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By John G. McLain

OF all the zinc that the world consumed in 1936-'38 the United States took about 31 per cent, and almost 14 per cent of the world's zinc supply in that period was used for galvanizing purposes in the United States. Further examination of the statistics shows that about 71/2 per cent (147,500 tons in 1939) of the world zinc consumption goes into the galvanizing of sheets in the United States, which is what I am going to talk about in this paper. There is nothing especially new about galvanizing; in every year since 1921 somewhere between 41 and 49 per cent of the country's zinc consumption has been used for this purpose, and yet few people not specialists in its manufacture know much about how it is made. You take an iron or steel sheet and dip it in molten zinc and there you have a galvanized sheet-that about epitomizes popular knowledge of the subject even among engineers.

Jan 1, 1941

By George Burrell

J. S. HALDANE, M. D., F. R. S., Oxford, England (communication to the Secretary?).-The valuable paper of Messrs. Burrell and Gauger is of special interest to me as, through the courtesy of the management, I had an opportunity of visiting the Portland mine, Cripple Creek, in 1911, in connection with the investigations on acclimatization to high altitudes, carried out on Pike's Peak, near Cripple Creek, by Professors Yandell, Henderson and Schneider, Dr. Douglas and myself.1 The analyses of one or two samples of the vitiated air were entirely confirmatory of those of the authors. A fatal accident owing to two men being lowered down a shaft filled with the gas had occurred in a neighboring mine just before our visit.

Jan 12, 1916

By Gill Montgomery

At this moment in the history of the world, the all- pervading and universally most important fact is that the world population is beginning to outgrow its food supply, and the United States has suddenly lost its ability to give away huge food surplus to any nation in the world with a food shortage problem. This, of course, means that, all of a sudden, our government must completely reverse its former bureaucratic stance regarding crop controls and agricultural price supports, to out-right incentives to increase farm production and bring more idle land into food-growing use.

Jan 2, 1967

By William Campbell

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) [SECRETARY'S NOTE.-To avoid repetitions of foot-notes, references to authorities are made in the paper by means of figures, referring to a numbered list in the appendix.-J. S.] I. INTRODUCTION. IN the olden days the making of alloys was au art, and the secrets of the craft were jealously guarded. To-day it has become a science, though the old ideas in regard to the secrets and formula are dying hard. Modern progress may be attributed to scientific research and testing of materials, and the substitution of chemical analytical control for " cook-book " methods. We know to-day a great deal about the constitution of alloys, the reasons of the change in structure and physical properties by heat and mechanical treatment; and this new knowledge is due for the most part to the physical chemist and metallographist, who have shown us that alloys are simply solutions, and as such obey definite laws. The application of the theories of solutions and of the phase rule tells us what ought to happen when our alloys are in a state of equilibrium. The working-out of the temperature-composition diagram (thermal diagram) for numerous alloys has thrown a light on the structure and constitution which has dispelled most of the darkness in which we labored before the advent of metallography. The work began with the determination of the freezing-point curves, and here the research of Le Chatelier,1 Gautier,2 Roberts-Austen,3 and the other pioneers broke the ground. Next the physical chemists, Tammann,4 Rooseboom,5 Bancroft,6 and their colleagues, showed us the complete thermal diagram and its meaning. Then the researches of Heycock and Neville 7 on the Cu-Sn series and of Shepherd 8 on the * Associate Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University in the City of New York.

Dec 1, 1912

L. D. GODSHALL, Everett, Washington: This very interesting paper cannot fail to command the attention of every one who has ever had experience in the amalgamation of gold-ores. I wish to call attention to three very important facts brought out very prominently by the paper, namely: 1. The extent of accumulation of amalgam on copper plates in the form of scale, not removable in the ordinary manner; 2. The change in the relative quantity of the two metals in the amalgam as we. recede from the battery-discharge; 3. The difference in fineness of the bullion obtained from the above-mentioned scale as compared with the bullion from the daily clean-ups. From Mr. Bayliss's figures we find that during the life of the plate in question 14,942 tons of ore were crushed, yielding amalgam of the value of $5.03 per ton, or a total value of $75,158.26. The amalgam accumulating on the plate during this time as scale, we find to have had a value of $8340.54, or $0.558 per ton of ore treated, representing 11.09 per cent. of the total amount of amalgam saved in the ordinary clean-up; or, taking the amalgam saved by daily clean-up plus the amalgam-scale as representing the total saved on this plate, or 100 per cent., we find that the daily clean-up saved 90.01 per cent., while the scale represented 9.99 per cent. The above figures do not include some additional amalgam still adhering to the plate after scale had been removed. We are told that this was not an exceptional case at the Drum Lummon, but that other plates have even yielded a third more than the one in question. The interesting query now comes up, whether this experience at the Drum Lummon is exceptional or universal at all mills; and another question arises, as to how long such an accumulation might continue,

Jan 1, 1897

By B. E. Grant

THE major metal mine operations of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company in Utah are in the Bingham area. The Company also owns and operates metal mines in the Ophir district, twelve miles south of Bingham, and in the Tintic district, 28 miles south of Ophir. Operations of the Company in the Park City area have been idle since early in World War II. These mining camps, lying at moderate elevations, serviced by railroads, hard-surfaced highways, in close proximity to mills, smelters, cities and towns, fertile valleys, winter and summer vacation areas, and airports are probably as favorably situated as any mining camps in the world. The Bingham district, known principally for its copper production from

Jan 1, 1948

By P. V. Brough, K. B. Gillaspie

DECISION to build a mill at the Bayard property was made in May 1942. Western-Knapp Engineering Co., of San Francisco, assisted by engineers of U. S. Smelting, handled the design and construction. Much of the milling equipment was moved from the Company's mill at Goldroad, Ariz. Wartime restrictions necessitated wood construction and paper sheathing except for structures adjacent to the Bullfrog shaft. Construction started in September 1942 and milling in March 1943. Bayard ores are processed in a single-ection mill. About half of the ore treated during the past year was hoisted through the Bullfrog shaft and the rest was trucked from other shafts. Coarse storage includes four bins, two of 120 tons each for Bullfrog ores and two of 85 to 120 tons each, served by a truck ramp. The low capacity figure refers to

Jan 1, 1948

By C. W. Goodale

I. INTRODUCTION. In the summer of 1909 the Boston & Montana reduction department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. completed a new flue system, at a cost of about $1,100,000, and -is this includes the largest and highest chimney in the world, and some new features of flue construction, a description will be of interest. At the Spokane meeting of the Institute in September, 1909, a brief mention was made of this flue system, in discussing Mr. Brunton's presidential paper on the Progress of Metallurgy in the West, and a promise was given that when a long enough time had elapsed, so that operating results could be given, a paper would be offered. The smelting plant includes blast furnaces, MacDougall roasters, gas-fired reverberatories, and converters.

Jan 8, 1913

By Nathaniel Arbiter

There is a history in all men's lives, Figuring the nature of the times deceas'd, The which observ'd, a man may prophesy, With a near aim, of the main chance of things. W. Shakespeare, Henry IV; Part 2 Introduction This nation's first century embraced two stages of the Industrial Revolution. During one, what had been a colonial agricultural economy began to industrialize; water power, then steam after 1794, were the energy sources; coal and iron were the essential ingredients. The second stage started after 1850; aided by rich and diverse mineral resources, the country began its transition from the Iron Age to the Age of Metals. Early civilizations had been built on stone, and fairly high levels were sustained on iron. But the spectacular advances in the past century in communication, in construction, in transportation by sea, rail, land and air, and in much that characterizes modern civilization have depended increasingly on the use of the complete metallic and nonmetallic resources of the earth's crust. Thus it was appropriate to define the Industrial Revolution as “the period during which man's relationship to natural resources became utterly changed”, 1 with minerals playing a major and indispensable role. But we are now becoming aware that the relationship of man to natural resources must change again. On every hand the dangers inherent in the contamination of land, sea and air by the wastes of civilization are becoming apparent. And from the growing realization that mineral wealth is finite must eventually come other far reaching changes in mineral use and distribution. For on the scale of centuries we cannot continue to exploit mineral resources even at present rates, let alone at expanded rates, without eventual depletion of the more abundant resources, and early exhaustion of the less abundant. In the past our problems were relatively easily met by the development of new and improved machinery and processes. But the future will

Jan 1, 1971

By Frances Hurd

WHEN 60:40 brass is heated to 825° C., given a drastic quench to obtain the beta solid solution, and reheated, various changes take place in the structure. Reheating at 200' C. causes a fine, granular, sorbitic structure to appear which has been considered alpha solid solution. These particles coalesce at higher temperatures of reheating, and at 470° C., the alpha forms twins. A further study of these transformations was considered worth investigating.

Jan 1, 1927

By S. H. Chauvenet

Jan 1, 1882

By Leon Orlowski

THE oil-bearing districts of Poland are found on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. The oil belt extends from Gorlice southeast to Stanislawow. It is approximately 250 miles long and 30 miles wide, and comprises four geological districts: the western, or Gorlice district; next, to the east, the Krosno district; the Boryslaw district; and, in the extreme southeast, the Stanislawow district. The amount of petroleum produced in Poland from the beginning of the oil industry scarcely totals 26,000,000 metric tons, or 15 per cent. of the estimated supply. Of this amount, 18,000,000 tons have been taken from the fields of Boryslaw within 25 years; and only about 8,000,000 tons from all other fields within a period twice as long, although some of these other fields represent just as good possibilities as did Boryslaw at the beginning of its development. The Polish oil industry was severely stricken by the war. The retreating Russian armies, in 1915, destroyed a large number, of the existing oil wells, nor was the post-war period favorable for the development of this industry;; the money and credit stringency interfered with the expansion of drilling. But since 1921 there has. been a slow steady increase in production and there is now every reason to believe that conditions in the industry will improve. In fact, an increase in new drillings has been reported for the current year. The production of crude oil in Poland, in 1913, amounted to 1,113,668 metric tons. In 1914, the production declined- to 655,600 metric tons. In 1921, the production was 705,596 tons; in 1922, 712,428 tons, and in 1923, 737,182 tons; or more than 5,000,000 bbl. But the fields have a much greater potential output, which could be realized were the capital available for prospecting and new drilling. The principal producing, and at present most exploited, fields are around Boryslaw and Schodnica. These fields were developed rapidly for in the first year of their modern exploitation the wells were gushers of moderate depth. However, as a result of heavy drilling, the shallow folds have been exhausted and oil can be reached now only by deep drilling. Wells of almost 5600 ft. have been drilled in Boryslaw. Because of these drilling conditions, a large number of engineers and workmen specially skilled in deep drilling are to be found in this field.

Jan 3, 1925

By C. A. Gibbons

AFTER nine years of extremely de- pressed business, marked mostly A with red ink on the balance sheets of most coal companies and with an increasing internal competitive struggle for diminishing markets, somewhat of a change appeared during 1939. Shipments increased and prices generally firmed, giving the coal industry increasing optimism and encouragement for the future. Specifically, it now appears that bituminous coal production for 1939 will approximate 378,000,000 tons, and anthracite production will approximate 47,500,000 tons, bituminous production being around 14 per cent ahead of 1938 and anthracite production 12 per cent better. The curve on p. 31, showing both bituminous and anthracite production, furnished by the bituminous coal division of the Department of the Interior, shows graphically most of the 1939 monthly production and clearly illustrates the increased production.

Jan 1, 1940

By Rossiter W. Raymond

It is scarcely necessary to augment or amend the "Appreciation" of Dr. Douglas, from the pen of Dr. Albert A. Ledoux, which appeared in January, 1916, in Bulletin No. 109 of the Institute. The author of that admirable summary enjoyed the great privilege of expressing while Dr. Douglas was yet among us (though already marked for death) the love and esteem with which we all regarded him. But now that his earthly life has ended, the historian must still be the eulogist. No line need be added or deleted in the portrait of him already drawn; it has only to be accepted now as a true likeness, and hung in the gallery of the immortals, illuminated by the crowning glory of another world. James Douglas was born at Quebec, Canada, November 4, 1837. His father, James Douglas, was a distinguished physician and surgeon, known in many lands, especially in the Orient, and famous in his own country for his philanthropy as well as his skill, having established and directed for many years the first retreat for the insane in the Dominion. of Canada. One of the latest literary labors of the son was the editing and publishing of his father's journal and reminiscences—a fascinating volume, the review of which, though a tempting task, I must here forego. Nearly fifty years ago, I had the great pleasure of spending an hour with the elder Douglas, who guided me through his collection of Egyptian and Asiatic treasures. I might almost say souvenirs; so many of them were connected with personal experiences and exalted personages. The veteran's memory had already begun to fail with age, but his vivacity and imagination glowed all the more brightly; and his reminiscences of travel and adventure were embroidered with Oriental magnificence. I felt, after that hour, as if I had visited a stately, half-ruined edifice, overgrown with vines and flowers. The father's genius, adventurous spirit and generous philanthropy descended to his versatile, yet practical son. Like other men of such temperament, James Douglas tried many things before circumstances beyond his own control forced him into the line of his principal lifework. At the age of 18, he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for two years. Returning to Canada, he entered Queen's University, at Kingston, Ontario, where he was graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1858. Subsequently he studied medicine at Lava1 University, Quebec;

Jan 1, 1919

By S. H. Chauvenet

HARRISBURG is situated on the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and five miles from Philadelphia, two hundred and forty-eight miles from Pittsburgh, and ninety miles from Baltimore, and has running through it the Pennsylvania, Northern Central, Philadelphia and Reading, and Cumberland Valley Railroads, and the Pennsylvania Canal. Surrounded by a thickly settled farming country, from which to draw native labor, within easy distance of anthracite and bituminous coal, with ores and limestone near at hand, and with the Susquehanna River as a never-failing water supply, Harrisburg has advantages for manufacturing which warrant the investment of the capital that has already been made, and has a future as a manufacturing city second only to Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY, L. S. BENT, SUPERINTENDENT. The works of this company, the largest in Harrisburg, lie between the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads, on. the Pennsylvania Canal, and are essentially devoted to the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails. Capital stock, $2,000,000; invested in business, $5,000,000; wages per month, $80,000; employs 2000 men; capacity, 100,000 tons of rails per year, which is being increased to 130,000 tons. The plant, as it now stands, comprises five Bessemer converters, two 7-ton and three 8-ton converters, two 15-ton open-hearth furnaces in operation, and two 30-ton open-hearth furnaces in course of construction, one blooming mill, one rail mill, seven steam hammers, two blast furnaces in operation, two blast furnaces in course of construction, foundry, pattern $hop, machine shop, blacksmith shop, and frog shop, and merchant mill in course of construction. Bessemer No. 1 was built in 1865, with two 7-ton converters, 2 spiegel cupolas, 3 feet diameter, and 3 iron cupolas 6' 6" diameter,

Jan 1, 1882

By H. W. Dow

Quite early in the beginning of the present century, hoisting equipment underwent a radical change, when electric motors were applied to furnish the power in place of steam engines. Naturally, in the beginning, motors were not employed for large hoists: most of them were small single-drum hoists for which the motor ran continuously and the drum was clutched in for hoisting by various methods, and the down-going trips were made on the brake. In 1911 the Nordberg Manufacturing Co. of Milwaukee built for the first time a double-drum hoist powered with a first-motion direct-current motor (Fig. I). This hoist embodied many of the features that are used on larger hoists today. In the early development of motor-driven hoists a more or less natural mis- take was generally made, which only recently is being corrected. Because the electric motor has a higher speed than the steam engine, mining people in general accepted, without question, the use of small-diameter drums and the resultant finding of the rope in multiple layers, which was not at that time, the general practice on first-motion steam hoists. Small-diameter drums can usually be driven by a motor through a single reduction of gears even with relatively high motor speed, therefore the complete equipment could be obtained with a lower first cost.

Jan 1, 1946

By C. R. Van Hise

PART I.-GENERAL PRINCIPLES. [ ]

Jan 1, 1902

By William B. Plank

AGAIN the records show an unprecedented enrollment of students in the mineral technology schools of the United States and Canada. In the current year, 1938-'39, 9619 students were resident in the 53 schools of the United States arid 1014 in the six schools of Canada. These data are from my fifth study of the mineral technology schools of the United States and Canada. the last previous study having been made for the year 1936-'37. The undertaking as previously was made under the auspices of the Mineral Industry Education Division of the A. I. M. E. The data or, the various schools were collected in the same way as for former studies.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. R. Peiffer

Recently artin has indicated that the recovery of resistivity at 145°C following elongation of molybdenum at room temperature was the result of the annihilation of vacancies. The activation energy for this process was, according to Martin, 1.26 ev. This energy seems to be a reasonable one for the activation energy for the diffusion of vacancies in molybdenum. However, impurity atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen4 have an activation energy for diffusion in molybdenum of the same order of magnitude (i.e., 1.45, 1.15, and 2.09 ev, respectively). Cottrell and Churchman have already correlated the return of impurity atoms to dislocations in cold-worked iron with the return of the upper and lower yield point. According to cottrel16 the diffusion of carbon atoms to dislocations results in the return of the yield point. As the carbon atoms become trapped by dislocations, Bhatia has shown that a decrease in the electrical resistivity is to be expected. Cottrell and Churchman were able to correlate experimentally the decrease in electrical resistivity with the return of the yield point. Since one would expect strain aging to occur in molybdenum, an experiment was performed to determine whether the resistivity recovery at 150°C for molybdenum cold-worked at room temperature can be correlated with the return of an upper and lower yield point. For this experiment 3/16-in. tensile bars of Climax molybdenum, 99.961 pct pure, were used. The specimens were annealed at 1000° C for 1 hr in an argon atmosphere and then were elongated up to 10 pct on a Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton FGT

Jan 1, 1959

By Arthur Zentner

THE essentials of the electrolytic zinc process, as now used in commercial plants, date back to work done by Letrange in 1881. He used sulfuric acid to leach roasted sulfide and ,oxide ores, purified his solution very much as we do now, and electrolyzed the purified zinc sulfate solution. Ten years later Hoepfner developed a process using chloride solutions, and built three plants. One in England operated until 1924 in one of the works now merged in the Imperial Chemical , Industries, Ltd. Ashcroft built a plant in 1898 in the Broken Hill district of Australia. He used both chloride and sulfate solutions.. While his work failed, the aid his published results have been to later workers has made him an outstanding contributor to the de- velopment of the electrolytic zinc process. A good deal of work was done in the following years, aiming to electrolyze zinc chloride solutions and fused zinc chloride. Quite a bit of work on sulfate solutions was also done in the last years before the war. With the outbreak of the war, metal demand and rise in metal prices provided the stimulus which resulted in the remarkably rapid commercial development of electrolytic zinc. In this last period of development, all the work brought to commercial fruition has been with sulfate solutions. The high-density process, or the Tainton process, is used, as you know, in the Sullivan electrolytic zinc plant at Kellogg, Idaho, and will be used in the Evans- Wallower plant now being built at East St. Louis. The low-density process is used by the other plants now operating in the United States and other countries. There are now in operation and under construction four electrolytic zinc plants in the United States, two in Canada, two in Italy and one each in Australia, Rhodesia, Poland, Norway and Germany.

Jan 1, 1929