon dioxide concentration up to 12 mole per cent in the composite showed no effect on the equilibrium vaporization ratios (K values) of the hydrocarbon constituents or on the K value of carbon dioxide itself. It was shown that carbon dioxide is more soluble in crudes than in distillates which is contrary to the behavior of methane. A working chart of carbon dioxide K values is presented. INTRODUCTION The study of the equilibrium vaporization ratios of mixtures of paraffin hydrocarbons has been rather thorough.2,6,7,8,9 In the past few years considerable attention has been paid to the vaporization characteristics of the so-called noncondensable gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide in mixtures of hydrocarbons. since they usually occur to some extent in most crude oils and natural gases.1,3,4,5 Knowledge of this behavior is useful to both the production and refining phases of the petroleum industry. This paper reports the equilibrium vaporization ratios (K&apos;s) of carbon dioxide in a mixture of League City natural gas and Billings crude oil, and compares them to those obtained in a natural gas-distillate system. The equilibrium vaporization ratios for the hydrocarbon components in this system had previously been studied by Roland.&apos; In addition to the determination of the K values for carbon dioxide, the K values for methane and ethane were also determined in order to observe what effect, if any, the presence of carbon dioxide had on these K values. The concentration of carbon dioxide was also varied in order to observe the effect of this variable on the carbon dioxide K values. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The apparatus used in this study cotlsisted of a stainless steel equilibrium cell of about 2 liters capacity. The cell was mounted on trunions permitting rocking in a thermostatically controlled oil bath. Two high pressure valves fitted with steel tubing were mounted on the top of the cell. one was used for sampling the equilibrium gas phase and the other for sampling the equilibrium liquid phase by means of an induction tube within the cell. Stainless steel tubing from the bottom of the cell led to a mercury reservoir and manifold which was connected to a free-piston type pressure gauge manufac- lured by the American Instrunlent Ctr. and to a volumetric. putrip. The temperature of the oil bath was measured by means of a ralibrated mercury-in-glass thermometer. The recorded temperatures are believed to be accurate to ±0.5 °F. The pressures are correct to 22 psi. The crude oil used in this study was stock tank oil obtained from the Wilcox formation in the Billings Field, Noble County. Okla. The natural gas was obtained from the League City Field. Galveston County, Tex. The oil was treated with anhydrous calcium sulfate in order to remove the last traces of water. To insure a supply of constant composition gas at room temperature the cylinders of League City gas were cooled to about 30°F, inverted, and the condensed liquid was allowed to drain from the cylinders. The analysis of the gas and crude are tabulated in Table I. The carbon dioxide came from Pure Carbonic, Inc., and was .stated to have a purity of 99.5 per cent or better. The procedure used to obtain samples of the equilibrium liquid and vapor was similar to that employed by others making use of the rocking type equilibrium cell.6,7,8 The equilibrium cell was evacuated and calculated quantities of carbon dioxide, natural gas, and crude oil were charged to the cell to the desired pressure. In charging the equilibrium cell an attempt was made to maintain the ratio of the natural gas to crude oil as close as possible to that employed by Roland. After the cell was charged, samples of

Jan 1, 1951

By John W. Bell

In the introduction to an excellent pamphlet, John Gross&apos; makes the following statements: Although marked progress has been made along mechanical lines, the theory and conception of underlying principles have not advanced so rapidly. This lack of advance in theory may be attributed to the unfortunate situation resulting from the controversy as to whether the Rittinger or Kick law is applicable to crushing. Many pages of the technical literature are burdened with theoretical discussions in favor of one or the other of these laws, which have tended to cloud rather than to clear the atmosphere. Realizing the situation, the Milling Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, through its secretary, E. A. Hersam, studied the milling industry and, because of the apparently hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute (5, 13, 14, 16, 18. 19. 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 34). concluded that a foundation lor the theory of crushing was of primary importance. The numbers in the paragraph quoted refer to papers listed by Mr. Gross in his Bibliography on Crushing and Grinding.I One is obliged to infer that these papers show "hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute." No. 22 is a paper by Arthur 0. Gates2 and No. 23 is one by the writer.3 Employing the subject matter contained in papers Nos. 22 and 232,3 the writer will show that their authors formulated identical conclusions, based solely on experimental evidence. Exactly the same defect in the Stadler hypothesis was described in each of the two papers, although entirely different experimental methods were employed in uncovering it. Both of the authors, independently, formulated the conclusion that Rittinger&apos;s was a true hypothesis and Stadler&apos;s false. The evidence in a third paper4 will be employed to prove that Stadler&apos;s hypothesis, when examined experimentally, is worthless. Stadler&apos;s Hypothesis Worthless It is the writer&apos;s opinion that the evidence available in 1915 and the corroborating evidence in 1916 was amply sufficient to eliminate the need for any further consideration of Stadler&apos;s hypothesis. Certainly the evidence produced in 1918 dealt this hypothesis its coup de grace. It follows, therefore, that in the year 1918 there was only one credible hypothesis left—the Rittinger hypothesis. Gates&apos; Opinion What information is available in Mr. Gates&apos; paper?2 His conclusions are not consecutively summarized, none the less they are perfectly clear. On page 876, Gates says, and it is a very significant utterance: But my results show, among other things. that many more of Stadler&apos;s energy units are obtained per foot-pound-applied in coarse than in finc crushing. This suggests a doubt as to the correctness of his unit, since one would expect a foot-pound-applied to produce the same number of "energy units," whether the feed and resulting product were coarse or fine. When Rittinger&apos;s theory is applied, the number of mesh-tons (my unit of surface produced) is

Jan 1, 1943

By Edward Sampson, Allan B. Griggs

Surveying of many holes drilled by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in the Metaline district has shown surprising deviations. The holes start in the Ledbetter slate (Ordovician) and pass into the underlying gently dipping Metaline limestone (Cambrian) at varying depths, locally in excess of 1000 it. All holes start vertical, but one had deflected as much as 35° at a depth of only 300 it. One hole was found to be deflected 70&apos; at a depth of 1000 ft. These deviations were not indicated to the drillers by any action of the rods or machines. Analysis of the survey data in the light of the observed geology indicates that the holes deviate most in the Ledbetter slate and scarcely at all in the Metaline limestone. The upper part of the "limestone&apos;" in most holes is a massive rock strongly altered by hydrothermal action and essentially homogeneous. The slate is only obscurely bedded but has a cleavage, varying from slight to strong, which is unrelated to bedding. Drill holes have deflected to become nearly perpendicular to the cleavage. Several plans and cross sections are submitted showing the behavior of various holes. Introduction The Metaline district of northeastern Washington has received much attention recently and has promise of becoming even more important as a source of zinc than at present. Exploration has been conducted largely by deep diamond drilling, and in the course of this work it was found that holes became seriously deflected. This paper deals with the nature and causes of these deflections. The district lies along the Pend Oreille River in the northeastern corner of Washington, about loo miles north of Spokane, 9 miles from British Columbia, and 15 miles from Idaho. Three mines are now in operation and for a number of years have furnished a considerable production of zinc and lead. The ore contains zinc and lead in a ratio of about 31/2 to I, and occurs in the upper part of the Metaline limestone of Cambrian age, the upper member of which, where unaltered, is a rather pure limestone. This is overlain by Ledbetter slate of Ordovician age. Ore has formed by replacement of limestone, commonly 100 to 200 ft. below the slate, in areas of gentle dip, resulting in extensive tabular ore bodies. In and near ore, limestone has been intensely altered to granular dolomite and fine-grained quartz, which, where it predominates, forms "jasperoid." As part of their war program, the Geological survey and Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of Interior have been cooperating in an investigation of the district. The exploration by the Bureau of Mines in 1943 and 1944 was conducted largely by deep diamond drilling in which as much as 1000 ft. or more of Ledbetter slate was penetrated before the ore-bearing Metalin-2 limestone was reached. During the course of this drilling it was found that holes were seriously deflected while traversing the Ledbetter slate.

Jan 1, 1949

By John W. Bell

In the introduction to an excellent pamphlet, John Gross&apos; makes the following statements: Although marked progress has been made along mechanical lines, the theory and conception of underlying principles have not advanced so rapidly. This lack of advance in theory may be attributed to the unfortunate situation resulting from the controversy as to whether the Rittinger or Kick law is applicable to crushing. Many pages of the technical literature are burdened with theoretical discussions in favor of one or the other of these laws, which have tended to cloud rather than to clear the atmosphere. Realizing the situation, the Milling Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, through its secretary, E. A. Hersam, studied the milling industry and, because of the apparently hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute (5, 13, 14, 16, 18. 19. 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 34). concluded that a foundation lor the theory of crushing was of primary importance. The numbers in the paragraph quoted refer to papers listed by Mr. Gross in his Bibliography on Crushing and Grinding.I One is obliged to infer that these papers show "hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute." No. 22 is a paper by Arthur 0. Gates2 and No. 23 is one by the writer.3 Employing the subject matter contained in papers Nos. 22 and 232,3 the writer will show that their authors formulated identical conclusions, based solely on experimental evidence. Exactly the same defect in the Stadler hypothesis was described in each of the two papers, although entirely different experimental methods were employed in uncovering it. Both of the authors, independently, formulated the conclusion that Rittinger&apos;s was a true hypothesis and Stadler&apos;s false. The evidence in a third paper4 will be employed to prove that Stadler&apos;s hypothesis, when examined experimentally, is worthless. Stadler&apos;s Hypothesis Worthless It is the writer&apos;s opinion that the evidence available in 1915 and the corroborating evidence in 1916 was amply sufficient to eliminate the need for any further consideration of Stadler&apos;s hypothesis. Certainly the evidence produced in 1918 dealt this hypothesis its coup de grace. It follows, therefore, that in the year 1918 there was only one credible hypothesis left—the Rittinger hypothesis. Gates&apos; Opinion What information is available in Mr. Gates&apos; paper?2 His conclusions are not consecutively summarized, none the less they are perfectly clear. On page 876, Gates says, and it is a very significant utterance: But my results show, among other things. that many more of Stadler&apos;s energy units are obtained per foot-pound-applied in coarse than in finc crushing. This suggests a doubt as to the correctness of his unit, since one would expect a foot-pound-applied to produce the same number of "energy units," whether the feed and resulting product were coarse or fine. When Rittinger&apos;s theory is applied, the number of mesh-tons (my unit of surface produced) is

Jan 1, 1943

By Edward Sampson, Allan B. Griggs

Surveying of many holes drilled by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in the Metaline district has shown surprising deviations. The holes start in the Ledbetter slate (Ordovician) and pass into the underlying gently dipping Metaline limestone (Cambrian) at varying depths, locally in excess of 1000 it. All holes start vertical, but one had deflected as much as 35° at a depth of only 300 it. One hole was found to be deflected 70&apos; at a depth of 1000 ft. These deviations were not indicated to the drillers by any action of the rods or machines. Analysis of the survey data in the light of the observed geology indicates that the holes deviate most in the Ledbetter slate and scarcely at all in the Metaline limestone. The upper part of the "limestone&apos;" in most holes is a massive rock strongly altered by hydrothermal action and essentially homogeneous. The slate is only obscurely bedded but has a cleavage, varying from slight to strong, which is unrelated to bedding. Drill holes have deflected to become nearly perpendicular to the cleavage. Several plans and cross sections are submitted showing the behavior of various holes. Introduction The Metaline district of northeastern Washington has received much attention recently and has promise of becoming even more important as a source of zinc than at present. Exploration has been conducted largely by deep diamond drilling, and in the course of this work it was found that holes became seriously deflected. This paper deals with the nature and causes of these deflections. The district lies along the Pend Oreille River in the northeastern corner of Washington, about loo miles north of Spokane, 9 miles from British Columbia, and 15 miles from Idaho. Three mines are now in operation and for a number of years have furnished a considerable production of zinc and lead. The ore contains zinc and lead in a ratio of about 31/2 to I, and occurs in the upper part of the Metaline limestone of Cambrian age, the upper member of which, where unaltered, is a rather pure limestone. This is overlain by Ledbetter slate of Ordovician age. Ore has formed by replacement of limestone, commonly 100 to 200 ft. below the slate, in areas of gentle dip, resulting in extensive tabular ore bodies. In and near ore, limestone has been intensely altered to granular dolomite and fine-grained quartz, which, where it predominates, forms "jasperoid." As part of their war program, the Geological survey and Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of Interior have been cooperating in an investigation of the district. The exploration by the Bureau of Mines in 1943 and 1944 was conducted largely by deep diamond drilling in which as much as 1000 ft. or more of Ledbetter slate was penetrated before the ore-bearing Metalin-2 limestone was reached. During the course of this drilling it was found that holes were seriously deflected while traversing the Ledbetter slate.

Jan 1, 1949

By V. R. Garfias

Even before the arrival of Cortes in 1519, the history of Mexico was closely linked to that of its mineral production; the mining activities of the Aztecs being thus described by Clavigero, one of the early historians: In the mountains of Anahuac there abound in veins all kinds of metals, and infinite variety of other fossiliferous products. The Aztecs obtained gold from the countries of the Cohuijques, of the Mixtecas, of the Zapotecas and from various other places. They gathered that precious metal usually in gain, from the sands of the rivers, keeping a certain portion for the crown. They obtained silver from the mines of Taxco, of Tzumpango and others; however, this metal was not as esteemed by them as by other neighboring nations. They had two kinds of copper; one hard, which they used instead of iron to make sickles, lancea and all kinds of rural and military instruments and another, soft, with which they made kettles, goblets and other receptacles. This metal abounds mainly in the province of Zacatula and in that of Cohuijques, which at present is in the kingdom of Michoacan. They obtained tin from the mines of Taxco and lead from those of Izmiquilpan, located in the country of the Otomies. From the tin they made money, and the lead, we know they sold in the market places, but we ignore the uses to which they applied it. They also had mines of iron in Tlaxcala, in Taxco and in other places; but they either had not discovered them, or did not know how to make use of the metal they contained. In Chilapa there were mines of mercury, and in other places there were mines of sulphur, alum, vitriol, cinnabar, cohre and of a white earth which they esteemed highly. As regards mercury and vitriol, we do not know of what use they were to them; the other metals they used in paintings and dyes. There were then great abundance of amber and asphalt—bitumen of Judea—on the coast of the seas and many cities of that territory paid tribute of one and the other to the kingdom of Mexico. They mounted the amber in gold, and it was only used as ornament and display by them. With the asphalt they made certain perfumes. The following extracts dealing with pre-Colonial gold are taken from the famous " Cartas de RelaciÓn " to Charles V, in which Cortes described the progress of the Conquest: . . . here there came two chiefs who owned lands in the valley; one four leagues down the valley and the other two leagues up the valley and they gave me some gold necklaces of little value and seven or eight girls. . . . . . . that day I left the City of Churultecal and traveled four leagues to some villages of the City of Cuasucingo where the natives received me very well and gave me women and pieces of gold. . . .

Jan 1, 1937

At all business meetings of the Institute the President, or, in his absence, the First Vice-President, or, in the absence of both of them, any other Vice-President or Director, chosen by the meeting, shall preside. At all other meetings of the Institute the President, or, in his absence, one of the Vice-presidents shall preside. If none of these be present the meeting shall elect a Chairman. The President shall do and perform such other duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Institute. II. ORDER OF BUSINESS. At each business meeting of the Institute the order of business shall be as follows: 1. Reading of minutes of preceding meeting. 2. Report of the President. 3. Report of the Treasurer. 4. Report of the Secretary. 5. Election of Directors. 6. Reports of Standing Committees. 7. Reports of Special Committees. 8. Special Orders. 9. Miscellaneous business. This order of business may be changed at any meeting, by a vote of a majority of the Members and Associates present. At all sessions of the Institute, other than business meetings, the order of proceedings and the time of adjournment shall rest in the discretion of the presiding officer. III. SECRETARY OF THE INSTITUTE. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of all the meetings of the Institute, He shall be custodian of the corporate seal, of the minute books and of all the legal documents belonging to the Institute. He shall have charge on behalf of the Institute of all correspondence. He shall notify all Officers and Directors and all members of committees of their election and appointment; shall issue notices of all meetings of the Board, and of the annual and other business meetings of the Institute; and shall, in calling special meetings of the Directors, specify the objects of such meetings. He shall act as clerk at all the meetings of the Board of Directors and at all meetings of the Institute. The Secretary shall be custodian of all technical or scientific papers submitted to the Institute for its consideration and shall have general charge and supervision of the editing and proof-reading of all material published by the Institute, and of the distribution thereof. The Secretary shall be the custodian of all back numbers of the Transactions and other publications of the Institute. There shall be kept under his direction an account in ledger form of all such back numbers. He shall on the first day of January of each year submit to the Library Committee a statement of the number of copies of Transactions, magazines and other publications printed during the preceding year, giving the number distributed and remaining undistributed; also a statement covering additions to and withdrawals from the total stock of Institute publications, with the number remaining on hand at date of statement.

Jan 1, 1928